Many countries suffer from persistently high unemployment rates. The scope for labour market reforms is often limited to measures that hurt neither shareholders nor workers. This paper develops a policy proposal, which allows the government to reduce wage costs without changing the income positions as determined in the process of wage negotiations. It is shown that the introduction of public profit sharing, i.e. substituting profit share for social security contributions, can boost employment both in the short run and the long run. Calibrating the model and comparing the results with recent empirical findings about the impact of labour taxation confirm the theoretical findings.
Many countries suffer from persistently high unemployment rates. The scope for labour market reforms is often limited to measures that hurt neither shareholders nor workers. This paper develops a policy proposal, which allows the government to reduce wage costs without changing the income positions as determined in the process of wage negotiations. It is shown that the introduction of public profit sharing, i.e. substituting profit share for social security contributions, can boost employment both in the short run and the long run. Calibrating the model and comparing the results with recent empirical findings about the impact of labour taxation confirm the theoretical findings.
Part 1 reprinted from Political science quarterly, Vol. XXXIII, no. 2 (June 1918), p. 184-209 -- Part 2 reprinted from Quarterly journal of economics, vol. XXXIV (Nov. 1919), p. 114-137 -- Part 3 reprinted from American economic review, vol. VIII, no. 2 (June 1918), p. [317]-334 -- Part 4 from Columbia law review, vol. XIX, no. 1 (Mar. 1919), 28 p. -- Part 5 from Columbia law review, May 1919, p. [192]-217. ; Collective title from added t.p. ; Presented as thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1917. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.
Organisationen des Dritten Sektors sind von gesellschaftlich-kultureller Relevanz, spielen eine enorme Rolle auf dem nationalen und internationalen politischen Parkett und stellen einen wichtigen Wirtschaftsfaktor dar. Innerhalb der letzten fünfzig Jahre haben sich im Dritten Sektor des deutschsprachigen Raums Trends und Entwicklungen abgezeichnet, die bis heute relevant sind und mit den Schlagworten Professionalisierung, Wachstum, Wettbewerb, Ökonomisierung, Kommerzialisierung, Legitimitätskrise und Rechenschaftslegung zusammengefasst werden können. Vor diesem Hintergrund beschäftigt sich die vorliegende Masterarbeit mit dem fortschreitenden Verschwimmen der Grenzen zwischen Non-Profit und For-Profit-Organisationen und der Frage, welche Konzepte, Methoden und Werkzeuge Organisationen des Dritten Sektors als Reaktion darauf aus dem Wirtschaftssektor übernommen und adaptiert haben. Die Grundlage der Arbeit bildet eine Annäherung an den Begriff des Dritten Sektors und eine Auseinandersetzung mit den Erklärungsansätzen zu seiner Entstehung sowie den Unterscheidungsmerkmalen der ihm zugehörigen Organisationen und den gängigen Klassifizierungssystemen. Die Untersuchung der Beziehung zu anderen Sektoren und der Annäherung des Dritten Sektors an den Markt bildet einen Übergang zu den Teilbereichen der Organisationsarbeit, in denen eine besondere Annäherung stattfand. Die theoretische Analyse und Beispiele aus der Praxis bestätigen, dass im strategischen Management, Finanzmanagement, Personalmanagement, Controlling und Rechnungswesen am meisten Konzepte, Methoden und Maßnahmen aus dem Wirtschaftssektor übernommen wurden und dass Ansätze aus der Wirtschaftsethik darum auch für Organisationen des Dritten Sektors relevant sein können. ; Third sector organizations are of social and cultural relevance, play an enormous role in the national and international political arena and constitute a major economic factor. Within the last fifty years, trends and developments have emerged in the Third sector in the German-speaking world that are still relevant today and can be summarised with the keywords professionalisation, growth, competition, economisation, commercialisation, legitimacy crisis and accountability. Against this background, this Master's thesis focuses on the progressive blurring of boundaries between non-profit and for-profit organizations and the question of which concepts, methods and tools Third sector organizations have adopted and adapted from the business sector in response to this. An introduction to the concept of the Third sector and an examination of the explanatory approaches to its emergence as well as the distinguishing features of the organizations belonging to it and the current classification systems are the basis of the Master's thesis. The examination of the relationship with other sectors and the convergence of the Third sector with the market form a transition to the sub-areas of organizational work in the Third sector where a particular convergence has taken place. The theoretical analysis and practical examples confirm that strategic management, financial management, human resource management, controlling and accounting are the areas where most concepts, methods and measures have been adopted from the business sector and that approaches from business ethics can therefore also be relevant for Third sector organizations. ; Arbeit an der Bibliothek noch nicht eingelangt - Daten nicht geprüft ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, 2021 ; (VLID)6525762
This thesis comprises three papers that aim to analyze the phenomenon of firm profits in the European food industry that differ from the competitive norm either at a specific point in time or over longer time periods. The thesis adds to existing literature as it is one of the first studies of this type that directly focuses on the European food industry. Following an extended introduction, the first paper estimates the relative importance of firm, industry, country and year effects as drivers for profit deviations from the competitive norm at a specific point in time which are also commonly named 'abnormal profits'. Besides conventional approaches such as ANOVA or components of variance, a hierarchical linear model (HLM) is implemented. The HLM approach additionally provides the possibility to estimate the impact of structural firm and industry variables on the degree of abnormal profits. All three approaches lead to the result that firm effects are the most important driver for abnormal profits while industry effects only play a minor role. Among the structural firm and industry variables it is in particular the size of firms' that positively influences the degree of abnormal profits. On the other hand, firm risk and age as well as the growth rate of the industry in which firms operate have a negative impact. While the first paper focuses on abnormal profits at a specific point in time, the second paper analyzes the persistence of abnormal firm profits over longer time periods. This analysis is based on autoregressive models (AR) as well as Arellano-Bond dynamic panel estimation. Both approaches additionally allow for the identification of the firm and industry characteristics that determine the degree of profit persistence. The estimation reveals that a significant number of firms generate abnormal profits that persist in the long run. However, as competition among food industry firms is strong and concentration in the downstream market is high, persistence in abnormal profits in the food industry tends to be lower in comparison to other manufacturing sectors. Further characteristics that have a negative influence on the degree of persistence are firm age and risk as well as the industries R&D intensity. Similar to the occurrence of abnormal profits at a specific point in time, firm size is estimated to have a positive impact on the persistence of such profits. The first two papers of the thesis are based on a sample of 5,494 food processors from the five countries: Belgium, France, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom. The third paper also uses AR models and dynamic panel estimation to analyze a sample of 590 dairy processors from the same five countries. Here the dairy industry was chosen not only because of its economic importance within the food industry but also due to its special structural features such as a high number of cooperatives and a strong regulation of economic activity by the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). The AR models reveal that cooperatives, which account for approximately 20 % of all firms in the sector, are not predominantly profit oriented. Similar to the entire food industry the results indicate strong competition as the degree of persistence remains low even when cooperatives are removed from the sample. Again firm size turns out to be an important driver for persistence. Firm age and risk as well as growth and R&D investment of the sector have a negative impact. The same holds for the level of concentration in the retail sector which is an indicator of the retailers' bargaining power. ; Abnormale Gewinne und deren Persistenz: Eine Analyse der europäischen Lebensmittelindustrie Die vorliegende Dissertation untersucht die Europäische Lebensmittelindustrie im Hinblick auf Unternehmensgewinne, welche von der Wettbewerbsnorm abweichen. Hierbei wird im Rahmen dreier wissenschaftlicher Papiere sowohl das Auftreten solcher 'abnormalen' Gewinne zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt als auch deren Persistenz über längere Zeitperioden analysiert. Da es sich um eine der ersten Studien dieser Art handelt, welche sich ausschließlich mit Firmen der europäischen Lebensmittelindustrie befasst, liefert diese Dissertation einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Literatur. Im Anschluss an eine ausführliche Einleitung wird im ersten Papier der Einfluss von Firmen-, Industrie-, Jahres- und Ländereffekten auf das Ausmaß der abnormalen Gewinne analysiert. Die Schätzung der Effektklassen erfolgt hierbei sowohl auf Basis konventioneller Methoden wie ANOVA oder Varianzkomponentenanalyse als auch durch ein hierarchisches, lineares Modell (HLM). Der HLM-Ansatz bietet darüber hinaus die Möglichkeit den Einfluss struktureller Firmen- und Industrievariablen auf die abnormalen Gewinne zu schätzen. Die drei Methoden führen zu dem Ergebnis, dass Firmeneffekte der wichtigste Einflussfaktor sind wohingegen Industrieeffekte eine vernachlässigbare Rolle spielen. Unter den strukturellen Variablen stellt sich die Firmengröße als positiver Einflussfaktor heraus. Firmenrisiko und Alter sowie die Wachstumsrate der Industrie hingegen haben einen negativen Einfluss. Während im ersten Papier das Auftreten abnormaler Gewinne zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt analysiert wird, befasst sich das zweite Papier mit der Persistenz abnormaler Gewinne über längere Zeitperioden. Diese Analyse basiert sowohl auf autoregressiven Modellen (AR) sowie einem dynamischen Panelmodell. Beide Ansätze ermöglichen es zusätzlich den Einfluss struktureller Firmen- und Industrievariablen auf die Höhe der Profitpersistenz zu bestimmen. Die Analyse führt zu dem Ergebnis, dass eine hohe Anzahl an Firmen langfristig abnormale Gewinne erwirtschaftet. Jedoch führen starker Wettbewerb und hohe Konzentration im Lebensmitteleinzelhandel dazu, dass das Ausmaß der Persistenz geringer ausfällt als in anderen Industriesektoren. Des Weiteren stellen sich Firmenrisiko, Firmenalter sowie der F&E Aufwand der Industrie als negative Einflussgrößen heraus. Die Firmengröße hingegen hat einen positiven Einfluss auf das Ausmaß der Persistenz. Die ersten beiden Papiere basieren auf einer Stichprobe von 5.494 Lebensmittelproduzenten aus den fünf Ländern Belgien, Frankreich, Italien, Spanien und Großbritannien. Im dritten Papier wird hingegen eine Stichprobe von 590 Firmen des Milchsektors im Hinblick auf Profitpersistenz analysiert. Der Milchsektor wurde hierbei zum einen aufgrund seiner hohen wirtschaftlichen Relevanz im Ernährungsgewerbe als auch aufgrund seiner speziellen strukturellen Charakteristika ausgewählt. Zu diesen zählen u.a. eine hohe Anzahl an Genossenschaften sowie eine starke Regulierung durch die Gemeinsame Agrarpolitik (GAP) der EU. Die AR Modelle führen zu dem Ergebnis, dass Genossenschaften, welche in etwa einen Anteil von 20 % der Firmen im Sektor ausmachen, nicht gewinnorientiert sind. Analog zur gesamten Lebensmittelindustrie deuten die Ergebnisse auf eine hohe Wettbewerbsintensität, da das Ausmaß der Persistenz auch nach einem Ausschluss der Genossenschaften aus der Analyse gering ausfällt. Auch im Milchsektor stellt sich Firmengröße als positiver Einflussfaktor heraus, wohingegen Firmenrisiko, -alter sowie das Wachstum und die F&E Aufwendungen des Sektors einen negativen Einfluss haben. Gleiches gilt für die Konzentration im Lebensmitteleinzelhandel, welche als Indikator für dessen Verhandlungsmacht gesehen werden kann.
In this book Nussbaum makes a strong case for the importance of the liberal arts in education. If the economic pressure of globalization is not kept under control, the end result might be an erosion of our democracies. The book is more a manifesto (178 pages) and not an empirical study. Quantitative data have been omitted.
This item is part of the Political & Rights Issues & Social Movements (PRISM) digital collection, a collaborative initiative between Florida Atlantic University and University of Central Florida in the Publication of Archival, Library & Museum Materials (PALMM).
Self-sufficiency in fish production has been an issue in Nigeria given the quantum of high demand and high expenditure incurred in importation of this product which directly contributes to devaluation of the country currency which in extension impaired the economy status (development and growth) in the country. The best option and the most effective way to improve productivity and sustainability is through efficient utilization of the scarce resources keeping in view cost content at the disposal of these producers, most especially the small-scale producers who account for the bulk of total output in the country. In an attempt to map out a sustainable pathway, this paper empirically study the profit efficiency of small-scale fish farmers′ in Niger State, Nigeria using maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) econometric profit frontier function approach keeping in view the pre-requisite components of economic efficiencies-technical, allocative and scale efficiencies. Multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select 109 current and active fish farmers drawn from the total sampling frame of 182 active producers′ obtained from Niger State Ministry of Livestocks and Fisheries Development viz. three LGAs' namely, Bida, Chanchaga and Borgu. Pre-tested questionnaire coupled with interview schedule were the primary instruments used to elicit information from the respondents in the study area during the 2014 production cycle. Descriptive statistics and MLE stochastic profit frontier were used to achieve the objectives of this study. Empirical results reveals a mean profit efficiency score of 0.69; with 0.21 profit efficiency score gap or profit lost which was attributed to combination of technical, allocative and scale inefficiencies. Furthermore, an average profit-loss estimated was N 8500. Factors related to profit-loss and profit inefficiency are illiteracy, inadequate functional infrastructural facilities, zero training, zero extension advisory services and poor market for these products. Therefore the study recommends improvement in those factors that affects profit efficiency so that they can avail themselves the opportunities to optimize profit efficiently, thus, enhancing their livelihood status and sustainability of this sector, which in the long run will impact positively on the economy of the country. Furthermore, the study opined that improvement in efficiency should be an inclusive responsibility, viz. individual farmers, relevant stakeholders, Non-governmental organizations, research institutions and government both at local, state and federal level respectively.
This dissertation addresses the role of business politics in the context of Chinese state-owned multinationals by analyzing the emergence and consolidation of a state-owned energy company and its internationalisation to Brazil. The single case study traces the corporate evolution from its initial emergence in 2002 as a consequence of China's power sector reforms to its operations in Brazil in 2016. The findings build on more than three years of field research - including interviews in electricity supply sectors in Brazil and China - as well as extensive analysis of archival and government documents. Using an institutionalist approach, the dissertation identifies that business politics is an important resource to help the company gain competitive advantage. In China, where the company's institutional embeddedness was strong, the company developed the ability to pursue its industrial and internationalisation agenda with relative autonomy, albeit confined to the state-business relations. In Brazil, where its institutional embeddedness was weak, it depended on comparative economic advantage, such as low-cost bidding, technology knowledge transfer, and comparative political advantage, such as diplomatic support. As a result, the case study shows that the firm is able to incrementally build on existing strengths and industrial capabilities to participate in the Brazilian energy sector, while simultaneously consolidating its domestic position in China. In addition to contributing to the literature on the relationship between state-owned enterprises and the state, the study contributes to broader debates about the differences in state-business relations, the political origins of corporate decisions, and industrial upgrading in emerging economies.
On the traditional micro-economic theory, firms are supposed to maximise pure profit. We study what happened when we take into consideration shareholders and the financial profit remunerating the financial capital. We show that it is necessary to surrender the financial profit maximisation to use the rate of financial profit maximisation. The cases of concurrence with fix coefficient of capital, monopoly with fix coefficient of capital, monopoly with variable coefficient of capital are studied, and the role of contraints of rentability are treated. The solutions given by the profit maximisation and by the rate of profitmaximisation are compared. We conclude to a reduction of the volume of investissement on some situations, a non automatic clearing of markets andto the necessity to revise some conclusions of industrial, normative and wellfare economics. ; Dans la théorie micro-économique traditionnelle, les firmes sont supposées maximiser le profit pur. Nous étudions ici l'impact de la prise en compte des actionnaires et d'un profit financier rémunérant le capital financier. On montre qu'il faut abandonner la maximisation du profit financier pour considérer la maximisation du taux de profit financier. Les cas de concurrence avec coefficient fixe de capital, monopole avec coefficient fixe de capital, monopole avec coefficient variable de capital sont étudiés, et le rôle des contraintes de rentabilité est traité. Les solutions fournies par la maximisation du profit et la maximisation du taux de profit sont comparées. On conclut à une réduction du volume d'investissement dans certaines situations, à un non-clearing automatique des marchés et à la nécessité de revoir certaines conclusions de l'économie industrielle, normative et du bien-être.
Tariffs have almost completely disappeared but various restrictions on foreign entry remain for multinationals. Many trade agreements and Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) have been signed to lower tariffs and reduce the risks of expropriation. Why do we see so few agreements removing FDI entry barriers? Could the contemporary rise of tax havens where multinationals can shift their profits explain the absence of FDI agreements? In this paper I develop a model in which governments can restrict the entry of foreign affiliates and multinationals can shift their profits across countries. I first demonstrate that the possibility for multinationals to repatriate their profits is a determinant of FDI restrictions. An agreement can solve for the resulting inefficiency. However, I show that an agreement is made unnecessary when (i) there is foreign lobbying that pushes for more entry, or when (ii) firms can shift profits to tax havens. Tax treaties that reduce profit shifting would be a first step towards more agreements that reduce FDI restrictions. I conclude by providing empirical evidence that profit shifting affects the choice of FDI restrictions.
I am a senior Marketing major, and I wanted to incorporate what I have learned the past four years into my honors project. Acting as a consultant to a local non-profit here in Rhode Island, I developed a marketing plan to help The Welcome House target their local affluent community. The mission of Welcome House is to provide emergency shelter to homeless men, women & families of Washington County, and to provide transitional, supported, permanent, affordable and safe housing to the poor of the community. Homelessness is becoming a tiring and depressing subject due to its repetitive negative exposure and government's lack of funding. Due to declining local, state & federal funding, the Welcome House is seeking affluent donors for financial support in order to be more self-sustaining. Their main objective is to increase the level of donations by building brand recognition within the affluent community. Wealthy donors have high expectations of charitable organizations, ranking the following factors most important when determining which non-profit to support: 1) The demonstration of sound business and operational practices 2) The detailed information about the organization's effectiveness in meeting goals 3) The protection of personal information along with full financial disclosure. In addition there are key pieces of relationship building such as trust, stewardship and commitment that the Welcome House also needs to consider when it comes to donors, and getting to know when and how they want to be asked to support an organization
Consider a simple general equilibrium economy with one representative consumer, a single competitive firm and the government. Suppose that the government has to finance public expenditures using linear consumption taxes and/or a lump-sum tax on profits redistributed to the consumer. We show that, if the tax rate on profits cannot exceed 100 percent, one cannot improve upon the second-best optimum of an economy with constant returns to scale by using a less efficient profit-generating decreasing returns to scale technology.
"Prepared from official government statistics, research and the actual breeding and developing of bullfrogs." ; Cover title. ; Mode of access: Internet.
In this paper we present estimates of the world profit rate using country-level data from the Extended Penn World Table 7.0 and industry-level data from the World Input Output Database. The country-aggregated world profit rate series spans the period from 1960 to 2019, and the industry-aggregated world profit rate series runs from 2000 to 2014. The country-aggregated world profit rate series displays a strong negative linear trend for the period 1960-1980 and a weaker negative linear trend from 1980 to 2019. A medium run decomposition analysis reveals that the decline in the world profit rate is driven by a decline in the output-capital ratio. The industry-aggregated world profit rate shows a negative linear trend for the period 2000-2014, which, once again, is driven by a fall in the output-capital ratio. We have created a World Profitability Dashboard to allow researchers to freely access profit rate series and the underlying data at country, industry, country-group and world levels of aggregation.
