Suchergebnisse

The article deals with necessary state interference to data dissemination inthe Internet, due to the widespread use of network resources. In 2013 a burst oflegislative activity is recorded, it limits the spread of prohibited information.The increasing of the number of copyright infringement has led to amendmentsthat lock resources with illegal content. Protecting children from harmful informationon the Internet is also the main focus of legislative activity. In thisarticle basic federal laws aimed at regulation of the spread of illegal informationon the Internet that have been taken over the last year. There are severallegislative initiatives that are in the design stage and public debate. ; Статья посвящена вопросам необходимого вмешательства состороны государства в распространение информации в сети «Ин-тернет», вызванного повсеместным использованием ресурсов сети.В 2013 году зафиксирован всплеск законодательной активности,ограничивающей распространение запрещенной информации. Уве-личение числа нарушений авторских прав привело к появлениюпоправок, разрешающих блокировать ресурсы с размещенным не-легальным контентом. Защита детей от вредной информации в сети«Интернет» также является основным направлением законотворче-ской деятельности. В статье рассматриваются основные федераль-ные законы, направленные на регулирование распространения не-правомерной информации в сети «Интернет», которые вступили всилу за последний год. Приведены некоторые законодательныеинициативы, находящиеся в стадии проекта и общественного обсу-ждения.

The goal of this article is to analyze prohibited means and methods of armed conflicts under the International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Technological progress, the transformation of the nature of armed conflicts and the idea of the war based on terror are the main reasons why the list of prohibited means and methods of armed conflicts should be constantly updated. The main text of this article consists of three thematic blocks. The first block represents an excursion into the history and development of IHL. It outlines its division into two branches, the Geneva and Hague law. The second part consists of definitions and characteristics of basic terms such as means and methods of armed conflicts. Under the means of warfare it is understood weapons, military equipment and other means used to cause harm and defeat the enemy. Methods of warfare are the procedures for using certain means to suppress the troops of the opposing side and inflict losses on it at the very minimum acceptable level. The third part of the study is devoted to new methods and means of warfare, among which the author analyzes such phenomena as hybrid wars, cyberwar and the involvement of private military and security companies in military operations. Hybrid wars, widespread in the 21st century, raise very complex issues related to the classification of a conflict, as the line between the state of war and peace is blurring. Most often, information about the nature of third-party intervention is kept secret. Moreover, such a third party refuses to acknowledge its participation in hostilities. It is concluded that parties to hybrid wars are required to comply with international standards that limit the methods and means of warfare and protect their victims. The article examines the concepts of cyber war, identifies the main characteristics of this type of war. The main conclusion was made about the need of formation of new restrictive approaches regarding the prohibition of the use of cyber weapons. Another trend related to modern armed conflicts is the process of delegating the performance of traditional state functions by states in favor of private military and security companies. The conclusion is drawn on the need to develop international legal standards for the activities of private military and security companies within the UN.

In this paper, we analyse the final decisions for merger cases prepared by the European Commission (EC) since 1990 and build a unique subsample for all non-cleared cases. These incorporate all merger notifications which were either withdrawn by the notifying parties or have been prohibited by the European Commission.We find a sudden decline in prohibitions and withdrawals of cases since 2002 and explore three judicial defeats of the European Commission as determining factors behind these developments. We also find a higher likelihood of withdrawal or prohibition if cases are registered in sectors which incorporate firms in the business of information and communication or transportation and storage. When classifying the documents with a supervised machine learning algorithm, we are able to automatically identify the cleared versus the non-cleared cases with over 90% accuracy. Finally, we find that network effects, high market shares and the risk of collusion are the main competitive concerns which contribute to prohibition decisions in the information and communications sector.

Статья посвящена вопросам необходимого вмешательства со стороны государства в распространение информации в сети «Интернет», вызванного повсеместным использованием ресурсов сети. В 2013 году зафиксирован всплеск законодательной активности, ограничивающей распространение запрещенной информации. Увеличение числа нарушений авторских прав привело к появлению поправок, разрешающих блокировать ресурсы с размещенным нелегальным контентом. Защита детей от вредной информации в сети«Интернет» также является основным направлением законотворческой деятельности. В статье рассматриваются основные федеральные законы, направленные на регулирование распространения не-правомерной информации в сети «Интернет», которые вступили в силу за последний год. Приведены некоторые законодательные инициативы, находящиеся в стадии проекта и общественного обсуждения. ; The article deals with necessary state interference to data dissemination in the Internet, due to the widespread use of network resources. In 2013 a burst of legislative activity is recorded, it limits the spread of prohibited information. The increasing of the number of copyright infringement has led to amendments that lock resources with illegal content. Protecting children from harmful information on the Internet is also the main focus of legislative activity. In this article basic federal laws aimed at regulation of the spread of illegal information on the Internet that have been taken over the last year. There are several legislative initiatives that are in the design stage and public debate.

Qualitative Daten in den Sozial- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften müssen verstärkt verschiedenartigen Anforderungen gerecht werden. Förderinstitutionen fordern die langfristige Aufbewahrung von Primärdaten -entsprechend der Standards "guter wissenschaftlicher Praxis" sollen Forschungsdaten über das originäre Forschungsvorhaben hinaus verfügbar sein-, und internationale Fachzeitschriften erwarten vermehrt die Bereitstellung von Primärdaten, um Forschungsergebnisse für Dritte nachvollziehbar veröffentlichen zu können. Für eine digitale Archivierung und entsprechende Weitergabe qualitativer Interviewdaten, also personenbezogener Daten im Sinne der Datenschutzgesetze, lassen sich drei zentrale Probleme identifizieren: 1. Die Archivierung und Weitergabe von Forschungsprimärdaten ist an die Einwilligung der an der Studie teilnehmenden Personen gebunden. 2. Die Primärdaten sind zu anonymisieren, sobald der Forschungszweck dies ermöglicht. 3. Die aktuellen Datenschutzbestimmungen beinhalten eine Löschungspflicht für personenbezogene Daten, die im Widerspruch zu den Forderungen der Forschungsförderer und den Standards "guter wissenschaftlicher Praxis" steht. Genau an diesen Problemen setzt die vom Rat für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsdaten (RatSWD) gegründete Arbeitsgruppe "Datenschutz und qualitative Sozialforschung" an. In der Arbeitsgruppe erarbeiten Fachvertreterinnen und Fachvertreter der qualitativen Sozialforschung gemeinsam mit Vertreterinnen und Vertretern der Rechtswissenschaften Empfehlungen zum praktischen Umgang mit qualitativen Interviewdaten. In diesem Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse der Arbeitsgruppe präsentiert. (Autorenreferat)

Title of the thesis: the Issue of Informative Messages and Advertising Delimitation in the Context of Prohibited Advertising Areas. In Lithuania, a number of laws define advertising, however, none of them specifically regulate the criteria based on which advertising should be delimitated from other forms of information on goods or services or informative messages. The problem of the thesis is that since there are prohibited areas of advertising, institutions and courts have difficulties in distinguishing the cases where information provided by business entities has specific advertising features and where it does not. False interpretation of advertising and informative messages results in huge fines for companies due to prohibited advertising. Objectives of the thesis: (1) to analyse the concept of advertising and to identify its features; (2) in accordance with the doctrine and the case law, to identify the criteria characterising informative messages and advertising in various areas which should be applied when disputing on the issue of delimitation; (3) to determine whether the concept of advertising differs in different areas in the case law, and to determine whether the use of different advertising definitions in different areas is necessary, thus allowing the legislator to assess in more rigorous manner the information on goods or services that are more dangerous to society. Aim of the thesis: to identify the criteria for informative messages and advertising delimitation by analysing the concept of advertising through legal aspect. Since the aspect of subjectivity, unregulated by laws, is integral in the analysis of this issue, the criteria for delimitation could be identified only through the case law analysis, which was successfully done in the course of the work. By adapting the criteria identified during the research to each specific situation, it can be clearly determined whether it is informative messages or advertising.

Title of the thesis: the Issue of Informative Messages and Advertising Delimitation in the Context of Prohibited Advertising Areas. In Lithuania, a number of laws define advertising, however, none of them specifically regulate the criteria based on which advertising should be delimitated from other forms of information on goods or services or informative messages. The problem of the thesis is that since there are prohibited areas of advertising, institutions and courts have difficulties in distinguishing the cases where information provided by business entities has specific advertising features and where it does not. False interpretation of advertising and informative messages results in huge fines for companies due to prohibited advertising. Objectives of the thesis: (1) to analyse the concept of advertising and to identify its features; (2) in accordance with the doctrine and the case law, to identify the criteria characterising informative messages and advertising in various areas which should be applied when disputing on the issue of delimitation; (3) to determine whether the concept of advertising differs in different areas in the case law, and to determine whether the use of different advertising definitions in different areas is necessary, thus allowing the legislator to assess in more rigorous manner the information on goods or services that are more dangerous to society. Aim of the thesis: to identify the criteria for informative messages and advertising delimitation by analysing the concept of advertising through legal aspect. Since the aspect of subjectivity, unregulated by laws, is integral in the analysis of this issue, the criteria for delimitation could be identified only through the case law analysis, which was successfully done in the course of the work. By adapting the criteria identified during the research to each specific situation, it can be clearly determined whether it is informative messages or advertising.

Title of the thesis: the Issue of Informative Messages and Advertising Delimitation in the Context of Prohibited Advertising Areas. In Lithuania, a number of laws define advertising, however, none of them specifically regulate the criteria based on which advertising should be delimitated from other forms of information on goods or services or informative messages. The problem of the thesis is that since there are prohibited areas of advertising, institutions and courts have difficulties in distinguishing the cases where information provided by business entities has specific advertising features and where it does not. False interpretation of advertising and informative messages results in huge fines for companies due to prohibited advertising. Objectives of the thesis: (1) to analyse the concept of advertising and to identify its features; (2) in accordance with the doctrine and the case law, to identify the criteria characterising informative messages and advertising in various areas which should be applied when disputing on the issue of delimitation; (3) to determine whether the concept of advertising differs in different areas in the case law, and to determine whether the use of different advertising definitions in different areas is necessary, thus allowing the legislator to assess in more rigorous manner the information on goods or services that are more dangerous to society. Aim of the thesis: to identify the criteria for informative messages and advertising delimitation by analysing the concept of advertising through legal aspect. Since the aspect of subjectivity, unregulated by laws, is integral in the analysis of this issue, the criteria for delimitation could be identified only through the case law analysis, which was successfully done in the course of the work. By adapting the criteria identified during the research to each specific situation, it can be clearly determined whether it is informative messages or advertising.

New technological opportunities and increasing demands make it imperative for government agencies to make the information they gather available to citizens. How should they go about this? This paper presents a conceptual framework for analyzing the strategic options open to agencies which have information that could be relevant to citizens. The conceptual framework is constructed on the basis of the literature and tested in a case study. The Directorate-General for Public Works and Water Management in the Netherlands gathers traffic information which is useful for citizens when they want to avoid traffic jams. Presently, the agency sells information to intermediaries. The agency wanted to release the information through its own website but this was prohibited by a court ruling. This paper reviews other strategies and proposes that an 'Intel inside' strategy may be a viable option in view of the consequences for effectiveness, manageability, cost-effectiveness, equity and legitimacy. The paper concludes that the conceptual framework proves useful for analyzing the strategic options open to agencies for making government information available to citizens.

This study focuses on the beliefs and attitudes towards doping of Coaches and Athletes in Armenia, Georgia and Moldova, and on the similarities and differences between Armenia, Georgia and Moldova on these measures.
In total, 270 coaches and 810 athletes were selected and completed the questionnaire. Self-completion questionnaires for coaches and athletes were developed in a first-phase Pilot study and approved by World Anti-Doping Agency. Overall, 14% of participants represented team sports disciplines and 86% represented individual sports disciplines. More than half of the athletes were international-level athletes. About 80% of coaches and athletes were males. Whilst there was some variation between the three countries in mean ages and experience of participants, none of these was statistically significant. Analyzing the results, we can conclude that the social and professional behavior of coaches may not be the reason that may push athletes to use the Prohibited substances. The great danger is the illiteracy of coaches in the anti-doping field.
If we compare the results obtained in this study with previous data in other studies, it can be assumed that coaches' delusions are transmitted to athletes, which are formed as a result of receiving incorrect information from other coaches or the media. In some cases, such as in relation to the Prohibited List, this may lead to unforeseen consequences. The obtained results show that it mandatory to include the information in the educational programs for coaches, about the athletes' duties, ways and means to control their behavior, revealing in detail the mechanisms of such control. A necessary condition for the new Educational program for coaches may also be the holding of education seminars and workshops for athletes with the obligatory presence of their coaches using "the coach and his athletes" formula.

In this article was researched such an issue as prohibited content spreading in the Internet network and a research of the mechanisms for detecting this content on web pages. An analysis is made of existing solutions in this area, including legislative measures that ensure the process of removing prohibited content from the resource or restricting access to it, information from reports of organizations that restrict access to prohibited resources or individual pages of these resources, which indicates an increase in the total number of prohibited contents on the network. The results of the analysis of existing methods for detecting prohibited content are presented, on the basis of which decisions are made on the need to develop new approaches to the detection of this content. Great attention is paid to the problem of protecting children on the Internet, as well as the problem of distributing prohibited content through hidden networks and other threats to network users arising from these networks. We describe an experiment that was conducted to analyze the content of web resources in order to improve the quality of detection mechanisms for prohibited content on the Internet and the Darknet network. During the experiment, a software module was developed to extract and process Web pages, which made markup of the web page with special markers to separate the content of the web document into groups. The data obtained from the results of the experiment contain the results of testing the developed module and examples of its operation. The final part of the article contains a set of methods that the author intends to use in future studies, in which it is planned to develop a software package for making decisions about the presence of prohibited content on the Internet web resources. ; В данной статье рассматривается проблема распространения запрещенного содержимого в сети Интернет, а именно исследование механизмов выявления этого содержимого на веб-страницах. Проводится анализ существующих решений в этой области, в том числе законодательные меры, обеспечивающие процесс удаления запрещенного содержимого с ресурса или ограничения доступа к нему, информация из отчетов организаций, ограничивающих доступ к запрещенным ресурсам или отдельным страницам этих ресурсов, которая свидетельствует о росте общего количества запрещенного контента в сети. Приводятся результаты анализа существующих методов обнаружения запрещенного содержимого на основании которых принимаются решения о необходимости разработки новых подходов к выявлению этого содержимого. Большое внимание уделяется проблеме защиты детей в сети Интернет, а также проблеме распространения запрещенного контента посредством скрытых сетей и другие угрозы пользователям сети, возникающие из-за этих сетей. Описывается эксперимент, который проводился для анализа содержимого веб-ресурсов с целью повышения качества механизмов выявления запрещенного содержимого в сети Интернет и сети Darknet. Во время проведения эксперимента для извлечения и обработки веб-страниц был разработан программный модуль, который производил разметку веб-страницы специальными маркерами для разделения содержимого веб-документа на группы. Полученные по итогам эксперимента данные содержат результаты тестирования разработанного модуля и примеры его работы. В заключительной части статьи приводится набор методов, которыми автор предполагает воспользоваться в дальнейших исследованиях, в которых планируется разработка программного комплекса принятия решений о наличии на веб-ресурсах сети Интернет запрещенного содержимого.

In recent years, in many countries around the world the role of society in political decision making quickly strengthened, and the population is increasingly affects the position of the state leaders. For countries pretending to have the support of its policies in other regions, public diplomacy is an essential tool. Today, public diplomacy is regularly used in various conflicts, one of which is the civil war in Syria. Media, Internet, social networks and other tools are used daily to cover the events and create the necessary views of the population in different countries. At the beginning of the article the reasons for the outbreak of the war are discussed from the standpoints of the main actors - the current Syrian government and its opposition, as well as their allies and enemies. The causes of the conflict are essential for further evaluation of the evs, so diametrically opposite points of view of the main actors of the events are analyzed in the material. Then we consider the coverage of the war, because period of direct military action is important to assess the behavior of its members. Among the most important and controversial topics covered by the international media in the conflict, are the use of prohibited weapons, killing of civilians, a violation of international agreements. Determination of the prospects of civil war in Syria is also critical when planning further action by all these events. To get the necessary public support, the parties are trying to have different interpretation of further scenarios. Much depends on this: whether the country's population supports the direction of further assistance or troops, how residents of other countries would react to a further continuation of the conflict, or how the representatives of international organizations would answer the question about the legitimacy of any move. The formation of public opinion in different countries aimed at obtaining approval of its policy on the part of the population and the necessary support for further action. Each of the parties to the conflict, using its own and is making significant opportunities attempts to provide the necessary coverage of the events in this war. Analyzing numerous publications, photos and videos, largely specially rigged to achieve the desired result, it is difficult to say about the objective picture of what is happening, but it is an indisputable fact of enormous human sacrifices, millions of people who have fled their country and the destroyed country in the heart of the Middle East.