Suchergebnisse

In the judgment here under discussion, the Court of Justice of the European Unionuses the principle of proportionality in examining the Public Sector Purchase Programme (PSPP), now partly akin to the Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme (PEPP). The grounds of the judgment show a partially different implementation of the proportionality test from that developed by German legal dogmatics, as subsequently highlighted by the BVerfG in its decision of 5 May 2020. In particular, the CJEU took into account the exceptional context in which the PSPP was adopted, such as the sovereign debt crisis that exploded in Europe during the period 2010-2012, so that the Public Securities Purchase Programme could also be defined as an emergency monetary policy instrument. ; Nella sentenza in commento la Corte di Giustizia dell'Unione Europea ricorre al principio di proporzionalità nell'esaminare il Public Sector Purchase Programme (PSPP), oggi parzialmente affine al Pandemic Emergency Purchase Programme (PEPP). Le motivazioni della pronuncia evidenziano un'applicazione del test di proporzionalità in parte differente rispetto a quanto elaborato dalla dogmatica tedesca, come evidenziato successivamente dalla Corte di Karlsruhe nella sua decisione del 5 maggio 2020. In particolare, la Corte di Lussemburgo ha valutato il contesto eccezionale in cui è stato adottato il PSPP, cioè la crisi dei debiti sovrani esplosa in Europa nel triennio 2010-2012, così che tale Programma di acquisto di titoli pubblici potrebbe anche definirsi uno strumento emergenziale di politica monetaria.

Autorice analiziraju praksu Europskog suda za ljudska prava povezanu sa zaštitom prava na poštovanje doma iz članka 8. Europske konvencije za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda s obzirom na pitanje razmjernosti. Kategorija razmjernosti promatrana je kao kriterij osiguravanja zaštite i kao materijalna pretpostavka za odlučivanje o razmjernosti miješanja države ugovornice u pravo na poštovanje doma. Istaknuti su predmeti kod kojih je iseljenje podnositelja zahtjeva uslijedilo u postupcima prisilnog namirenja stvarnopravno osiguranih tražbina i u tom je kontekstu istražena geneza kategorije razmjernosti od njezina nužnog ispitivanja do odluke prema kojoj nema potrebe za ispitivanjem razmjernosti. ; The authors discuss and analyse case law of the European Court of Human Rights regarding the right to respect for home under Article 8 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and with respect the issue of proportionality. In the paper, the proportionality category was viewed as a criterion for securing protection and as a material precondition for deciding whether the State party's interference with the right to respect for home was proportionate. The cases in which the applicant's eviction occurred after national proceedings for the enforcement of mortgages were addressed. In this context, the genesis of the proportionality category was analysed, from the cases where the Court found it necessary to examine the proportionality to the cases where the Court did not consider the proportionality test necessary. ; Die Autorinnen analysieren die Rechtsprechung des Europäischen Gerichtshofs für Menschenrechte bezüglich des Schutzes des Rechtes auf Achtung der Wohnung aus Artikel 8 der Europäischen Konvention zum Schutze der Menschenrechte und Grundfreiheiten, und zwar aus der Perspektive der Proportionalität. Die Proportionalitätskategorie wird als Kriterium für die Sicherung des Schutzes und als materielle Voraussetzung für die Eingriffe des Vertragsstaates in das Recht ...

Il principio di proporzionalità è ormai uno dei concetti centrali del costituzionalismo globale, di fatto una parte essenziale della grammatica di una nuova lingua franca che fa dialogare e interagire attori giuridici sostanzialmente in tutto il mondo, agevolando la circolazione di modelli giuridici e di standard di argomentazione. In questo saggio intendo discutere due questioni attinenti al profilo della legittimità dell'utilizzazione del test di proporzionalità in sede giudiziaria. La prima questione riguarda la compatibilità tra l'utilizzo sempre più diffuso del test di proporzionalità e l'intensità della tutela che ci aspettiamo debbano ricevere i diritti fondamentali. La seconda questione riguarda la compatibilità tra l'utilizzo giudiziario del test di proporzionalità e la democrazia. Concluderò con alcune brevi riflessioni sul nesso tra il principio di proporzionalità e ciò che chiamerò la cultura giuridico-politica della giustificazione. ; Proportionality is now a central concept in global constitutionalism, a crucial feature of the grammar of the new lingua franca used by legal actors around the world – allowing the circulation of legal solutions and argumentative styles. In this essay, I will discuss two issues pertaining to the legitimacy of the use of proportionality analysis by courts. The first issue regards the relation between proportionality analysis and the strength that we normally associate to the idea of fundamental rights. The second issue regards the compatibility between the use of proportionality analysis by courts and democracy. I will conclude with some reflections on the relation between the global spread of proportionality and what I will call the culture of justification.

In order to imagine the law's future, we need reconstruct its past. The evolution of law in western countries disclaim a process of positivization: the law become and it is conceived as positive, i. e. less or more contingent, available for change. In more recent areas of law, such as constitutional, international and European Union's law, However, inverses processes occur: the de-positivization of law. In constitutional case-law, in particular, an ever more crucial role is played by implicit norm as equality, reasonabless, proportionality. These principles are positive only in a very weak sense of the term: in reality, they are only a part, and a necessary part of the very concept of distributive justice.

La regolamentazione dello sfruttamento economico di un bene costituzionalmente tutelato da parte di operatori economici – i cosiddetti nuovi poteri privati – è fonte di costante conflitto valoriale che ha trovato soluzione in affermazioni e decisioni, con carattere di politicità, del legislatore e di autorità giudiziarie. In tali ambiti il principio di proporzionalità ha consentito un metodico bilanciamento dei valori in gioco attraverso l'esame dei requisiti di idoneità, necessarietà e proporzionalità in senso stretto. Il contributo intende esaminare come il legislatore abbia chiamato in causa i poteri privati per vagliare la proporzionalità della loro condotta nel contesto del trattamento dei dati personali, rispondendone in termini di accountability. ale ruolo di responsabilità dei poteri privati nella governance del mercato dei dati personali ha immediate conseguenze sui caratteri dell'autonomia privata degli stessi. ; The regulation of the economic exploitation of a constitutionally protected asset by economic operators - so-called private powers - is a source of constant conflict of values, which has been resolved in decisions of political nature by the legislature and judicial authorities. In these contents, the principle of proportionality has permitted a methodical balancing of values at stake through the examination of the 'steps' of suitability, necessity and proportionality in its narrow sense. This essay, therefore, intends to observe how the legislature has drawn in the private powers so that they can examine the proportionality of their conduct in processing personal data, thereby becoming accountable for it. Such a role of responsibility played by private powers in the governance of the personal data market has immediate consequences on the character of their contractual autonomy.

The article analyzes a recent sentence of the Constitutional Court n. 213/2021, regarding the blocking of executive procedures. In particular, compliance with the criteria of reasonableness and proportionality in the rules adopted by the legislator to counter the social effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are analyzed.

The judgment of 5 May 2020 of the Zweiter Senat of the Bundesverfassungsgericht is manifestly inappropriate from a legal point of view as it expresses the German constitutional judge's claim to assess the legality of the ECB's decisions and the correctness of reasoning of the CJEU in Weiss. The German judges are using the principle of proportionality to assess the correct application of the principle of conferral in a way that is "simply completely unintelligible and thus objectively arbitrary" — to use their own qualification of the CJEU's reasoning. Furthermore, the judges make a very questionable use of the principle of democracy and of economic analysis in assessing the correctness of the ECB's PSPP program. The judgement is extremely dangerous by ultimately questioning the application of EU law in a Member State and it encourages other courts and Member States' governments to do the same. The German judges' reasoning is the glaring demonstration of a form of "cultural dominance" which particularly emerges in the reasoning carried out on proportionality.

This research project examines the consistency of Italian regional and local electoral systems with the Constitution. After a brief presentation of the international, European and constitutional norms regulating the right to vote, the thesis follows the evolution of the electoral laws of every level of government and the corresponding judicial decisions, both constitutional and not, which formed in the same years. It then analyzes thoroughly the electoral rules of the 19 Regions, 2 Autonomous Provinces, of the Provinces/Metropolitan Cities and of the Municipalities. The project assesses whether the standards provided by the Constitutional Court in relation to a particular level of government can be applied to other levels: in particular, the focus is on the interpretation of section 2, art. 48 Const. as applied to the national electoral law in the 1/14 and 35/17 decisions. After demonstrating that it would probably be appropriate to differentiate the application of the constitutional standards (more strictly to the Regions and less to the other entities), the thesis compares today's laws with these standards. Finally, in order to allow a comparative analysis, the research project presents the German and Spanish systems of local electoral laws and its constitutional norms, from which it derives proposals to solve some of the long-lasting issues of the Italian local electoral system.

The reasoning of the Court of Justice in the Schrems judgment places this decision in the wake of the judicial saga commenced with the Digital Rights Ireland and Google Spain cases. Also in this decision, in fact, the Court of Luxembourg has taken it seriously the right to privacy, in light of the threats and risks arising from the broader and broader circulation of personal data, especially through the Internet. When invalidating the decision of the Commission concerning the adequacy of the safe harbour principles, the Court of Justice has once again enforced in a very extensive manner the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, and particularly Articles 7 and 8. This has led the Court, indeed, to convert the adequacy standard for personal data to be transferred to non-EU countries in the requirement of equivalent protection. This decision, however, this decision is likely to bring unprecedented consequences and global effects which cannot be limited to the European Union territory. ; The reasoning of the Court of Justice in the Schrems judgment places this decision in the wake of the judicial saga commenced with the Digital Rights Ireland and Google Spain cases. Also in this decision, in fact, the Court of Luxembourg has taken it seriously the right to privacy, in light of the threats and risks arising from the broader and broader circulation of personal data, especially through the Internet. When invalidating the decision of the Commission concerning the adequacy of the safe harbour principles, the Court of Justice has once again enforced in a very extensive manner the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, and particularly Articles 7 and 8. This has led the Court, indeed, to convert the adequacy standard for personal data to be transferred to non-EU countries in the requirement of equivalent protection. This decision, however, this decision is likely to bring unprecedented consequences and global effects which cannot be limited to the European Union territory.

To what extent the legitimate aspiration of the States to prevent terrorist attacks can go further? This is one of the main issues that modern democracies must face. In this scenario, this PhD thesis proposes a comparative study on preventive counter-terrorism measures targeted on suspected terrorists within a human rights' approach, in the searching of the "sustainable prevention". After the study of Italian preventive counter-terrorism law from different perspectives, a small "field research" and the analysis of the UK counter-terrorism system, the Author uses the proportionality principle to suggest some corrective mechanisms for a more sustainable balance between freedom and security.

L'articolo esamina le ragioni e i presupposti che hanno indotto il Governo, nell'estate del 2020, a esercitare, per la prima volta, il potere sostitutivo legislativo, ai sensi dell'art. 120, comma 2, Cost., nei confronti della Regione Puglia, che non aveva adeguato la propria legislazione ai principi statali in materia di parità di genere nelle elezioni regionali. In particolare, si approfondisce la portata della clausola dell'unità giuridica, riflettendo sui rischi di una lettura estensiva della stessa, da parte del Governo, per l'autonomia regionale. Nell'articolo si tenterà di argomentare che, sebbene l'intervento sostitutivo non ponga particolari problemi dal punto di vista costituzionale, esso susciti perplessità in relazione al rispetto dei principi di ragionevolezza e di proporzionalità. ; The article analyses the reasons and premises that led the Italian Government to exercise for the first time, in the summer of 2020, its substitutive legislative power, pursuant to art. 120, paragraph 2, of the Constitution, over the Puglia Region, that had not yet adapted its legislation to national principles of gender equality in regional elections. In particular, the article investigates the scope of the "legal unity" clause and reflects on the risks that its extensive interpretation by the Government poses for regional autonomy. The article argues that, although the substitutive power does not pose particular problems from a constitutional point of view, it does raise some concerns in relation to compliance with the principles of reasonableness and proportionality.

The hearing, which disregards any political assessment, seeks to dispel some doubts about the legal nature of the green pass with regard to the delicate relationship between the protection of collective health, proportionality of the measure and respect for constitutional rights, highlighting some critical issues that may guide legislator choices towards constitutionally oriented options. ; L'audizione, che prescinde da ogni valutazione politica, cerca di dissipare alcuni dubbi in merito alla natura giuridica del green pass con riferimento al delicato rapporto tra tutela della salute collettiva, proporzionalità della misura e rispetto dei diritti costituzionali, mettendo in luce alcune criticità che possano orientare la scelta del legislatore verso opzioni costituzionalmente orientate.

In order to imagine the law's future, we need reconstruct its past. The evolution of law in western countries disclaim a process of positivization: the law become and it is conceived as positive, i. e. less or more contingent, available for change. In more recent areas of law, such as constitutional, international and European Union's law, However, inverses processes occur: the de-positivization of law. In constitutional case-law, in particular, an ever more crucial role is played by implicit norm as equality, reasonabless, proportionality. These principles are positive only in a very weak sense of the term: in reality, they are only a part, and a necessary part of the very concept of distributive justice.

La sentenza 5 maggio 2020 del zweiter Senat del Bundesverfassungsgericht, nella misura in cui esprime la pretesa del giudice costituzionale tedesco di valutare la legalità delle decisioni della BCE sulla base dei principi di attribuzione e di proporzionalità è più che discutibile in punto di diritto. Inoltre essa è estremamente pericolosa: e non solo perché implica che il zweiter Senat, in ultima analisi, rifiuta, sulla base del principio democratico e del controllo delle competenze dell'Unione, l'uniformità di applicazione del diritto dell'Unione. Ma anche perché essa appare come la lampante dimostrazione di una forma di "bullismo culturale" lamentato ormai da più parti; e che emerge in maniera lampante nel ragionamento svolto sulla proporzionalità. È un atteggiamento questo che, nella contingenza causata dall'emergenza COVID-19, potrebbe avere conseguenze davvero tragiche per il futuro dell'Unione. ; The judgment of 5 May 2020 of the zweiter Senat of the Bundesverfassungsgericht, to the extent that it expresses the German constitutional judge's claim to assess the legality of the ECB's decisions on the basis of the principles of attribution and proportionality, is more than questionable in point of law. Furthermore, it is extremely dangerous: and not only because it implies that the zweiter Senat ultimately refuses, on the basis of the democratic principle and the control of the Union's competences, the uniformity of application of EU law. But also because it appears as the glaring demonstration of a form of "cultural bullying" many complain about, and which emerges in a crystal clear way in the reasoning carried out on proportionality. This is an attitude which, in the contingency caused by the COVID-19 emergency, could have truly tragic consequences for the future of the European Union.