Suchergebnisse

The II Spanish Republic (1931-1939) was built on the more progressive political and social rights of the democratic liberalism of the time. However, women were still not able to easily practice in all legal posts. In 1931, they were granted the right to be notaries and property registrars. But in 1934, they were denied the right to be judges and public prosecutors. During the Civil War, the fi rst female judges, magistrates and public prosecutors were nominated in small numbers. However, this equality with men would end if the backers of the 1936 coup d'etat won the war. And this is what happened. The dictatorship of General Franco (1939-1975) put women under the control of men. Once again, women lived as social and legal inferiors. The political and civil rights gained during the Republic were left far behind. ; La II República española (1931-1939) se edificó sobre los derechos políticos y sociales más progresistas del liberalismo democrático del momento. No obstante, la mujer no pudo acceder a todas la profesiones jurídicas. En 1931 se la autorizó para ser notario y registradora de la propiedad, pero en 1934 se le denegó el acceso a la judicatura y a la fiscalía. Durante la Guerra Civil (1936-1939) se nombraron las primeras mujeres juezas, magistradas y fiscales. Pero esta igualdad con el hombre acabaría si los promotores del golpe de estado de 1936 ganaban la guerra. Así fue, la dictadura del general Franco sometió la mujer al hombre, la que pasó de nuevo a vivir una minoría de edad legal y social, lejos quedaron los derechos civiles y políticos que consiguió durante la República.

Este artículo indaga la manera en que se construyeron los espacios políticos de la Monarquía indiana a dos mil leguas de distancia del monarca español. El autor establece una conexión entre el enfrentamiento de los cleros regular y secular de la Nueva España con algunos resortes del poder en el seno del Consejo de Indias. ; This article enquires about the procedures used in order to build political spheres in the Spanish-American monarchy, being that they were two thousand leagues away from the Spanish monarch. The author establishes a connection between the regular-secular clergy confrontation in New Spain and some resorts of power within the Consejo de Indias [Council of the Indies].

This article enquires about the procedures used in order to build political spheres in the Spanish-American monarchy, being that they were two thousand leagues away from the Spanish monarch. The author establishes a connection between the regular-secular clergy confrontation in New Spain and some resorts of power within the Consejo de Indias [Council of the Indies]. ; Este artículo indaga la manera en que se construyeron los espacios políticos de la Monarquía indiana a dos mil leguas de distancia del monarca español. El autor establece una conexión entre el enfrentamiento de los cleros regular y secular de la Nueva España con algunos resortes del poder en el seno del Consejo de Indias.

The following article proposes to analyse the dynamics between officialdom and political opposition through two situations that took place during the radicalgovernment of José A. Ceballos in Córdoba. One side, the prosecutors's kidnapping and the fraud made in March 25th, 1930 in the provincial legisture. On the other, the shout out committed during in a democrat meting in Santa Rosa the 20th April of the same year.We consider the fraud happened in two ways. First as catalyst of UCR internal problems. Secondly as an opposition's element to compare the provincial government to the national one and concatenate this episode with some others of fraud and violence that took place then.In its turn, after the bloody ending of the Rio Primero democrat act, the party that had reorganize entirely in 1928 to face the future elections with the UCR, began to exclamate the direct action as strategy before a government that it was called for the political opposition as criminal.Both episodes enlarged the public opinion's generally discomfort and they bore though the Ceballos government's legitimity, which was questioned by sectors of his own party. ; El presente artículo se propone analizar la dinámica entre oficialismo y oposicióna través de dos episodios que se desarrollaron durante el último año del gobierno radical de José A. Ceballos en Córdoba. Por un lado, el secuestro de fiscales y el fraude perpetrado el 25 de marzo de 1930 en la Legislatura provincial. Por otro, el tiroteo desatado durante un mitin demócrata en Santa Rosa el 20 de abril del mismo año. Consideramos que el del fraude operó en dos sentidos. Por un lado, como un catalizador de los conflictos internos por los que atravesaba la UCR. Por otro, como un elemento al que apeló la oposición para equiparar al radicalismo provincial con el nacional y concatenar el episodio con otros hechos de fraude y violencia que tuvieron lugar por entonces.A su vez, tras el desenlace sangriento del acto demócrata en Río Primero, el partido que en 1928 se había reorganizado para enfrentar en los futuros comicios al radicalismo, empezó a pregonar como estrategia la «acción directa», ante un gobierno que atropellaba a la oposición y al que calificaban como «criminal». Ambos episodios potenciaron el malestar de la opinión pública en general y horadaron la legitimidad del gobierno de Ceballos, el cual fue cuestionado por sectores de su propio partido.

This paper suggests a change in the Spanish penal procedure regarding its actual inquisitorial nature. At present time, as the Judge is in charge of criminal investigation and the Public Ministry controls the Judge, they have exchanged their constitutional missions within the pre-trial phase. The Judge must stop deciding on coercive investigation activities at his own and sole proposal. The Public Ministry must be capable to accomplish its proactive constitutional mission -- not reactive as the Judge's- defending legality and public interest since the initial phase; as the faculty to hold charges during the trial belongs to the Public Ministry. Compared to more executive or judiciary public ministry models, the Spanish Public Ministry "impartiality collectively reflected" would unsurpassed endure all the due processes principles within the pre-trial phase. Adapted from the source document.

Honduras is experiencing a critical moment in its political history thanks to a hunger strike in April by a group of young public prosecutors demanding that the Prosecutor General's Office initiate proceedings against the most notorious of the unpunished corruption cases. What first appeared an isolated, idealistic and nai͏ve gesture became a massive strike that awakened national awareness and is currently mobilizing society. (Envío/GIGA)

The author reflects on the prosecution institutions role in a democracy, and its designs. He conducts a brief review of the constitutional and legal regulations of the prosecution service in Argentina. He looks critically upon the processes of appointing and removing prosecutors and the practice of life tenure. The author problematizes the fact that prosecutors are not elected by citizens through a direct vote, and meditates about the potential benefits of democratic debate in penal prosecution policy contents, and its virtues on enhancing accountability and control mechanisms. After that, the author responds to the main criticisms of the direct election of prosecutors. ; Fil: Bracaccini, Fernando. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Derecho. Cátedra Derecho Público. Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Este trabajo reflexiona sobre el rol y el diseño del Ministerio Público Fiscal en el marco del sistema democrático. Se realiza un breve repaso sobre la regulación constitucional y legal del Ministerio Público desde una mirada crítica sobre el régimen de designaciones, estabilidad y remoción de los fiscales, y se cuestiona la ausencia justificaciones para que no sean elegidos popularmente.\nTras plantearse el problema de la legitimidad democrática del Ministerio Público Fiscal, se esbozan algunas ideas sobre las potenciales virtudes que el debate democrático ofrece al contenido de la política criminal, y a la rendición de cuentas y el control sobre la actividad de los fiscales. Finalmente, tras quedar planteada la ausencia de justificaciones de peso para exceptuar al Ministerio Público Fiscal del régimen de elección popular, y ser exploradas las ventajas de su democratización, se ensayan algunas respuestas frente a las principales críticas al respecto.\nEste trabajo fue presentado en el marco del V Congreso de Derecho Penal para Estudiantes y Jóvenes Graduados: "Política Criminal y Estado de Derecho".

"An account of the brutal 1985 murders of three Communist party militants by agents of Chile's National Police, and of the efforts, over the next nine years, of independent prosecutors to bring those responsible to justice. Written by lawyers with access to prosecutorial files, it shows the extent to which personal and institutional moral decay permeated even the once widely admired Carabineros"--Handbook of Latin American Studies, v. 57

La institucionalización del estamento pechero castellano en el siglo XIII significó que frente a la obligación del pago de renta se le reconociera a los rústicos el derecho a la representación política. Sobre el particular se han pronunciado los historiadores señalando generalmente los lugares y las formas de esa representación, aunque se han descuidado las causas y razones esenciales de la naturaleza de la participación política de campesinos especialmente en la Baja Edad Media, cuando esa participación fue limitada por el poder central. Sin embargo, una lectura atenta de los documentos que la testimonian, nos permite aventurar algunas hipótesis a partir del análisis de casos concretos como los que se analizan a continuación. ; The institutionalization of pechero establishment in Castile in the thirteenth century meant that with the obligation to pay rent, it was recognized to rustics the right to political representation. Historians have spoken generally pointing out places and forms of this kind of representation but they have neglected the causes and reasons of the essential nature of the political participation of peasants especially in the late Middle Ages, when it was limited by monarchy. However, a careful reading of the documents allows us to venture some hypotheses from the analysis of specific cases such as those discussed below.

[Resumen:] Este artículo tiene por objetivo reconstruir los problemas para dictar justicia expresados a través de la voz de los principales actores que animan los tribunales de menores en la Justicia Nacional con asiento en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires: jueces de menores (jueces de menores y camaristas integrantes de los tribunales orales de menores), fiscales (de menores y que se desempeñan ante los TOM), y defensores públicos oficiales y letrados. La constatación realizada en la investigación que finalizó con mi tesis doctoral1 fue que las prácticas de los actores se reinventan permanentemente y la imaginación jurídica que las inspira poco tiene que ver con la dogmática y se correlaciona positivamente con los "problemas para dictar justicia" y la necesidad de dar respuestas. En aquella investigación se privilegió la mirada de los jueces en el proceso de administración de justicia penal para personas menores de edad, y la voz de otros actores como Fiscales, Defensores y Asesores se recuperó a través de las posiciones en sentencias y a través de la propia mirada de los jueces. En este artículo se pretende recuperar la voz de los actores en forma directa, a través de sus propios registros institucionales expresados en los informes que anualmente confeccionan y que son elevados por los respectivos organismos (Ministerio Público Fiscal y Ministerio Público de la Defensa) al Congreso de la Nación. Se pretende así componer un mapa de posiciones y valoraciones de jueces, fiscales y defensores en los últimos cinco años, focalizando en núcleos temáticos específicos, a saber: contexto de administración de justicia y delincuencia juvenil; aspectos de la gestión cotidiana en los tribunales, principales problemas legales y procesales; propuestas de reformas legislativas y reforma sobre ley penal y procedimental de menores ; [Abstract:] This article aims to reconstruct the problems to impart justice voiced through the main actors that act in juvenile courts in the National Justice System in the city of Buenos Aires: juvenile court judges (juvenile court judges and court of appeal judges members of juvenile oral courts tribunals orales de menores – TOM), juvenile prosecutors (who act in TOM) and public defenders and lawyers. The findings arisen from the investigation that concluded with my doctoral thesis1showed that the actors' practices are continuously being reinvented and the legal new thinking that inspires them has little to do with dogma and is positively correlated with the "problems to impart justice" and the need to provide a response. In that investigation, the judges' view in the process of criminal justice administration for minors was favoured, and other actors' voice like Prosecutors, Defenders and Legal Advisers was retrieved through their positions adopted in the judgments and through the judges' own views. This article aims to retrieve directly the actors' voice, through their own institutional records expressed in the reports annually produced and which are presented by the corresponding institutions (Public Prosecution Office and Public Defence Service) to the National Congress. The aim is thus to produce a map of the positions and assessments held by judges, prosecutors and defenders during the last five years, focusing on specific core topics, to wit: administration of justice and juvenile delinquency context; aspects of the day-to-day management in courts, main legal and procedural problems, proposals for legislative reforms and reform on juvenile criminal and procedural law.

The enactment of criminal laws against femicide entails several problems for criminal investigations. Based on a sample of interviews with prosecutors and forensic specialists in the four judicial districts in the city of Lima, this article addresses the main problems in the application of the femicide law enacted recently in Peru's penal code. Empirical evidence shows that these procedural problems are linked to a limitation in the design of the criminal figure, and the lack of clarity and precision of its components. The concept of "gender animosity", or "gender discrimination" turns difficult to be translated into indicators for criminal and forensic investigations. As a consequence, prosecutors report several difficulties in order to find material elements that comply with a case theory of femicide under the new criminal framework. The evidence in this article contributes to the study of femicide in the context of raising gender punitiveness in Latin America. ; La tipificación del feminicidio en el Perú conlleva diversos problemas para la investigación preparatoria en el campo judicial. Basado en el registro cualitativo de la experiencia de fiscales especializados y el cuerpo de forense de los cuatro distritos judiciales de Lima, este artículo describe los problemas centrales en el uso del tipo penal. El problema central identificado por los fiscales es la poca traductibilidad de la categoría "discriminación de género" a términos operativos en materia probatoria. Se trata de una limitación asociada al diseño de la norma, que se traduce en dificultades para encontrar elementos materiales en el registro criminalístico y acreditar el hecho punible. El artículo aporta elementos para extender la investigación hacia las consecuencias procesales del giro punitivo con enfoque de género.

Evalúa en qué medida los Fiscales especializados en lo penal, aplicaron deficientemente el principio de imputación necesaria al dictar sus requerimientos de formalización y continuación de la investigación preparatoria durante el año 2013, la investigación es de carácter descriptiva-explicativa, se utilizaron los Métodos: Analítico, inductivo, deductivo y dogmático, la unidad de análisis estuvo determinada por las disposiciones fiscales de formalización y continuación de la investigación preparatoria del Distrito Judicial de Loreto, La muestra se obtuvo de la base de datos de las Fiscalías y Juzgados Penales, y fue sobre los requerimientos de formalización y continuación de la investigación preparatoria, las entrevistas y encuestas, fue dirigida a Fiscales y Jueces Penales, así como a especialistas en el tema, lo que nos da un alto nivel de confianza de los resultados, llegando a la conclusión que es preocupante el porcentaje (79%) de las disposiciones fiscales de formalización de la investigación preparatoria no cumplen con el estándar constitucional de debida y suficiente motivación de las resoluciones judiciales y/o disposiciones de formalización y continuación de la investigación preparatoria, tampoco cumple con los elementos del Principio de Imputación Necesaria, verificándose que tales disposiciones vulneran los principios y garantías del debido proceso, resoluciones judiciales y, el derecho a la defensa y a la prueba. La imputación necesaria como principio permite poner límite al ejercicio del poder punitivo en un Estado Constitucional y Democrático de Derecho. ; There is no report on the implementation of the principle of allocation necessary in the Judicial District of Loreto in 2013, so in that sense, it is a new topic, the study aims to assess the extent specialized Prosecutors Criminal, poorly applied the principle of imputation necessary to dictate their requirements formalization and continuation of the preliminary investigation in 2013, the research is descriptive-explanatory nature, the methods were used: Analytical, inductive, deductive and dogmatic, the unit of analysis was determined by the tax provisions of formalization and continuation of the preliminary investigation of the Judicial District of Loreto, The sample was obtained from the database of prosecutors and criminal courts, and was on the requirements of formalization and continuation of the preliminary investigation, interviews and surveys, was addressed to prosecutors and judges Criminal as well as specialists in the field, which gives us a high confidence level of the results, concluding that is worrying the percentage (79%) of the tax provisions of formalization of the preliminary investigation did not meet the constitutional standard of proper and sufficient motivation of judgments and / or provisions of formalization and continuation of the preliminary investigation, nor complies with the principle of accounting elements Necessary, verifying that these provisions violate the principles and guarantees of due process, judicial decisions and the right to counsel and test. The necessary imputation principle allows to limit the exercise of punitive power in a constitutional and democratic state of law. ; Tesis

La ley 27372 creó estructuras para la asistencia de la víctima en el proceso penal federal por fuera del Ministerio Público Fiscal. Frente a ello, cabe preguntarse si los cambios legislativos diseñados tuvieron en cuenta que la víctima, por una cuestión de diseño del sistema de justicia criminal, debe encontrar respuesta institucional en el Ministerio Público Fiscal.El presente trabajo aborda las razones por las que el diseño propuesto por el legislador no consideró dicha circunstancia, lo que podría traducirse en diferentes problemas de legitimidad institucional, en el proceso penal acusatorio próximo a implementarse en el ámbito de la justicia federal.Por último, atento a la necesidad de las Fiscalías de prestar especial atención a los problemas de las víctimas como modo de legitimar su actuación ante una sociedad que les reclamaeficacia en la persecución criminal, se propone la creación de una oficina en el ámbito de las Fiscalías Generales del país a fin de lograr tal cometido, teniendo especialmente en cuenta a la víctima difusa. ; Act No 27372 created structures for victim assistance in thefederal criminal procedure outside the Public Prosecutor's Office. In view of this fact, it is relevant to askwhether the legislative changes designed havetaken into account that the victim, in the cri-minal justice system, must find institutionalresponse in the Public Prosecutor's Office.This paper approaches the reasons why thedesign proposed by the legislator did notconsider this circumstance, which could resultin different problems of institutional legitimacyin the accusatorial criminal procedure that willsoon be implemented in the federal justicesystem. Finally, given the fact that prosecutors need topay special attention to victims' problems as away of legitimizing their actions before asociety that demands efficiency in criminalprosecution, the creation of an office isproposed which should be within the scope ofthe general prosecutors' offices, speciallyfocusing on diffuse victims.

Bilateral or multilateral criminal investigations and the need to gather evidence abroad is nowadays more and more frequent. However, it is a complex process because of the diversity of legal instruments in force in Spain. To solve the existing problems, it is crucial to develop legislation establishing common rules to issue and execute letters of requests in pursuing of transborder evidence. This new legislation should clearly specify the role of the different legal operators that participate in criminal investigations, judges, public prosecutors and legal clerks, as well as the role of the Ministry of Justice as Central Authority. The multiple international conventions in force in Spain include provisions to request that any evidence obtained abroad be gathered following Spanish procedural formalities required under the Spanish law and jurisprudence to be admissible as evidence. The new legislation should include as an obligation that any Spanish request to other countries incorporate the description of the requirements for the requested evidence to be admissible in Spain. Likewise, it should specify how the parties in the case can participate in the issuing and in the execution procedures. The new legislation should also address the setting up of Joint Investigation Teams, granting full authority for its constitution to the investigating judge and modifying the current law that requires for its establishment an authorization from the Ministry of Justice. Equally, the role of the Spanish public prosecutors in these joint investigation teams should be similar to the role described to them in the Spanish criminal procedures rules. Recent legislation (Law 16/2015), does not describe with sufficient clarity the role of liaison magistrates and of the networks on international cooperation in criminal matters. It is necessary a more detailed regulation to incorporate these legal operators that can efficiently facilitate transborder evidence gathering. Similarly, the new legislation should also describe more clearly ...