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The paper discusses the protests in 2013 in Brazil, drawing a parallel, as to its character of happening, with the events of May 1968. Cases of this type differ from traditional social movement leaders and the lack of precise focus. However, analyzing aspects of Brazilian society, local protests may be related to poor quality of public services and the state in general. Addressing this problem will not occur just from a technical perspective, as shown by the examples of other bumps and overruns in the past decades in the country, as the conquest of democracy, victory against inflation and social inclusion. ; O trabalho discute os protestos ocorridos em 2013 no Brasil, traçando um paralelo,quanto ao seu caráter de happening, com os eventos de Maio de 1968. Casos deste tipodiferem de movimentos sociais tradicionais pela ausência de líderes e de um focopreciso. Porém, analisando aspectos da sociedade brasileira, os protestos locais podemser relacionados à má qualidade dos serviços públicos e do Estado de maneira geral.O enfrentamento deste problema não poderá ocorrer apenas sob uma perspectivatécnica, conforme mostram os exemplos de outros embates e superações ocorridos nasúltimas décadas no país, como a conquista da democracia, a vitória contra a inflaçãoe a inclusão social.

In this article the gap between research and theory on social movements and media and communication Studies is bridged. A conceptual framework is presented that relates both to social movement theory by referring to the political opportunity structure approach and logics of contentious action as well as to media and communication studies through the concept of mediation. It will be argued that mediation is a fruitful concept to encompass a wide variety of ways in which media and communication are relevant to protest and social movements. ; Nesse artigo articulamos a pesquisa e a teoria sobre movimentos sociais e mídia e estudos de comunicação. É apresentada uma base conceitual de trabalho, relacionando-se tanto à teoria de movimentos sociais ao se referir ao enfoque de estrutura de oportunidade e às lógicas de ação contenciosa assim como aos estudos de mídia e comunicação através do conceito de mediação. Argumenta-se que a mediação é um conceito eficiente para abranger uma grande variedade de maneiras nas quais a mídia e os meios de comunicação são relevantes para os protestos e movimentos.

The object of research in this work is the domestic policy of Russia. The purpose of the work is to identify possible links between the adoption of some internal political decisions in the Russian Federation and the protests taking place at that time in the Republic of Belarus. The main objectives of the research: to identify the main political actors in modern Russia; describe the main criteria for making political decisions in Russia and the motivation of the actors who make them; highlight the characteristic features of Belarusian protests that could manifest themselves in the future in Russia; to analyze some of the latest political decisions made in Russia from the point of view of their motivation by the events in Belarus. The first part of the study identifies the main groups of actors who participate in political decision-making in Russia, their motivation, as well as the criteria for making such decisions. Assumptions and conclusions are made using the "Selectorate theory". The main research method used in the work was the "case study" method. Three cases of political decision-making were studied, which were formalized in the form of bills that passed at least the first reading in the State Duma of the Russian Federation. The cases were considered based on an analysis of the text of the draft law itself, official statements about the reasons for its appearance, available expert comments, as well as taking into account the prevailing socio-political situation at the time of the draft. The data obtained were compared with the events in Belarus that occurred not long before the occurrence of the case, which made it possible to assume the existence of cause-and-effect relationships between these events and the adoption of appropriate political decisions. The studied bills and the Belarusian political crisis are also considered in the context of the " Selectorate theory", which provides additional argumentation in identifying their interrelationships. The rallies that took place on January 23, 2021 in Russia, at the time of the completion of this work, show that it may be worthwhile to continue research on the research topic in order to predict the development of events in Russian politics.

The object of research in this work is the domestic policy of Russia. The purpose of the work is to identify possible links between the adoption of some internal political decisions in the Russian Federation and the protests taking place at that time in the Republic of Belarus. The main objectives of the research: to identify the main political actors in modern Russia; describe the main criteria for making political decisions in Russia and the motivation of the actors who make them; highlight the characteristic features of Belarusian protests that could manifest themselves in the future in Russia; to analyze some of the latest political decisions made in Russia from the point of view of their motivation by the events in Belarus. The first part of the study identifies the main groups of actors who participate in political decision-making in Russia, their motivation, as well as the criteria for making such decisions. Assumptions and conclusions are made using the "Selectorate theory". The main research method used in the work was the "case study" method. Three cases of political decision-making were studied, which were formalized in the form of bills that passed at least the first reading in the State Duma of the Russian Federation. The cases were considered based on an analysis of the text of the draft law itself, official statements about the reasons for its appearance, available expert comments, as well as taking into account the prevailing socio-political situation at the time of the draft. The data obtained were compared with the events in Belarus that occurred not long before the occurrence of the case, which made it possible to assume the existence of cause-and-effect relationships between these events and the adoption of appropriate political decisions. The studied bills and the Belarusian political crisis are also considered in the context of the " Selectorate theory", which provides additional argumentation in identifying their interrelationships. The rallies that took place on January 23, 2021 in Russia, at the time of the completion of this work, show that it may be worthwhile to continue research on the research topic in order to predict the development of events in Russian politics.

Rewriting Space with Urban Protests: Case of Vincas Kudirka Square The aim of the master thesis is to conduct the analysis and evaluation of a certain urban space in Vilnius – Vincas Kudirka square, as well as the protests that take place there. The protests are analyzed as performances, while urban space as a scenography (material and technological stagecraft) for those performances. Stages of research: 1. Conduct an analysis of theoretical review of literature. Following theoretical guidelines of Michel de Carteau and Henri Lefebvre the description of the geographical place is being discussed, moreover, the transformation into the space, its parameters and creatures. In terms to achieve more comprehensive concept of the space, attention is also paid to descriptions of the site-specific art and scenography. First part of this master thesis also discusses the concept of urban protests as the practice of space – ways of creating, while exploring the concept of performance (Richard's Schechner's theory). This part also analyzes the relationship between urban protests and the space itself (ideas of Erika Fisher-Lichte). Some orientation questions are presented. 2. Conduct an analysis of some particular examples of urban protests at Vincas Kudirka Square. Some brief settings of Vincas Kudirka Square are mentioned in order to observe how urban scenarios around this space change and how protests affect it. The literature of urban anthropology is analyzed in order to explore the concept of space and the factors that create it. Moreover, since the protests are viewed as performances, and space as a possible scenography for it, performance theory and site-specific art literature are analyzed. Having completed both the theoretical literature analysis and the research of the case, it has been concluded that urban spaces should not be represented as the city's gated property or as walled garden. These spaces should be spaces that provide citizens with opportunities to engage in political and social debates. Municipalities of the cities should plan the streets for artists and protesters to create stages for their events and to communicate their political and any kind of ideas. The protest is an appeal; therefore, it needs the widest possible audience.

Rewriting Space with Urban Protests: Case of Vincas Kudirka Square The aim of the master thesis is to conduct the analysis and evaluation of a certain urban space in Vilnius – Vincas Kudirka square, as well as the protests that take place there. The protests are analyzed as performances, while urban space as a scenography (material and technological stagecraft) for those performances. Stages of research: 1. Conduct an analysis of theoretical review of literature. Following theoretical guidelines of Michel de Carteau and Henri Lefebvre the description of the geographical place is being discussed, moreover, the transformation into the space, its parameters and creatures. In terms to achieve more comprehensive concept of the space, attention is also paid to descriptions of the site-specific art and scenography. First part of this master thesis also discusses the concept of urban protests as the practice of space – ways of creating, while exploring the concept of performance (Richard's Schechner's theory). This part also analyzes the relationship between urban protests and the space itself (ideas of Erika Fisher-Lichte). Some orientation questions are presented. 2. Conduct an analysis of some particular examples of urban protests at Vincas Kudirka Square. Some brief settings of Vincas Kudirka Square are mentioned in order to observe how urban scenarios around this space change and how protests affect it. The literature of urban anthropology is analyzed in order to explore the concept of space and the factors that create it. Moreover, since the protests are viewed as performances, and space as a possible scenography for it, performance theory and site-specific art literature are analyzed. Having completed both the theoretical literature analysis and the research of the case, it has been concluded that urban spaces should not be represented as the city's gated property or as walled garden. These spaces should be spaces that provide citizens with opportunities to engage in political and social debates. Municipalities of the cities should plan the streets for artists and protesters to create stages for their events and to communicate their political and any kind of ideas. The protest is an appeal; therefore, it needs the widest possible audience.

Rewriting Space with Urban Protests: Case of Vincas Kudirka Square The aim of the master thesis is to conduct the analysis and evaluation of a certain urban space in Vilnius – Vincas Kudirka square, as well as the protests that take place there. The protests are analyzed as performances, while urban space as a scenography (material and technological stagecraft) for those performances. Stages of research: 1. Conduct an analysis of theoretical review of literature. Following theoretical guidelines of Michel de Carteau and Henri Lefebvre the description of the geographical place is being discussed, moreover, the transformation into the space, its parameters and creatures. In terms to achieve more comprehensive concept of the space, attention is also paid to descriptions of the site-specific art and scenography. First part of this master thesis also discusses the concept of urban protests as the practice of space – ways of creating, while exploring the concept of performance (Richard's Schechner's theory). This part also analyzes the relationship between urban protests and the space itself (ideas of Erika Fisher-Lichte). Some orientation questions are presented. 2. Conduct an analysis of some particular examples of urban protests at Vincas Kudirka Square. Some brief settings of Vincas Kudirka Square are mentioned in order to observe how urban scenarios around this space change and how protests affect it. The literature of urban anthropology is analyzed in order to explore the concept of space and the factors that create it. Moreover, since the protests are viewed as performances, and space as a possible scenography for it, performance theory and site-specific art literature are analyzed. Having completed both the theoretical literature analysis and the research of the case, it has been concluded that urban spaces should not be represented as the city's gated property or as walled garden. These spaces should be spaces that provide citizens with opportunities to engage in political and social debates. Municipalities of the cities should plan the streets for artists and protesters to create stages for their events and to communicate their political and any kind of ideas. The protest is an appeal; therefore, it needs the widest possible audience.

Rewriting Space with Urban Protests: Case of Vincas Kudirka Square The aim of the master thesis is to conduct the analysis and evaluation of a certain urban space in Vilnius – Vincas Kudirka square, as well as the protests that take place there. The protests are analyzed as performances, while urban space as a scenography (material and technological stagecraft) for those performances. Stages of research: 1. Conduct an analysis of theoretical review of literature. Following theoretical guidelines of Michel de Carteau and Henri Lefebvre the description of the geographical place is being discussed, moreover, the transformation into the space, its parameters and creatures. In terms to achieve more comprehensive concept of the space, attention is also paid to descriptions of the site-specific art and scenography. First part of this master thesis also discusses the concept of urban protests as the practice of space – ways of creating, while exploring the concept of performance (Richard's Schechner's theory). This part also analyzes the relationship between urban protests and the space itself (ideas of Erika Fisher-Lichte). Some orientation questions are presented. 2. Conduct an analysis of some particular examples of urban protests at Vincas Kudirka Square. Some brief settings of Vincas Kudirka Square are mentioned in order to observe how urban scenarios around this space change and how protests affect it. The literature of urban anthropology is analyzed in order to explore the concept of space and the factors that create it. Moreover, since the protests are viewed as performances, and space as a possible scenography for it, performance theory and site-specific art literature are analyzed. Having completed both the theoretical literature analysis and the research of the case, it has been concluded that urban spaces should not be represented as the city's gated property or as walled garden. These spaces should be spaces that provide citizens with opportunities to engage in political and social debates. Municipalities of the cities should plan the streets for artists and protesters to create stages for their events and to communicate their political and any kind of ideas. The protest is an appeal; therefore, it needs the widest possible audience.

Como parte de uma pesquisa nacional, o artigo interpreta a história das ocupações estudantis no Espírito Santo (ES) em 2016, a partir de relatos colhidos em oito entrevistas com jovens que ocuparam escolas, com base nas categorias geração, juventude e subjetivação política. Se identifica o perfil predominantemente popular e feminino das e dos ocupas, as características do movimento no ES e os impactos das ocupações para quem participou delas. As ocupações, em especial por meio de suas práticas formativas, impactaram decisivamente na trajetória escolar de tais jovens, assim como influenciaram certa continuidade de sua atuação na esfera política. ; As part of a national research, this paper aims to interpret the history of student occupations in Espírito Santo (ES), Brazil in 2016 from reports collected with 8 young people who occupied schools, taking into consideration the categories: generation, youth and political subjectivity. The predominantly popular and feminine profile of the occupiers, the characteristics of the movement in ES and the impacts of the occupations for those who participated in them were identified. Occupations, especially in terms of formative practices, had a decisive impact on the school trajectory of these young people and influenced a certain continuity of their action in the political sphere.

The object of this master thesis is the principle of universal jurisdiction in Germany in the context of Belarus protests since 2020. The subject – jurisdiction of the actions of the authorities during the protests in Belarus since 2020, as a crime against humanity, torture. The aim of the study is to analyse: how to bring to justice people who committed crimes during the suppression of protests in the Republic of Belarus according to the rules of universal jurisdiction in accordance with the legislation of Germany. The tasks of the thesis: to study the concept of universal jurisdiction and prove its relevance in the context of fair trial prosecution for international crimes, to analyse the concept of torture as a crime against humanity, to analyse the available materials regarding the protests in the Republic of Belarus since 2020 in this regard, to prove that victims of torture do not have the opportunity to implement a fair trial on the national level, to identify the main problems in the prosecution of international crimes at the national level in general, to analyse the regulation of universal jurisdiction in Germany, to prove the possibility of prosecuting persons who have committed crimes against humanity in the Republic of Belarus in accordance with German law. The usage of such methods as a doctrinal research method, to conduct a critical qualitative analysis of legal materials to confirm the hypothesis, also the comparative legal and logical-legal research method for a critical analysis of different sets of laws and for comparison of different jurisdictions led to a conclusion that crimes committed by representatives of the Belarusian authorities definitely fall under the definition of torture in German law, as well as international criminal law, and universal jurisdiction can be applied.

The object of this master thesis is the principle of universal jurisdiction in Germany in the context of Belarus protests since 2020. The subject – jurisdiction of the actions of the authorities during the protests in Belarus since 2020, as a crime against humanity, torture. The aim of the study is to analyse: how to bring to justice people who committed crimes during the suppression of protests in the Republic of Belarus according to the rules of universal jurisdiction in accordance with the legislation of Germany. The tasks of the thesis: to study the concept of universal jurisdiction and prove its relevance in the context of fair trial prosecution for international crimes, to analyse the concept of torture as a crime against humanity, to analyse the available materials regarding the protests in the Republic of Belarus since 2020 in this regard, to prove that victims of torture do not have the opportunity to implement a fair trial on the national level, to identify the main problems in the prosecution of international crimes at the national level in general, to analyse the regulation of universal jurisdiction in Germany, to prove the possibility of prosecuting persons who have committed crimes against humanity in the Republic of Belarus in accordance with German law. The usage of such methods as a doctrinal research method, to conduct a critical qualitative analysis of legal materials to confirm the hypothesis, also the comparative legal and logical-legal research method for a critical analysis of different sets of laws and for comparison of different jurisdictions led to a conclusion that crimes committed by representatives of the Belarusian authorities definitely fall under the definition of torture in German law, as well as international criminal law, and universal jurisdiction can be applied.