Psychologie/neurosciences : Quand les contraires s'attirent
In: Sciences humaines: SH, Band 200, Heft 1, S. 40-40
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In: Sciences humaines: SH, Band 200, Heft 1, S. 40-40
In: European journal of social theory, Band 23, Heft 1, S. 52-71
ISSN: 1461-7137
The French sociological tradition has long regarded the 'individual' as a reality situated outside its area of intellection and investigation. According to Durkheim, the individual is a psychological object par excellence. Sociology has thus long favored the study of collectives (groups, classes, categories, institutions, microcosms), suggesting that the individual was a reality which, in itself, fell short of the social. The article discusses a method from the mid-1990s of researching sociology at an individual scale. This approach is essentially embedded in the French sociological tradition, from Durkheim to Bourdieu via Halbwachs, despite the inflections and criticisms it might have of this tradition, while also drawing on the main theoretical knowledge of Norbert Elias' relational and process-focused sociology. From empirical realization in methodological and theoretical reflexivity, this research program has progressed in dialog with various types of scientific knowledge more classically oriented toward the individual and their mental realities, such as cultural psychology, psychoanalysis, cognitive psychology or the neurosciences.
Purpose: Enrolling traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients with an inability to provide informed consent in research is challenging. Alternatives to patient consent are not sufficiently embedded in European and national legislation, which allows procedural variation and bias. We aimed to quantify variations in informed consent policy and practice. Methods: Variation was explored in the CENTER-TBI study. Policies were reported by using a questionnaire and national legislation. Data on used informed consent procedures were available for 4498 patients from 57 centres across 17 European countries. Results: Variation in the use of informed consent procedures was found between and within EU member states. Proxy informed consent (N = 1377;64%) was the most frequently used type of consent in the ICU, followed by patient informed consent (N = 426;20%) and deferred consent (N = 334;16%). Deferred consent was only actively used in 15 centres (26%), although it was considered valid in 47 centres (82%). Conclusions: Alternatives to patient consent are essential for TBI research. While there seems to be concordance amongst national legislations, there is regional variability in institutional practices with respect to the use of different informed consent procedures. Variation could be caused by several reasons, including inconsistencies in clear legislation or knowledge of such legislation amongst researchers. ; Peer reviewed
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International audience ; "Boire nuit gravement à la santé", "Mangez 5 fruits et légumes par jour", "Fumer tue". autant de slogans que nous avons tous lus, vus et entendus. Mais quelle influence ces campagnes de communication en santé publique ont-elles sur nos comportements ? Quatorze universitaires - en psychologie, neurosciences et sciences de l'information - répondent à cette question. Les politiques de communication en santé publique sont-elles efficaces ? Comment présenter le message de santé pour qu'il soit accepté ? Comment lutter contre les comportements à risque et favoriser l'instauration de comportements sains ? Quel est l'impact des préconisations santé au sein même de certaines publicités commerciales ? Cet ouvrage ouvre une voie de réflexion sur les liaisons, parfois dangereuses, entre publicité et santé : communication engageante, utilisation de l'humour pour agir à la fois sur les cognitions et les émotions, serious games, effet contre-productif des messages sanitaires, promotion santé et différences individuelles.Un ouvrage novateur et passionnant qui permet de décrypter l'impact de ces messages auxquels nous sommes exposés quotidiennement.
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International audience ; "Boire nuit gravement à la santé", "Mangez 5 fruits et légumes par jour", "Fumer tue". autant de slogans que nous avons tous lus, vus et entendus. Mais quelle influence ces campagnes de communication en santé publique ont-elles sur nos comportements ? Quatorze universitaires - en psychologie, neurosciences et sciences de l'information - répondent à cette question. Les politiques de communication en santé publique sont-elles efficaces ? Comment présenter le message de santé pour qu'il soit accepté ? Comment lutter contre les comportements à risque et favoriser l'instauration de comportements sains ? Quel est l'impact des préconisations santé au sein même de certaines publicités commerciales ? Cet ouvrage ouvre une voie de réflexion sur les liaisons, parfois dangereuses, entre publicité et santé : communication engageante, utilisation de l'humour pour agir à la fois sur les cognitions et les émotions, serious games, effet contre-productif des messages sanitaires, promotion santé et différences individuelles.Un ouvrage novateur et passionnant qui permet de décrypter l'impact de ces messages auxquels nous sommes exposés quotidiennement.
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International audience ; "Boire nuit gravement à la santé", "Mangez 5 fruits et légumes par jour", "Fumer tue". autant de slogans que nous avons tous lus, vus et entendus. Mais quelle influence ces campagnes de communication en santé publique ont-elles sur nos comportements ? Quatorze universitaires - en psychologie, neurosciences et sciences de l'information - répondent à cette question. Les politiques de communication en santé publique sont-elles efficaces ? Comment présenter le message de santé pour qu'il soit accepté ? Comment lutter contre les comportements à risque et favoriser l'instauration de comportements sains ? Quel est l'impact des préconisations santé au sein même de certaines publicités commerciales ? Cet ouvrage ouvre une voie de réflexion sur les liaisons, parfois dangereuses, entre publicité et santé : communication engageante, utilisation de l'humour pour agir à la fois sur les cognitions et les émotions, serious games, effet contre-productif des messages sanitaires, promotion santé et différences individuelles.Un ouvrage novateur et passionnant qui permet de décrypter l'impact de ces messages auxquels nous sommes exposés quotidiennement.
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In: Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai. Philosophia, Band 67, Heft 2, S. 67-81
ISSN: 2065-9407
"The present study is a theoretical and methodological proposal rooted in the field of social developmental psychology and describes three objectives. First, it aims to show how transgressive situations are conducive to study of social norms governing interactions. Second, the similarities and differences between two emotions, namely shame and embarrassment, are outlined in order to better understand how their respective measures can highlight social norms in interactions. Third, we illustrate our proposal to study social norms through emotional reactions by presenting an ongoing experiment, that examines how children may react to a power situation. Key words: social norm; transgression; embarrassment; shame; power situations; mixed-gender interactions; children"
Six commercial divers were investigated for anxiety responses during a 29‐day, open‐sea world record dive at 500 meters of depth. Three of six (50%) divers developed anxiety. The authors emphasize the importance of research on personality traits as possible predictors for the development of anxiety during deep dives of exceptional depth and duration of confinement. Anxiety 1:237–241 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Copyright © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company ; Peer reviewed
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In: Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai. Philosophia, Band 64, Heft 3, S. 91-117
ISSN: 2065-9407
The objective of this study is to present a theoretical paper about a clinical issue. Our aim is to propose some clinical and semiological considerations for a psychopathological conception of psychopathy. We will discuss several major theoretical works dedicated to this nosographic entity (mainly those of Schneider, Cleckley and Hare). We will also examine a significant issue raised by Cooke et al., namely whether psychopathic functioning is consistently related to antisocial behavior. This theoretical essay is informed by clinical situations (involving psychopaths who were interviewed in prison or in forensic centers). The method applied a phenomenological psychopathology analysis to the clinical material. We first compare Binswanger's conception of mania with psychopathic functioning. Patients' behavior is similar but there is a difference related to the dialectic between the ego and the alter ego. A patient with mania has a fundamental crisis of the ego, which a psychopath does not have. A second finding of our investigations concerns emotions and the adaptive dimension of the psychopathic disorder. An epistemological discussion of the concept of emotions reveals that psychopaths are competent in the management of emotional stimuli, which confers a psychological advantage upon them. ; Peer reviewed
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Weitere Angaben Verfasser: Dr. Louis Cozolino ist Professor für Psychologie an der Pepperdine University in Malibu, Kalifornien, und praktiziert außerdem als klinischer Psychologe in privater Praxis. Er ist auch Autor der Bücher The Neuroscience of Psychotherapy und The Making of a Therapist
In: essentials
Dieses essential beschäftigt sich unter anderem mit den noch jungen Forschungsgebieten Epigenetik und Molekulargenetik. Dabei stehen inhaltsbezogene Forschungsperspektiven wie der Kandidatengenansatz zur Entschlüsselung der molekularen Grundlagen der Persönlichkeit im Vordergrund. In Kombination mit der Magnetresonanztomographie lässt sich der Einfluss von genetischen Varianten auf das Gehirn und letztendlich auch auf menschliches Verhalten verorten (Genetic Imaging). Ein ausführliches Glossar der Grundbegrifflichkeiten komplettiert dieses essential. Der Inhalt Genomweite Assoziationsstudien vs. Kandidatengenansatz Die Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales Monogenetische Erberkrankungen vs. polygenetische Traits in der Molekularen Psychologie Umwelteffekte auf molekularer Ebene verorten: das Studium des Epigenoms Die Zielgruppen Studierende und Dozierende der Psychologie Psychologen, Psychiater, Ärzte und Neurowissenschaftler Der Autor Prof. Dr. Christian Montag lehrt Molekulare Psychologie an der Universität Ulm und ist Visiting Professor an der University of Electronic Science and Technology in Chengdu, China.
In: Research and Perspectives in Neurosciences
Man has been pondering for centuries over the basis of his own ethical and aesthetic values. Until recent times, such issues were primarily fed by the thinking of philosophers, moralists and theologists, or by the findings of historians or sociologists relating to universality or variations in these values within various populations. Science has avoided this field of investigation within the confines of philosophy. Beyond the temptation to stay away from the field of knowledge science may also have felt itself unconcerned by the study of human values for a simple heuristic reason, namely the lack of tools allowing objective study. For the same reason, researchers tended to avoid the study of feelings or consciousness until, over the past two decades, this became a focus of interest for many neuroscientists. It is apparent that many questions linked to research in the field of neuroscience are now arising. The hope is that this book will help to formulate them more clearly rather than skirting them. The authors do not wish to launch a new moral philosophy, but simply to gather objective knowledge for reflection.
Introduction / Sofia Moratti and Dennis Patterson -- The neurobiology of antisocial and amoral behaviour : insights from brain science and implications for law / Cole Korpnay and Michael Koenigs -- 'Neuroscepticism' in the courtroom : the limited role of neuroscientific evidence in Belgian criminal proceedings / Katrien Hanoulle and Frank Verbruggen -- France. Is the evidence too cerebral to be cartesian? / Rafael Encinas de Muñagorri and Claire Saas -- 'Not guilty by reason of insanity' in the Italian jurisdiction. A neuroscience revolution? / Barbara Bottalico and Amedeo Santosuosso -- Legal insanity and neurolaw in the Netherlands : developments and debates / Gerben Meynen -- On the abolition and reintrroduction of legal insanity in Sweden / Tova Bennet and Susanna Radovic -- Abolishing the insanity verdict in the United Kingdom : a better balance between legal rules and scientific understanding? / Lisa Claydon and Paul Catley -- Legal insanit in the age of neuroscience / Stephen J Morse