interest in studying city competitiveness has skyrocketed in the past few years, although the topic itself is far from new. Mayors and city leaders have long worried about the obstacles to job creation, competitiveness, and economic growth that plague their cities. The objective of this paper is to present key findings from the quantitative analysis of the drivers of competitiveness in cites around the world.
Doing business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 10 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. In a series of annual reports doing business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 183 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. This economy profile presents the doing business indicators for Kazakhstan. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2011 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January December 2010).
This tenth edition of Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting eleven areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency and employing workers. Doing Business presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 185 economies, from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe, over time. The indicators are used to analyze economic outcomes and identify what reforms have worked, where and why. This economy profile presents the Doing Business indicators for Kazakhstan. To allow useful comparison, it also provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2012 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January - December 2011).
This guide is designed to ensure that a comprehensive overview of the relevant provisions of the acquis communautaire is available to policymakers, regulators, and other stakeholders in countries with a European vocation or those simply wishing to take the European Union (EU) regulatory model into account when devising their own national approaches. This guide outlines and summarizes the EU legislative framework governing corporate sector accounting and auditing. It is primarily intended for an audience with little prior knowledge of the EU. Consequently, rather than delving directly into the issues of accounting and auditing, the guide begins by giving a brief history and overview of the EU, its institutions and legislative processes in section one. In section two, the guide focuses on the development of the internal market, particularly in the areas of financial market integration and company law harmonization. Section three addresses the harmonization of accounting and auditing in the EU. Section four looks at the most pressing accounting and auditing issues for the EU.
This report seeks to inform the process of design and implementation of institutional reforms related to the development of a new education quality assurance system in Chile. The report is a synthesis report that draws on previous work by The World Bank in the context of a two-year program of technical collaboration with the Government of Chile. As part of this collaboration, the World Bank produced two related reports, including: (i) a comparative report that analyzes the K-12 education quality assurance systems of Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand and Scotland to understand how quality assurance functions are distributed across central government institutions; the characteristics of these institutions; and the relationships between them; and (ii) a comparative report that analyzes how these four OECD systems have evolved over time; what lessons emerge from their experience implementing institutional reforms in the past 15 years; and what lessons emerge regarding the exercise of education quality assurance functions. In addition, the report draws on two research papers by local experts analyzing the implementation of institutional reforms in Chile s health and criminal justice sectors, as well as on an analysis of the Chilean Ministry of Education s current organizational and human resources capabilities conducted by Ministry of Education staff.
As recent discussions have made clear, the apparent lack of poverty reduction in the face of historically high rates of economic growth-both in the world as a whole and in specific countries (most notably India)-provides fuel for the argument that economic growth does little to reduce poverty. How confident can we be that the data actually support these inferences? At the international level, the regular revision of purchasing power parity exchange rates plays havoc with the poverty estimates, changing them in ways that have little or nothing to do with the actual experience of the poor. At the domestic level, the problems in measuring poverty are important not only for the world count but also for tracking income poverty within individual countries. Yet, in many countries, there are large and growing discrepancies between the survey data-the source of poverty counts-and the national accounts-the source of the measure of economic growth. Thus economic growth, as measured, has at best a weak relationship with poverty, as measured.
Welcome to the last issue of the IJEI for 2013. It has been an exciting year with numerous conferences and research on academic integrity around the world. Auckland University of Technology kicked off the year with the Fraud, Fakery and Fabrication: Academic and research integrity conference, the International Center for Academic Integrity held their annual conference in San Antonio on 28 February, the National Roundtable and Australian National Speaking Tour for the Exemplary Academic Integrity Project was also held in late February and early March, the 3rd World Conference on Research Integrity was held in Montreal in May, the Plagiarism across Europe and Beyond Conference shared the results of the 'Impact of policies for plagiarism in higher education across Europe' project in Brno, Czech Republic in June, and the 6th Asia Pacific Conference on Educational Integrity showcased the work of Australian Office for Learning and Teaching commissioned projects on academic integrity in Sydney in October. With so much interest and research on this topic across a range of countries and contexts, it is perhaps not surprising that the current issue is an eclectic mix of reflective, conceptual, empirical and case study work from researchers spanning six countries, including the United Arab Emirates, Norway, Australia, Sweden, Indonesia and the UK. The issue covers diverse topics extending from the development of academic skills, to motivations and predictors of student plagiarism, systems to reduce plagiarism and the responsibility of universities to provide marketing information based on ethical principles of honesty and trustworthiness. Student groups represented include secondary school, undergraduate and postgraduate. Radhika Iyer-O'Sullivan, formerly of the British University in Dubai, analyses faculty feedback, samples of student writing and Turnitin Similarity Reports to determine if teaching critical reading as a threshold concept results in critical thinking and subsequently improved critical writing skills. While the sample was small and the results inconclusive, Iyer-O'Sullivan makes the case that teaching critical reading assists students to understand the importance of using supporting evidence to develop a convincing academic argument. Håvard Skaar and Hugo Hammer from Oslo and Akershus University College, Norway use a mixed-methods approach to explore secondary school students' plagiarism of internet sources in essay writing. The survey of 67 students indicated that 75% of students reported plagiarising from online sources and that plagiarism accounted for 25% of the total amount of text. Students with a higher grade in written Norwegian plagiarised less than those with a lower grade, and students more conversant with appropriate citation practices plagiarised less than those students less familiar with referencing conventions. Qualitative feedback from interviews with 29 students indicated that the students wanted to spend as little time and effort as possible on the assessment task and that plagiarism was chosen as a writing strategy, with little reflection on the moral aspects on this decision. In contrast, Rebecca Awdry, from the University of Canberra, and Rick Sarre, from the University of South Australia, found that the university students in their study expressed strong ethical positions in relation to plagiarism, arguing that it was cheating and dishonest. Awdry and Sarre explored students' motivations to plagiarise using a mixed methods approach, and analysed the data through the prism of criminological theory. The authors conclude that while rational choice theory provides some insight into student breaches of academic integrity, there is an apparent disconnect between the way that academics view students' behaviour and how students themselves express their motivations. In agreement with key writers in the field (Bertram Gallant, McCabe, Bretag et al.), Awdry and Sarre conclude that higher education providers should focus less on detection and punishment and more on developing a values-based culture of integrity. Based on a sample of 362 undergraduate psychology students, and in the context of the Indonesian government's position that any form of plagiarism "is a serious offense that may even be classified as an illegal action", Ide Bagus Siaputra, from Universitas Surabaya, explores the proposition that "regardless of the presence or absence of opportunities and the severity of the potential sanctions, some individuals seem to be prone to plagiarism". Siaputra builds on the work of Williams, Nathanson and Paulhus (2010), to propose five variables as predictors of plagiarism, including procrastination, performance, personality, perfectionism, and achievement motivation, and names the model 'the 4PA of plagiarism'. Findings from the author's study indicate that procrastination was the key predictor of plagiarism, followed by achievement motivation. Looking to provide a multi-pronged response to student plagiarism, Ken Larsson and Henrik Hansson from Stockholm University, Sweden share the results of an innovation at their university. The digital system called SciPro was developed to support independent student thesis work, decrease the burden on supervisors for feedback on basic skills, and reduce plagiarism. The system includes a number of modules which facilitate management, communication and learning. According to the authors, SciPro works to prevents plagiarism by providing: 1) clear instructions about rules and regulations for students and supervisors; 2) an online peer-review system; 3) transparent online communication and file storage of accumulated manuscripts; and 4) a final seminar module enabling automatic generation of originality reports from Turnitin when students upload their final thesis manuscripts. Larsson and Hansson report that the implementation of SciPro has resulted in substantial improvements in policy development, successful integration of anti-plagiarism software, and an increased awareness of plagiarism issues. The final paper in the issue reminds us that academic integrity is an issue which underpins every aspect of the educational enterprise and goes well beyond plagiarism in student assessment. Educational psychologist, John Bradley, from the UK, offers a typology of nine misleading data-based marketing claims based on his examination of UK university prospectuses. Bradley's analysis leads him to assert that marketing of higher education should aspire to higher ethical standards than marketing in general because of the high stakes involved for a potentially vulnerable group, and because the reputation of the university is founded on having high standards of scholarship. Rather than rely on external regulators to ensure the authenticity of marketing claims, the author advocates a system of voluntary peer review of university marketing prospectuses based on the principles of research and publication ethics. I trust you will enjoy this varied issue which will interest teachers, researchers, policymakers, administrators and marketers of education, in both secondary and tertiary contexts. Volume 10(1) of the IJEI, to be published in June 2014, will include the best reviewed papers from the Plagiarism Across Europe and Beyond Conference, Czech Republic 2013, along with appropriate papers submitted via the IJEI platform. Tracey Bretag, IJEI Editor Email: tracey.bretag@unisa.edu.au
This doctoral research represents a situated and democratic contribution to the debate on quality ECEC teaching, which arises from the dialogue between the specialized scientific literature and the perspectives of Spanish and U.S. children whose teachers have been selected as case studies on account of their outstanding professional careers and their progressive educational positioning. The doctoral research provides a theoretical contribution, with the proposal of the integrated theoretical model on highquality ECEC teaching (MEDEI), consisting of five interrelated dimensions that acknowledge the complex and integral nature of the teaching role. Likewise, the doctoral research represents an important methodological contribution, since an authentic and ethical process of research with children has been implemented, materialized in the development and application of the strategy drawing-elicitation self-driven interview. A total of 80 U.S. and Spanish children have been invited to share their views on the quality of the role played by their teachers, who were participating, during the time the fieldwork took place, in innovation projects launched by Harvard University and the University of Cordoba, respectively, focused on in fostering citizenship in childhood. The Spanish study was carried out in close collaboration with the teachers to whom the participating children referred, given the impossibility of accessing schools due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a difficulty that has become an added value for both the research process and outcomes. The participating U.S. and Spanish children agree in highlighting features and teaching practices directly related to the image or conception of children and childhood that their teachers hold. Specifically, they refer to good ECEC teachers as those who pedagogically take advantage of the imaginative potential of children, who play with children as equals, who show interest in learning about their personal circumstances and, consequently, are attentive to their needs and provide them with individualized support, and who take children's voices into account when designing the teaching-learning process. The dialogue between the voice of the participating children and the MEDEI model has not only democratized its theoretical contribution, but also improved it, since the MEDEI model did not explore the benefits of play-based pedagogy or, more specifically, the pedagogical benefits of teacher participation in child-initiated play. The implications of the doctoral research, at all levels (educational theory, practice, and policy, as well as for the doctoral candidate's own teaching and research practice), are related to 1) the impact that teachers' images of children and childhood have on the conceptualization and exercise of a quality teaching role, and 2) the acknowledgement of children's voices as the best platform for teacher self-assessment and professional development. ; La presente tesis doctoral supone una aportación situada y democrática al debate sobre la calidad docente en Educación Infantil, que surge del diálogo entre la literatura científica especializada y las perspectivas de niños españoles y estadounidenses cuyas docentes han sido seleccionadas como casos objeto de estudio por su trayectoria profesional de excelencia y por su posicionamiento educativo progresista. La tesis constituye una contribución de naturaleza teórica, con la propuesta del modelo teórico integrado sobre excelencia docente en Educación Infantil (MEDEI), compuesto por cinco dimensiones interrelacionadas que responden a la naturaleza compleja e indisociable del rol docente. Asimismo, la tesis realiza una importante contribución metodológica, pues ha significado la puesta en marcha de un proceso auténtico y ético de investigación con la infancia, concretado en el desarrollo y la implementación de la estrategia de entrevista auto administrada a través del dibujo. Se ha recabado la mirada de un total de 80 niños estadounidenses y españoles sobre la calidad del rol ejercido por sus docentes, quienes participaban, durante el tiempo en que tuvo lugar el trabajo de campo, en proyectos de innovación impulsados desde la Universidad de Harvard y la Universidad de Córdoba, respectivamente, centrados en promover una educación para la ciudadanía desde edades tempranas. El estudio español se ha llevado a cabo en colaboración estrecha con las docentes a quienes la infancia participante se refiere, dada la imposibilidad de acceder presencialmente a los centros educativos por causa de la pandemia por COVID-19, dificultad que se ha tornado en un valor para el proceso y los resultados de la investigación. La infancia estadounidense y española participante coinciden al resaltar rasgos y prácticas docentes directamente relacionados con la imagen o concepción de infancia que sus docentes albergan. En concreto, se refieren a las buenas docentes de Educación Infantil como aquellas que aprovechan pedagógicamente el potencial imaginativo de la infancia, que juegan con la infancia en calidad de iguales, que se interesan por conocer sus circunstancias personales y, en consecuencia, están atentas a sus necesidades y les brindan apoyo individualizado, y que tienen en cuenta la voz de la infancia a la hora de diseñar el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. El diálogo entre la voz de la infancia participante y el modelo MEDEI ha permitido no solo democratizar la aportación teórica que este supone, sino también mejorarla, dado que el modelo MEDEI no exploraba los beneficios de una pedagogía basada en el juego o, más específicamente, de los beneficios pedagógicos que entraña la participación docente en los momentos de juego iniciados por la infancia. Las implicaciones de la tesis, a todos los niveles (teoría, práctica y política educativas, así como para la propia práctica docente e investigadora de la doctoranda), tienen que ver 1) con el impacto que las imágenes de infancia que alberga el profesorado ejercen en la conceptualización y el ejercicio de un rol docente de calidad, y 2) con la consideración de la voz de la infancia como la mejor plataforma de autoevaluación y desarrollo profesional docente.
In the world's real state of nature, people are forcefully evicted from their homes every other time either because they are targets of their state's persecutions or their state's failure to protect them from violent conflicts and wars that make people's homes inhabitable. They flee to other states in search of safety and because States, the world over, have collectively claimed the territories in form of physical boundaries, autonomy and sovereignty, these subjects of eviction transform to being refugees. Pushed from their homes, coupled with the fact that States continue to erect high border fences and walls and legislate restrictive migration policies aimed to wade off refugee claims, as they portray refugees as a burden and a problem to be addressed, their protection has been of primary concern to the international community. National asylum systems, however, have been inadequate and their procedures ineffective in addressing the plight of refugees. Structured around the following general research question: What are the policy failures in the motivations, interests and strategies by the Kenya Government, Federal Republic of Somalia, UNHCR and other stakeholders in pushing for repatriation of Somali Refugees spontaneously and prematurely?, the study answers the question by tracing the Kenyan asylum procedures over time with respect to the principles of non-refoulement and the right to asylum. Following a theoretical evaluation of these two key principles, both at the international and domestically in Kenya, and in the framework of the 1951 Refugee Convention, this study endeavored to show that the Kenyan asylum laws are not independent from the international asylum legal framework, and that Kenya must honour its international obligation to protect refugees. Taking account of Kenya's international obligation, the Federal Republic of Somalia's duty to create conditions of just return for its citizens and UNHCR's mandate to protect refugees, the study continues its analysis by qualitatively investigating the role and motivation of those three parties in promoting return of refugees at a time when Somalia is still not safe and the Federal Government of Somalia has admitted to not being able to accommodate large-scale returns of its nationals. The study concludes that the Government of Kenya's security and sovereignty concerns, the Somali Government's push for legitimacy after decades of war, and UNHCR's battle with host State's pressure to return refugees informed the decision to prematurely evict refugees from Kenya. Moreover, the study reveals the inadequacy of the Kenya's asylum space and advocates for hastening of the repeal of the Refugee Act 2006 by parliament so that refugees can adequately access protection. But before that happens, refugees in Kenya continue to suffer from inadequate protection challenges, and the international community and donor States are strongly encouraged to readapt their practices and align them to the refugee challenges of the 21st century. Top of the chart is the need to support Somalia's demographic security challenge whose picture portrays an outright outlier in the demographic sense, besides fixing the physical security situation in Somalia. ; Dünyanın gerçek doğasında, insanlar sürekli olarak devletlerinin zulmünün hedefi oldukları için ya da devletlerinin onları, evlerini yaşanmaz hale getirecek şiddetli çatışmalardan ve savaşlardan koruyamaması nedeniyle evlerinden zorla tahliye edilmektedirler. Güvenlik arayışı içinde diğer devletlere kaçmaktadırlar ve dünya üzerindeki devletlerin ortaklaşa bir biçimde toprak parçalarını fiziksel sınırlar, özerklik ve egemenlik şeklinde talep etmesi nedeniyle, tahliye edilen bu kişiler mülteci haline dönüşmektedirler. Evlerinden atılan ve bununla birlikte devletlerin yüksek sınır çitleri ve duvarları kurmaya devam etmeleri, mültecileri bir yük ve ele alınması gereken bir sorun olarak gösteren, mülteci iddialarını durdurmayı amaçlayan kısıtlayıcı göç politikalarını yasalaştırmaları nedeniyle, mültecilerin korunmaları uluslararası toplum için birincil endişe kaynağını oluşturmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, ulusal sığınma sistemleri yetersiz ve prosedürleri de mültecilerin kötü durumunun ele alınmasında etkisiz kalmaktadır. Bu tez aşağıdaki genel araştırma sorusu etrafında yapılandırılmıştır: Kenya Hükümeti, Federal Somali Cumhuriyeti, Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği (BMMYK) ve diğer paydaşların motivasyonları, menfaatleri ve stratejileri içerisinde, Somali mültecilerini kendiliğinden ve zamanından önce ülkelerine geri göndermelerini zorlamadaki politika başarısızlıkları nelerdir? Çalışma bu soruya geri göndermeme ve iltica hakkı ilkeleri hususunda, zaman içerisindeki Kenya iltica prosedürlerinin izini sürerek cevap vermektedir. Bu iki temel ilkenin hem uluslaraarası hem de Kenya içerisinde ve 1951 Mülteci Sözleşmesi çerçevesinde yapılan teorik değerlendirmesinin ardından, bu çalışma Kenya iltica yasalarının uluslararası iltica yasal çerçevesinden bağımsız olmadığını ve Kenya'nın mültecileri koruma konusundaki uluslararası yükümlülüğünü yerine getirmesi gerektiğini göstermeye çalışmıştır. Kenya'nın uluslararası yükümlülüğü, Federal Somali Cumhuriyeti'nin vatandaşları için olumlu geri dönüş şartlarını oluşturma görevi ve BMMYK'nın mültecileri koruma yetkisini göz önünde bulunduran bu çalışma, Somali'nin hala güvende olmadığı ve Federal Somali Hükümeti'nin geri dönen vatandaşlarının büyük bir bölümüne barınacak bir yer temin edemediğini itiraf ettiği bir zamanda, bu üç grubun, mültecilerin geri dönüşünü teşvik etmedeki rollerini ve motivasyonlarını niteliksel olarak inceleyerek analizine devam etmektedir. Çalışma, Kenya Hükümeti'nin güvenlik ve egemenlik endişelerinin, Somali Hükümeti'nin yıllarca süren savaşın ardından meşruiyete itilmesi ve BMMYK'nın ev sahibi devletin mültecileri iade etme konusundaki baskısı ile ilgili savaşıyla, mültecilerin zamanından önce Kenya'dan tahliye etmesiyle ilgili bildirilen karar ile sonuçlanmaktadır. Ayrıca, bu çalışma Kenya'daki iltica alanlarının yetersizliğini ortaya koymakta ve mültecilerin korumaya yeterince erişebilmeleri için 2006 tarihli Mülteci Yasası'nın mecliste yürürlükten kaldırılmasını savunmaktadır. Ancak, bu gerçekleşene kadar, Kenya'daki mülteciler yetersiz koruma zorluklarından muzdarip olmaya devam etmektedirler ve uluslararası toplum ve bağışçı devletlerin uygulamalarını yeniden uyarlamaları ve bunları 21. yüzyılın mülteci zorluklarına göre hizaya sokma konusunda şiddetle teşvik edilmektedirler. Bu listenin en üstünde, Somali'deki fiziksel güvenlik durumunu düzeltmenin yanı sıra, demografik açıdan tamamen aykırı bir şekilde tasvir edilen Somali'nin demografik güvenlik sorununu destekleme ihtiyacı bulunmaktadır.
The exponential increase of urban areas in Africa during the last decade has become a major concern in the context of local climatic change and the increasing amount of impervious surface. Major African cities such as Nairobi and Nakuru have undergone rapid urban growth in comparison to the rest of the world. In this research we investigated the land-use changes and used the results in urban growth modelling which integrates cellular automata (CA), remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) in order to simulate urban growth up to the year 2030. We used multi-temporal Landsat imageries for the years 1986, 2000 and 2010 to map urban land-use changes in Nairobi and Nakuru. The use of multi-sensor imageries was also explored incorporating World view 2, and Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) data for urban land-use mapping in Nakuru. We conducted supervised classification using support vector machine (SVM) which performed better than maximum likelihood classification. Land-use change estimates were obtained indicating increased urban growth into the year 2010. We used the land-use change analysis information to model urban growth in Nairobi and Nakuru. Our urban growth model (UGM) utilised various datasets in modelling urban growth namely urban land-use extracted from land-use maps, road network data, slope data and exclusion layer defining areas excluded from development. The Monte-Carlo technique was used in model calibration. The model was validated using Multiple Resolution Validation (MRV) technique. Prediction of urban land-use was done up to the year 2030 when Kenya plans to attain Vision 2030. Three scenarios were explored in the urban modelling process; unmanaged growth with no restriction on environmental areas, managed growth with moderate protection, and a managed growth with maximum protection on forest, agricultural areas, and urban green. Furthermore, we explored the spatial effects of varying UGM parameters using the city of Nairobi. The objective here was to investigate the contribution of each model parameter in simulating urban growth. The results obtained indicate that varying model coefficients leads to urban growth in different directions and magnitude. However, several model parameters were observed to be highly correlated namely; spread, breed and road. The lowest spatial effect was achieved by at least maintaining spread, breed and road while varying the other parameters. The highest spatial effect was observed by at least keeping slope constant while varying the other four parameters. Additionally, we used kappa statistics to compare the simulation maps. High values of Khisto indicated high similarity between the maps in terms of quantity and location thus indicating the lowest spatial effect obtained. Kenya plans to achieve Vision 2030 in the year 2030 and information on spatial effects of our UGM can help in identifying different scenarios of future urban growth. It is thus possible to discover areas that are likely to experience; spontaneous growth, edge growth, road influenced growth or new spreading centres growth. Policy makers can see the influence of establishing new infrastructure such as housing and road in new areas compared to existing settlements. Moreover, the outcome of this research indicates that Nairobi and Nakuru are experiencing fast urban sprawl with urban land-use consuming the available land. The results obtained illustrate the possibility of urban growth modelling in addressing regional planning issues. This can help in comprehensive land-use planning and an integrated management of resources to ensure sustainability of land and to achieve social equity, economic efficiency and environmental sustainability. Hence, cellular automata are a worthwhile approach for regional modelling of African cities such as Nairobi and Nakuru. This provides opportunities for other cities in Africa to be studied using UGM and its adaptability noted accordingly. ; Das exponentielle Wachstum afrikanischer Städte im letzten Jahrzehnt ist mit Blick auf die lokalen klimatischen Veränderungen und der zunehmenden Menge an versiegelten Oberflächen von besonderer Tragweite. Im Vergleich zu anderen Metropolen erfuhren afrikanische Städte wie Nairobi und Nakuru ein extensives Wachstum der urbanen Flächen. Die vorliegende Arbeit setzt sich mit dem urbanen Landnutzungswandel auseinander und modelliert die Siedlungsflächenausdehnung für das Jahr 2030 mit Hilfe eines Zellulären Automaten (CA), Fernerkundungsdaten (RS) sowie Geographischen Informationssystemen (GIS). Zur Kartierung der Siedlungsflächenausdehnung von Nairobi und Nakuru wurden multitemporale Landsat-Daten der Jahre 1986, 2000 und 2010 verwendet. Zusätzlich wurden multisensorale Daten von World View 2 und ALOS PALSAR für Nakuru eingesetzt. Die Landnutzungsklassifikation erfolgte mit support vector machines (SVM). Dieses Verfahren zeigte bessere Ergebnisse als eine Maximum-Likelihood-Klassifikation. Auf Basis der klassifizierten Satellitendaten erfolgte die Landnutzungsmodellierung für Nairobi und Nakuru. Hierzu wurde die von Goetzke (2011) modifizierte Version von Clarke's Urban Growth Model (Clarke, Hoppen, & Gaydos, 1997) benutzt. Neben den Landnutzungskarten fungieren Informationen zum Verkehrsnetz, zur Hangneigung und zu Ausschlussflächen als Hauptinputdaten. Die Kalibration erfolgte mit Hilfe von Monte Carlo Iterationen. Zur Validation des Modells wurde eine Multiple Resolution Validation (MRV) durchgeführt. Die Siedlungsflächenausdehnung wurde für das Jahr 2030 simuliert. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt plant das Land Kenia die Umsetzung des Vision 2030 Programmes. Es wurden insgesamt drei Szenarien mit dem Wachstumsmodell gerechnet: (1) Wachstum ohne Planungszwänge, so dass auch Siedlungsflächen in Naturschutzgebieten entstehen dürfen. (2) Siedlungsflächenausdehnung unter moderaten Planungsbedingungen. (3) Wachstum mit sehr restriktiven Planungsbedingungen, unter Einschluss des Schutzes von Wald-, Grün- und- Agrarflächen. Des Weiteren wurde eine Sensitivitätsanalyse der modelleigenen Wachstumsparameter am Beispiel von Nairobi durchgeführt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, welchen Einfluss die Parameter auf die Intensität und das Muster der modellierten Siedlungsflächenausdehnung ausüben. Dabei zeigten die Wachstumskoeffizienten "spread", "breed" und "road" eine signifikante Korrelation. Zur weiteren Analyse der erzielten Modellierungsergebnisse und zum Vergleich der räumlichen Muster wurden Kappa-Statistiken herangezogen. Die Arbeit sieht sich als Beitrag zum Vision 2030 Diskurs der kenianischen Regierung. Die simulierten Szenarien der Siedlungsflächenausdehnung von Nairobi und Nakuru identifizieren die für eine Urbanisierung wahrscheinlich in Frage kommenden Regionen. Die Studie zeigt zudem, dass sich die Siedlungsflächenausdehnung von Nairobi und Nakuru schnell und mit hohen Wachstumsraten vollzieht. Der Einsatz von CA Modellen ist ein wertvoller Ansatz zur regionalen Modellierung nicht nur von kenianischen sondern auch von afrikanischen Städten. Die Arbeit kann somit Entscheidungsträger aus Politik und Verwaltung unterstützen, indem sie die räumlichen Auswirkungen des zukünftigen Ausbaus der Infrastruktur und von Wohnflächen aufzeigt. Eine umfassende Planung von Landnutzungswandel und ein integriertes Management sind essentiell auf dem Weg zu einem bewussteren Umgang mit der Ressource Land sowie zu einer sozialen Gleichheit, wirtschaftlichen Effizienz und einer ökologischen Nachhaltigkeit.
The context Quasi-market regulation is on the rise in Europe, among others in the field of personal services sector, where there are mainly low-skilled workers (Henry and al. 2009). One of the main feature of the quasi-market form of regulation is the introduction of competition between different types of providers, whether for-profit organizations or social economy organizations. One of the specificity of social economy is their social mission rather that pursuing financial return. Meanwhile, unemployment remains high in the European Union and non-standard work arrangements, precariousness tend to increase. With the Europe 2020 strategy, the EU re-opens the debate about employment. In this institutional context, the question of the links between the mission of the organization and quality of work is crucial, not only for policy objectives, but also for theory. And there is an obvious lack of fundamental research. Locating the concern within a wider literature, The quality of work is a controversial question in the empirical literature: some argue that the quality of job is worse in social economy organizations, other better. McMullen and Schellenberg (2003) have shown that non-profit-organizations in Canada offer lower wages but a better work-family balance. The presence of lower wages has been confirmed by Frank (1996), Preston (1989) and Weisbrod, (1983) but not by par Leete (2000) and Ruhm & Borkoski (2003) while Mocan & Teikin (2003) have even observed higher wages in social economy organizations. Petrella & all (2010) have shown that politics in risk prevention and the establishment of formal social dialogue are generally insufficient in the social economy sector in France and Tortia (2008) found that Italian social economy organizations offer higher autonomy and recognition to their workers. Nevertheless, the literature is agreed to say that workers in social economy organizations are generally more satisfied of their jobs, even in the presence of lower job quality. This higher satisfaction should be due to the socials values sustained by the mission of the organizations which correspond to the intrinsic motivations of their workers and therefore constitute an additional source of satisfaction for them (Frey & Goette, 1999). Analytical framework The economic literature identified two main sources of differentiation between social economy organizations and for-profit organizations (FPO) which may have an impact on job quality: First, the literature has shown that social economy organizations attract the most intrinsically motivated workers who have generally very specific motivations (Borzaga & Tortia, 2006; Meier & Stutzer, 2008; Prouteau & Wolff, 2004). Hence, social economy organizations have some interest to develop organizational practices adapted to the motivations of their workers. However, since low-skilled workers are generally in a precarious situation on the labour market and considering the nature of the tasks usually assigned to this type of worker, we may have some doubt on the capacity of these workers to be intrinsically motivated by their work. Our first contribution to the literature will be to check if social economy organizations employ low-qualified workers who are more intrinsically motivated than their counterparts in FPO. We will then be able to identify clearly the source(s) of the workers' satisfaction. Second, the mission would have a direct impact on employment quality. In fact, the aim of the incentive structure established by any type of organization is to motivate the workers in the direction of the organization's mission (Fehr & Falk, 2002). Since the mission of the social economy organizations and FPO are quite different, we could easily imagine that their incentive structure would not be identical. Moreover, social economy organizations would respect some principles, like the primacy of persons and work over capital in the income distribution and the process of democratic decision, which will highlights some aspects of job quality (Borzaga & Tortia, 2006). In this paper, we will contribute to the economic literature by comparing social economy organizations with FPO on the job quality in the particular case of low-skilled workers. For this study, we defined the job quality on the basis of the Munoz's work (2009). Job quality is the combination of the following dimensions: Wages, carrier opportunities, working hours and work-family balance, job security, participation, skills development, relational aspects, autonomy, variety and creativity of the task and physical working conditions. Each of these dimensions will be captured by objective, but also subjective indicators like satisfaction. Methodology The Belgian 'voucher system' offers a unique field to test the impact of the mission of the organization since it is designed to foster the creation of regular salaried jobs for low-skilled persons doing housework and is open to all kinds of organizations: a variety of for-profit and not-for-profit providers compete on the market. In order to collect data, we have designed two questionnaires which will be submitted to a sample of 50 organizations during the last two months of 2011. The first one is targeted to a representative of the employer, and will be addressed in face-to-face interviews, with a view to seize job quality. The second questionnaire is targeted to a sample of workers in order to complement the information about job quality of their organization and to assess their motivations. We will also compare the socio-economic profiles of the workers between the different organizations. Finally, we will use administrative data from a database of the national Belgian office for employment that provides annual information on the contracts of all the workers involved in the service voucher system.
The context Quasi-market regulation is on the rise in Europe, among others in the field of personal services sector, where there are mainly low-skilled workers (Henry and al. 2009). One of the main feature of the quasi-market form of regulation is the introduction of competition between different types of providers, whether for-profit organizations or social economy organizations. One of the specificity of social economy is their social mission rather that pursuing financial return. Meanwhile, unemployment remains high in the European Union and non-standard work arrangements, precariousness tend to increase. With the Europe 2020 strategy, the EU re-opens the debate about employment. In this institutional context, the question of the links between the mission of the organization and quality of work is crucial, not only for policy objectives, but also for theory. And there is an obvious lack of fundamental research. Locating the concern within a wider literature, The quality of work is a controversial question in the empirical literature: some argue that the quality of job is worse in social economy organizations, other better. McMullen and Schellenberg (2003) have shown that non-profit-organizations in Canada offer lower wages but a better work-family balance. The presence of lower wages has been confirmed by Frank (1996), Preston (1989) and Weisbrod, (1983) but not by par Leete (2000) and Ruhm & Borkoski (2003) while Mocan & Teikin (2003) have even observed higher wages in social economy organizations. Petrella & all (2010) have shown that politics in risk prevention and the establishment of formal social dialogue are generally insufficient in the social economy sector in France and Tortia (2008) found that Italian social economy organizations offer higher autonomy and recognition to their workers. Nevertheless, the literature is agreed to say that workers in social economy organizations are generally more satisfied of their jobs, even in the presence of lower job quality. This higher satisfaction should be due to the socials values sustained by the mission of the organizations which correspond to the intrinsic motivations of their workers and therefore constitute an additional source of satisfaction for them (Frey & Goette, 1999). Analytical framework The economic literature identified two main sources of differentiation between social economy organizations and for-profit organizations (FPO) which may have an impact on job quality: First, the literature has shown that social economy organizations attract the most intrinsically motivated workers who have generally very specific motivations (Borzaga & Tortia, 2006; Meier & Stutzer, 2008; Prouteau & Wolff, 2004). Hence, social economy organizations have some interest to develop organizational practices adapted to the motivations of their workers. However, since low-skilled workers are generally in a precarious situation on the labour market and considering the nature of the tasks usually assigned to this type of worker, we may have some doubt on the capacity of these workers to be intrinsically motivated by their work. Our first contribution to the literature will be to check if social economy organizations employ low-qualified workers who are more intrinsically motivated than their counterparts in FPO. We will then be able to identify clearly the source(s) of the workers' satisfaction. Second, the mission would have a direct impact on employment quality. In fact, the aim of the incentive structure established by any type of organization is to motivate the workers in the direction of the organization's mission (Fehr & Falk, 2002). Since the mission of the social economy organizations and FPO are quite different, we could easily imagine that their incentive structure would not be identical. Moreover, social economy organizations would respect some principles, like the primacy of persons and work over capital in the income distribution and the process of democratic decision, which will highlights some aspects of job quality (Borzaga & Tortia, 2006). In this paper, we will contribute to the economic literature by comparing social economy organizations with FPO on the job quality in the particular case of low-skilled workers. For this study, we defined the job quality on the basis of the Munoz's work (2009). Job quality is the combination of the following dimensions: Wages, carrier opportunities, working hours and work-family balance, job security, participation, skills development, relational aspects, autonomy, variety and creativity of the task and physical working conditions. Each of these dimensions will be captured by objective, but also subjective indicators like satisfaction. Methodology The Belgian 'voucher system' offers a unique field to test the impact of the mission of the organization since it is designed to foster the creation of regular salaried jobs for low-skilled persons doing housework and is open to all kinds of organizations: a variety of for-profit and not-for-profit providers compete on the market. In order to collect data, we have designed two questionnaires which will be submitted to a sample of 50 organizations during the last two months of 2011. The first one is targeted to a representative of the employer, and will be addressed in face-to-face interviews, with a view to seize job quality. The second questionnaire is targeted to a sample of workers in order to complement the information about job quality of their organization and to assess their motivations. We will also compare the socio-economic profiles of the workers between the different organizations. Finally, we will use administrative data from a database of the national Belgian office for employment that provides annual information on the contracts of all the workers involved in the service voucher system.
Karvaasta pettymyksestä kasvattavaan kokemukseen varusmiesten sopeutumisen syyt ja seuraukset Varusmiespalvelus synnyttää vahvoja tunteita. Palvelus tapahtuu elämän käännekohdassa, jossa keskiasteen opinnot ovat takana ja irtautuminen kodin vaikutuspiiristä on alkanut. Samalla varusmiespalvelus tarjoaa mahdollisuuden yksilön kasvuun ja kehittymiseen palvelus totuttaa aikaisin heräämiseen, ohjattuun aikatauluun, esimiehen kanssa toimimiseen ja asetettujen tavoitteiden saavuttamiseen. Parhaimmillaan armeija kasvattaa itseluottamusta, pinnaa ja pitkäjänteisyyttä ja varusmies oppii kantamaan vastuuta itsestään ja muista. Varusmiespalvelus on viimeinen lenkki lähes koko miesten ikäluokan kouluttamisessa ja osallistamisessa yhteiskunnan aktiiviseksi jäseneksi. Varusmiehet voivat nähdä palveluksensa merkityksen aivan toisin. Palvelusvelvollisuus saattaa tuntua pakolta, joka täytyy tavalla tai toisella täyttää. Silloin ei välttämättä ensimmäisenä tule mieleen, mitä henkilökohtaista hyötyä palveluksesta saattaisi olla. Toisaalta nuorten miesten syrjäytyminen alkaa yhä nuoremmassa iässä samalla, kun varusmiespalveluksen keskeyttäminen on yleistynyt. Siten kaikki eivät pääse tai edes halua olla osana miesten koulua , ja päällimmäisenä mieleen jää karvas pettymys. Lähes kaksi kolmasosaa palveluksensa keskeyttäneistä poistuu palveluksesta ensimmäisen kahden viikon aikana. Suurimmalla osalla heistä on lievään sopeutumishäiriöön liittyvä syy, on kyse sitten siviilipalvelukseen hakeutuvasta tai muutoin palveluksensa keskeyttävästä henkilöstä. Väitöskirjan perusteella keskeyttäminen tapahtuu todennäköisimmin, jos yksi tai useampi seuraavista tekijöistä toteutuu: keskeyttämisen pohtiminen, alhainen koulutustausta, huonot peruskoulukokemukset, negatiiviset odotukset, rikosrekisteritiedot, heikko fyysinen kunto, riidat seurustelusuhteessa tai siviilikavereiden palveluksenvastainen asenne. Väitöskirjatutkimuksessa tutkittiin erityisesti varusmiesten sopeutumista ja sopeutumattomuutta selittäviä tekijöitä. Esille tuli seitsemän sopeutumiseen vaikuttavaa osa-aluetta. Yli kahdesta tuhannesta varusmiehestä kerättyjen tietojen perusteella varusmiespalveluksen sopeutumistekijöitä ovat 1) asenne, 2) kuri ja käskyvaltasuhteet, 3) fyysinen kunto, 4) sosiaalisuus, 5) henkinen sopeutuminen, 6) koulutus ja oppiminen sekä 7) ero perheestä ja ystävistä. Jos näistä tekijöistä pitää valita yksi osa-alue tärkeimmäksi, se on positiivinen asenne, joka myös varusmiespalveluksessa kantaa pitkälle. Palveluksen epäonnistunut vaikutus näkyy, kun varusmies a) suorittaa palveluksensa kehnosti, b) välttää palvelustaan tekeytymällä sairaaksi tai hakeutumalla lääkärin vastaanotolle ilman fyysistä sairautta, mikä varusmiesten vastausten perusteella lisääntyi palveluksen aikana, c) tekee rikkeitä tai rikoksia tai d) keskeyttää palveluksen "muuten vain kun ei huvita" esimerkiksi hakeutumalla siviilipalvelukseen. Pahimmillaan näiden henkilöiden joukossa millään ei juuri ole ollut merkitystä: itsellä, kavereilla saati puolustusvoimilla. Valitettavaa on jos, palvelusaika ei pysty saamaan vaikeuksissa olevaa henkilöä jaloilleen vaan hän vain jatkaa yhteiskunnasta syrjäytymiseen johtavaa polkua. Kasvattavia kokemuksia sen sijaan selittävät positiivinen asenne ja koulutusmotivaatio, sopeutumiskokemukset, komppanian ilmapiiri, ryhmäkiinteys ja haastava koulutus. Tulosten perusteella kouluttajat ja varusmiesjohtajat eivät vaikuta suoraan sopeutumiseen ja kasvukokemuksiin vaan epäsuorasti laadukkaan koulutuksen ja toimintaympäristön suunnittelijoina ja toteuttajina. Keskeinen johtopäätös onkin, että haastava koulutus, positiivinen ilmapiiri ja yhteistoiminnallisuuteen ja ryhmäkiinteyteen panostaminen ovat tehokkaita keinoja tukea varusmiesten sopeutumista ja hyvinvointia. Siksi juuri nämä tekijät tulisi huomioida varusmiespalvelusta kehitettäessä. Palveluksen keskeyttäminen ennakoi yhteiskunnasta syrjäytymistä. Haastavalla koulutuksella ja laadukkaalla johtamisella voidaan vaikuttaa siihen, miten yksilö selviytyy varusmiespalveluksesta, ja tukea yhteiskuntaan sopeutumista. Parhaita tuloksia on mahdollista saavuttaa kuusi kuukautta palvelevien motivaatioon ja positiivisiin palveluskokemuksiin vaikuttamalla. Siten varusmiesten sopeutumisen edistäminen on osa yhteiskunnallisen syrjäytymisen estämistä. ; Determinants of Military Adjustment and Attrition During Finnish Conscript Service Adjustment to the military is determined by two main factors: the situational and organizational experiences of the new service member (the environment) and the member s characteristics and background (personal features). In the Finnish conscript service, an aggregate of diverse individuals is socialized into the military. Most of the conscript population adjusts to this process, but a portion of the conscripts fails to adjust and their service is terminated prematurely. The study looks at how well conscripts are expected to adjust to the military, how well they actually do adjust to basic training and later service, and how the adjustment changes over the service period. In addition, the research examines why some conscripts fail to fulfill their military obligation, resulting in military turnover (i.e. attrition). The data were collected with Finnish-language questionnaires from 2,003 conscripts immediately after reporting for duty, at the end of basic training, and at the end of the conscript service. Information was obtained on a number of background variables, the trainees' attitudes towards various topics, and their experiences. Interviews were utilized to verify that the measures covered relevant aspects of the military adjustment process. The adjustment-related measures were refined by factor and Bayesian analyses and reliability tests. The results show that numerous background variables are related to differences in adjustment perceptions and attitudes toward military experiences. Four main dimensions of adjustment were found: affective commitment, sociability, physical health, and perceptions about obedience and regimentation. Together they explained 50% of the variance of adjustment expectations at time 1, 58% of basic training adjustment at time 2, and 61% of later adjustment at time 3. In structural equation models, 56% of the later adjustment experiences were explained by the four dimensions. Most attrition (i.e. separation from service) occurred during the first two weeks, and most of the later attrition during the first 8 weeks of service. In all, 211 (10.5%) of the 2,003 conscripts were dropped from military service. A series of logistic regression and discriminant function analyses were carried out to explain the differences between the attrition group and those who completed their military service. Attrition was best predicted by the conscript's intent to stay or quit, education level and schooling experiences, expected adjustment, criminal background, physical health, the quality of civilian relationships, and attitudes towards military service. Overall, the research extends previous research by considering a wider set of predictors over time, and allowing generalization of the findings about military adjustment through the use of a non-U.S. conscript sample. Alternative approaches, policy interventions, and adjustment-related considerations for instructors and service members are suggested.
Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research ; Austrian Science Fund ; Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique ; Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; FAPERGS ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) ; Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science ; CERN ; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Science and Technology ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; COLCIENCIAS ; Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sport ; Croatian Science Foundation ; Research Promotion Foundation, Cyprus ; Secretariat for Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation, Ecuador ; Ministry of Education and Research, Estonia ; Estonian Research Council, Estonia ; European Regional Development Fund, Estonia ; Academy of Finland ; Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture ; Helsinki Institute of Physics ; Institut National de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des Particules / CNRS, France ; Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives / CEA, France ; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung, Germany ; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Germany ; Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren, Germany ; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Greece ; National Research, Development and Innovation Fund, Hungary ; Department of Atomic Energy, India ; Department of Science and Technology, India ; Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, Iran ; Science Foundation, Ireland ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy ; Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, Republic of Korea ; National Research Foundation (NRF), Republic of Korea ; Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Latvia ; Lithuanian Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Education (Malaysia) ; University of Malaya (Malaysia) ; Ministry of Science of Montenegro ; BUAP ; CINVESTAV ; CONACYT ; LNS ; SEP ; UASLP-FAI ; Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, New Zealand ; Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland ; National Science Centre, Poland ; Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal ; JINR, Dubna ; Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation ; Federal Agency of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation ; Russian Academy of Sciences ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research ; National Research Center Kurchatov Institute ; Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia ; Secretaria de Estado de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion, Programa Consolider-Ingenio 2010, Plan Estatal de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica y de Innovacion 2013-2016, Plan de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion 2013-2017 del Principado de Asturias, S ; Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Spain ; Ministry of Science, Technology and Research, Sri Lanka ; ETH Board ; ETH Zurich ; PSI ; SNF ; UniZH ; Canton Zurich ; SER ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taipei ; Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics ; Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology of Thailand ; Special Task Force for Activating Research ; National Science and Technology Development Agency of Thailand ; Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey ; Turkish Atomic Energy Authority ; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine ; State Fund for Fundamental Researches, Ukraine ; Science and Technology Facilities Council, U.K. ; US Department of Energy ; US National Science Foundation ; Marie-Curie programme (European Union) ; European Research Council (European Union) ; Horizon 2020 Grant (European Union) ; Leventis Foundation ; A. P. Sloan Foundation ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium) ; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium) ; F.R.S.-FNRS (Belgium) ; FWO (Belgium) ; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic ; Lendulet (Momentum) Programme ; Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary) ; New National Excellence Program UNKP (Hungary) ; NKFIA (Hungary) ; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India ; HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science ; European Union, Regional Development Fund ; Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education ; National Science Center (Poland) ; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund ; Programa de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu ; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias ; Thalis programme ; Aristeia programme ; EU-ESF ; Greek NSRF ; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University (Thailand) ; Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand) ; Welch Foundation ; Weston Havens Foundation (U.S.A.) ; Estonian Research Council, Estonia: IUT23-4 ; Estonian Research Council, Estonia: IUT23-6 ; Horizon 2020 Grant (European Union): 675440 ; FWO (Belgium): 30820817 ; NKFIA (Hungary): 123842 ; NKFIA (Hungary): 123959 ; NKFIA (Hungary): 124845 ; NKFIA (Hungary): 124850 ; NKFIA (Hungary): 125105 ; National Science Center (Poland): Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428 ; National Science Center (Poland): Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543 ; National Science Center (Poland): 2014/15/B/ST2/03998 ; National Science Center (Poland): 2015/19/B/ST2/02861 ; National Science Center (Poland): Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406 ; Welch Foundation: C-1845 ; An inclusive search for supersymmetry (SUSY) using the razor variables is performed using a data sample of proton-proton collisions corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1), collected with the CMS experiment in 2016 at a center-of-mass energy of =13 TeV. The search looks for an excess of events with large transverse energy, large jet multiplicity, and large missing transverse momentum. The razor kinematic variables are sensitive to large mass differences between the parent particle and the invisible particles of a decay chain and help to identify the presence of SUSY particles. The search covers final states with zero or one charged lepton and features event categories divided according to the presence of a high transverse momentum hadronically decaying W boson or top quark, the number of jets, the number of b-tagged jets, and the values of the razor kinematic variables, in order to separate signal from background for a broad range of SUSY signatures. The addition of the boosted W boson and top quark categories within the analysis further increases the sensitivity of the search, particularly to signal models with large mass splitting between the produced gluino or squark and the lightest SUSY particle. The analysis is interpreted using simplified models of R-parity conserving SUSY, focusing on gluino pair production and top squark pair production. Limits on the gluino mass extend to 2.0 TeV, while limits on top squark mass reach 1.14 TeV.
Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research ; Austrian Science Fund ; Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique ; Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; FAPERGS ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) ; Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science ; CERN ; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Science and Technology ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; Colombian Funding Agency (COLCIENCIAS) ; Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sport ; Croatian Science Foundation ; Research Promotion Foundation, Cyprus ; Secretariat for Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation, Ecuador ; Ministry of Education and Research, Estonian Research Council ; European Regional Development Fund, Estonia ; Academy of Finland ; Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture ; Helsinki Institute of Physics ; Institut National de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des Particules/CNRS, France ; Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives/CEA, France ; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung, Germany ; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Germany ; Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren, Germany ; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Greece ; National Research, Development and Innovation Fund, Hungary ; Department of Atomic Energy, India ; Department of Science and Technology, India ; Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, Iran ; Science Foundation, Ireland ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy ; Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, Republic of Korea ; National Research Foundation (NRF), Republic of Korea ; Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Latvia ; Lithuanian Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Education (Malaysia) ; University of Malaya (Malaysia) ; Ministry of Science of Montenegro ; BUAP ; CINVES-TAV ; CONACYT ; LNS ; SEP ; UASLP-FAI ; Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, New Zealand ; Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission ; Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal ; JINR, Dubna ; Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation ; Federal Agency of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation ; Russian Academy of Sciences ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research ; National Research Center \ Kurchatov Institute ; Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia ; Secretara de Estado de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion, Programa Consolider-Ingenio 2010, Spain ; Plan Estatal de Investigacion Cientfica y Tecnica y de Innovacion 2013-2016, Spain ; Plan de Ciencia, Tecnologa e Innovacion 2013-2017 del Principado de Asturias, Spain ; Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Spain ; Ministry of Science, Technology and Research, Sri Lanka ; ETH Board ; ETH Zurich ; PSI ; SNF ; UniZH ; Canton Zurich ; SER ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taipei ; Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics ; Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology of Thailand ; Special Task Force for Activating Research ; National Science and Technology Development Agency of Thailand ; Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey ; Turkish Atomic Energy Authority ; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine ; State Fund for Fundamental Researches, Ukraine ; Science and Technology Facilities Council, U.K. ; U.S. Department of Energy ; U.S. National Science Foundation ; Marie-Curie programme ; European Research Council ; European Union ; Leventis Foundation ; A. P. Sloan Foundation ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium) ; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium) ; F.R.S.-FNRS (Belgium) ; FWO (Belgium) under Excellence of Science -EOS ; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic ; Lendulet (Momentum) Programme ; Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences ; New National Excellence Program UNKP ; NKFIA research grants (Hungary) ; Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India ; HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science ; European Union, Regional Development Fund ; Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education ; National Science Center (Poland) ; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund ; Programa de Excelencia Mara de Maeztu ; Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias ; Thalis programme - EU-ESF ; Aristeia programme - EU-ESF ; Greek NSRF ; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund ; Chulalongkorn University ; Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand) ; Welch Foundation ; Weston Havens Foundation (U.S. A.) ; Ministry of Education and Research, Estonian Research Council: IUT23-4 ; Ministry of Education and Research, Estonian Research Council: IUT23-6 ; European Union: 675440 ; FWO (Belgium) under Excellence of Science -EOS: 30820817 ; NKFIA research grants (Hungary): 123842 ; NKFIA research grants (Hungary): 123959 ; NKFIA research grants (Hungary): 124845 ; NKFIA research grants (Hungary): 124850 ; NKFIA research grants (Hungary): 125105 ; National Science Center (Poland): 2014/14/M/ST2/00428 ; National Science Center (Poland): 2014/13/B/ST2/02543 ; National Science Center (Poland): 2014/15/B/ST2/03998 ; National Science Center (Poland): 2015/19/B/ST2/02861 ; National Science Center (Poland): 2012/07/E/ST2/01406 ; Welch Foundation: C-1845 ; Measurements of differential top quark pair t (t) over bar cross sections using events produced in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV containing two oppositely charged leptons are presented. The data were recorded by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC in 2016 and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1). The differential cross sections are presented as functions of kinematic observables of the top quarks and their decay products, the t (t) over bar system, and the total number of jets in the event. The differential cross sections are de fined both with particle-level objects in a fiducial phase space close to that of the detector acceptance and with parton-level top quarks in the full phase space. All results are compared with standard model predictions from Monte Carlo simulations with next-to-leading-order (NLO) accuracy in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) at matrix-element level interfaced to parton-shower simulations. Where possible, parton-level results are compared to calculations with beyond-NLO precision in QCD. Significant disagreement is observed between data and all predictions for several observables. The measurements are used to constrain the top quark chromomagnetic dipole moment in an effective field theory framework at NLO in QCD and to extract t (t) over bar and leptonic charge asymmetries.