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In the past two decades, China has achieved world renown for reducing rural poverty. However, it is becoming harder to reduce poverty and inequality further in China, even though its economy continues to grow. This report compares the impact specific rural public investments can have on promoting growth and reducing poverty and inequality. Returns to these investments are calculated for the nation as a whole and for three economic zones in the west, central, and coastal regions of the country. Government expenditures that have the highest impact on poverty and growth include education, agricultural research and development, and rural infrastructure (roads, electricity, and telecommunications). Notably, spending on irrigation and anti-poverty loans had minimal impact. The report discusses the implications of these findings for setting future priorities for government investment. It also suggests avenues for future research and calls for a better understanding of how to improve the effectiveness of public resources. This report will be of interest to professionals involved in rural poverty reduction, rural development, agricultural growth, food security, and public investment policy. ; PR ; IFPRI1; GRP3; Theme 9; Public Policy and Investment

by Wu Wai Man. ; Thesis submitted in: December 1997. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146-150). ; Abstract also in Chinese. ; Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 ; Chapter Chapter 2 --- Theoretical Framework --- p.12 ; Chapter Chapter 3 --- Operationalization of the Theoretical Framework --- p.27 ; Chapter Chapter 4 --- General Configurations of the Collective Action Events Concerning Issues of Public Housing Estates --- p.38 ; Chapter Chapter 5 --- The Hong Kong Government's Propensity of Repression --- p.49 ; Chapter Chapter 6 --- Formal and Informal Access for Participants of the Public Housing Movement --- p.69 ; Chapter Chapter 7 --- Policy and Strategic Orientation of the Grass-Root Oriented Political Parties --- p.99 ; Chapter Chapter 8 --- Changes in the Political Alignment: the Protrusions of Pro-China Resident Organizations --- p.125 ; Chapter Chapter 9 --- Conclusion --- p.133 ; Appendix Background Information of the Interviewees --- p.145 ; Bibliography --- p.146

This is a next, annual installment in a series, published regularly since 1978, of overviews of Belgian politics in a given year. This 2004 overview discusses the main topics & issues that preoccupied the government of Guy Verhofstadt, formed in a three-party coalition -- Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten ([VLD] Flemish Liberals and Democrats), Socialistische Partij Anders ([SP.A] Socialist Party Differently), & Sociaal, Progressief, Internationaal, Regionalistisch, Integraal-democratisch en Toekomstgericht ([Spirit]Social, Progressive, International, Regional, Integral-Democratic, and Future Justice) -- following the national election in May 2003: (1) immigrants' voting rights, (2) the controversy over Zaventem airport expansion requested by the German shipping company DHL, (3) redistricting/splitting of the Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde electoral district, (4) unemployment compensation, family policy, tax restructuring, & other social & fiscal issues pertaining to the 2005 budget, (5) environmental policy, (6) the implications of the regional & EU elections of 13 June 2004, (7) public safety & defense matters, (8) regional government/jurisdiction & civil service reforms & other matters of home policy, & (9) internal party politics. Z. Dubiel

5.3 Corporate-style management5.4 Success on targeted preventative output; 5.5 Improved outcome; 6. Continental case: Amsterdam; 6.1 Specialised policy; 6.2 Intense and exclusive structures; 6.3 Games of management; 6.4 High risk targeted output; 6.5 Varying outcomes; 7. Comparative analysis of empirical findings; 7.1 Variation in governance arrangements; 7.2 Variation in the quality of outputs and outcomes; 7.3 Testing three hypotheses; 8. Conclusion and discussion; 8.1 Answer to the central question; 8.2 Theoretical implications; 8.3 Practical implications.

Ko, Yee-wai. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 164-180). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Acknowledgements --- p.i ; Table of Contents --- p.ii ; List of Tables and Figures & List of Appendixes --- p.iv ; Abstract --- p.v ; Chapter CHAPTER 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.1 --- Research Background --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.2 --- Intellectual Puzzle --- p.2 ; Chapter 1.3 --- Aims and Significance --- p.3 ; Chapter 1.4 --- Structure of the Thesis --- p.4 ; Chapter CHAPTER 2: --- The Change in Family Forms in Hong Kong and the Review of Related Literature --- p.7 ; Chapter 2.1 --- The Rise of Non-Conventional Families in Hong Kong --- p.7 ; Chapter 2.2 --- Family Study in Hong Kong --- p.11 ; Chapter 2.3 --- Changing Familial Structure in the West --- p.15 ; Chapter 2.4 --- The Evolving Concept of Family --- p.22 ; Chapter 2.5 --- Family Under Social Constructionism --- p.29 ; Chapter 2.6 --- Making Use of the Family in Social Policy --- p.33 ; Chapter 2.7 --- Feminist Approach to Family --- p.42 ; Chapter 2.8 --- A Summary - From Literature Review to Research Question --- p.48 ; Chapter CHAPTER 3: --- Methodology --- p.51 ; Chapter 3.1 --- Research Question --- p.51 ; Chapter 3.2 --- Research Design --- p.54 ; Chapter 3.3 --- Operationalization of Key Concepts --- p.56 ; Chapter 3.4 --- Operationalization: Analytical Tools --- p.61 ; Chapter CHAPTER 4: --- Incongruity Between New Familial Needs and Social Policy--- The Case of Public Housing Policy --- p.69 ; Chapter 4.1 --- Western Experience --- p.69 ; Chapter 4.2 --- Cases Exemplifying the Policy Mismatch --- p.73 ; Chapter 4.3 --- Government Response --- p.85 ; Chapter CHAPTER 5: --- Analysis of Family Life Education--- An Educational Tool to Alleviate the 'Family Problems'? --- p.92 ; Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction: FLE Campaign in Hong Kong --- p.93 ; Chapter 5.2 --- Findings --- p.95 ; Chapter 5.3 --- Summary and Implications of Findings --- p.115 ; Chapter CHAPTER 6: --- ...

It is often suggested that the nationalization of local elections has increased. As a result, a hypothesis could be that the mutual differences between policy programs of local divisions of the same national party decrease. In this contribution, we focus on the local election of October 8th 2006 in order to analyze these mutual differences. The aim of this contribution is to measure the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the policy positions of the local divisions of national political parties, on a range of substantive issues on which they have the freedom to differ. Therefore, we compare the opinions of local party agents within the different party families. We use the results of a survey among the representatives of the local departments of the different political parties in the run-up to the local elections. Our research shows that, regarding to the selected questions, in general the local divisions speak with one voice. Our analysis does not indicate that there is a large mixture of visions between divisions of the same national party. Besides, this analysis shows that in general, the size of the municipality can seldom be used in indicating the relative disagreement within political families. This level of agreement is the largest within the green party & the smallest within the liberal family. Those are also the two parties of which the local agents say that the influence of supra-local party levels is small, compared to representatives of other political families. Tables. Adapted from the source document.

IFPRI3; GRP3; Theme 9; Public Policy and Investment ; EPTD; DSGD ; PR