Suchergebnisse

Javne su politike, kao višedimenzionalan i izrazito kompleksan fenomen, nužno multidisciplinaran predmet istraživanja. Cilj je rada istražiti što je specifično politološko znanje o javnim politikama, odnosno koji je jedinstveni doprinos politologa izučavanju i upravljanju javnim politikama u svrhe profiliranja te mlade politološke discipline u Jugoistočnoj Europi. Rad je nastao kao rezultat pregleda temeljnih udžbenika javnih politika u svijetu i regiji, te literature o metodologiji i pristupima istraživanju u društvenim znanostima i politologiji. Kreće se od određivanja što su javne politike i što je politički aspekt javnih politika. Propituju se pristupi istraživanju javnih politika (policy studije). Zatim se identificiraju vrste profesionalne uporabe tih istraživanja (policy analize). Ključna je pretpostavka kako je politologija prvenstveno kompetentna za analizu aktera stvaranja politika. Osnovni je nalaz da temelj profesionalnog profiliranja politologa u javnim politikama, s obzirom da jedini rabe istraživačku perspektivu usmjerenu na aktere, reprezentativnost i legitimnost stvaranja politika, može biti jedan oblik participatorne policy analize. ; Public policies, as a multi-dimensional and highly complex phenomenon, necessarily make a multidisciplinary research subject. The aim of this paper is to examine what is specific political science knowledge about public policy, and what is the unique contribution of political scientists to policy research and governance to enhance consolidating this young discipline in Southeastern Europe. This paper is a result of a review of policy textbooks in Southeastern Europe and worldwide, and literature on approaches and methodologies in social sciences and political science. It starts with determining public polices and their political aspect. Then it explores approaches of policy studies. Finally, it identifies types of professional policy research or policy analysis. The key assumption is that political science is primarily competent to analyze policy actors. The main finding of the paper is that the basis of political scientist professionalization in policy research, given that they are best in actor-centered research, and issues of representativeness and legitimacy of policy-making, can be a form of participatory policy analysis.

Model novog javnog menadžmenta sadrži javne politike za tržišno usmjerene institucionalne reforme. Zemlje koje su primijenile ovaj model općenito su među prvih dvadeset na globalnim ljestvicama vezanima uz ljudski razvoj, ljudsku slobodu, ekonomsku slobodu, lakoću poslovanja, deregulaciju tržišta, konkurentnost, antikorupcijsku transparentnost i liberalnu demokraciju. Dok su nordijske zemlje uvele vanjsko ugovaranje usluga (outsourcing) i tržišno natjecanje unutar svojih sustava države blagostanja, a Njemačka se snažno usmjerila na privatizacije, anglosaksonske zemlje, a posebice Sjedinjene Države, ugovaraju čak i dijelove nacionalne sigurnosti s privatnim vojnim i obavještajnim pružateljima. Međutim, model novog javnog menadžmenta ne zanemaruje ulogu države, već potiče njezino smanjivanje i otvaranje za tržišno natjecanje, privatizaciju, deregulaciju i transparentnost. Dok je Novi javni menadžment uključiv prema zajednicama i tržištima, primjena ovog modela može poboljšati institucije i upravljanje stvaranjem pretežito horizontalnih struktura, koje osiguravaju veze među različitim dijelovima organizacije i koherentan okvir javnih politika. U konačnici, reforme javnog upravljanja ovise o kritičkom razmišljanju, temeljem multidisciplinarne ekspertize, koja doprinosi inovativnim i inkluzivnim institucijama usmjerenim na rješavanje problema, s dovoljnom razinom građanskih vrlina i društvenog povjerenja. ; The New Public Management model contains public policies for market-driven institutional reforms. Countries that applied this model are generally among the TOP 20 in global rankings concerning human development, human freedom, economic freedom, ease of doing business, market deregulation, competitiveness, anti-corruption transparency and liberal democracy. While the Nordic countries introduced outsourcing and competition within their welfare systems, and Germany strongly focused on privatizations, the Anglo-Saxon countries, and especially the United States, outsource even parts of their national security to private military and intelligence contractors. However, the New Public Management model does not undermine the role of government, but encourages its downsizing and opening for competition, privatization, deregulation and transparency. While the New Public Management is inclusive toward communities and markets, the application of the model can improve institutions and governance by creating predominantly horizontal structures, which ensure connections between different parts of organization and coherent public policy framework. Finally, public management reforms depend on critical thinking, based on the multidisciplinary expertise, which contributes to innovative and inclusive problem-solving institutions, with sufficient level of civic virtues and social trust.

Istraživači javnih politika od druge polovice 20. stoljeća sve više analitičke pažnje posvećuju prijenosu javnih politika iz jednog političkog djelokruga u drugi. Pritom se koriste konceptima poput difuzije, konvergencije i transfera javnih politika. Transfer javnih politika, najmlađi od navedenih pristupa, dobiva na zamahu nakon druge polovice devedesetih godina prošlog stoljeća te je u posljednjih dvadeset godina izrastao u respektabilan, naveliko citiran I korišten istraživački pristup. Ovaj se rad može shvatiti kao historijat istraživanja prijenosa javnih politika između političkih djelokruga. Pored pregleda evolucije pristupa ponudit će se i izvorna sistematizacija i demarkacija različitih studija. Rad se zaključuje uvidom kako su studije transfera distinktivne u odnosu na studije konvergencije i difuzije. Odlikuje ih procesni analitički fokus, usmjerenost na razumijevanje djelovanja aktera, kvalitativna metodologija te korištenje malih uzoraka. U radu se zastupa mišljenje kako su studije transfera javnih politika izvrstan heuristički alat jer omogućuju multidimenzionalno istraživanje procesa stvaranja javnih politika. ; From the second half of the twentieth century policy scholars are increasingly devoting their attention to the transference of policy from one political jurisdiction to another. Concepts such as policy diffusion, convergence and transfer are being used to elucidate the modern-day policy process. Policy transfer, the youngest of these approaches, has been gaining momentum from the second half of the nineties and has grown into a respectable, widely cited and used research frame. This article is a historical account of policy transfer research. In addition to examining the evolution of similar approaches (diffusion, convergence, and transfer), the original systematization and demarcation of different studies is offered. The paper concludes with the insight that policy transfer studies are distinctive in relation to convergence and diffusion studies. They are characterized by an analytical focus on processes, on understanding of policy actors' actions, on qualitative methodology, and using small samples. The paper concludes that policy transfer studies are an excellent heuristic tool because they enable a multidimensional research of the policy process.

Civilno društvo u mnogim zemljama demokratskog svijeta, pa tako i u Republici Hrvatskoj, zauzima vrlo važno mjesto u političkom i društvenom životu. Naime, Europska je unija kao predstavnik zapadnih, demokratskih zemalja, prepoznala civilni sektor kao jedan od stupova društva pa se u mnogim politikama zemalja javlja pitanje u kojoj mjeri te na koji način je ispravno uključiti civilni sektor u kreiranje javnih politika. Prema ideji, civilno bi društvo trebalo sudjelovati u političkom životu pojedine zemlje od samoga početka s glavnim zadatkom detekcije postojanja pojedinih društvenih problema. Takvim inicijativama, ali i sudjelovanjem u samom kreiranju politika te njihovoj promidžbi, civilni sektor postaje partnerom vlasti. Predmet ovog rada jesu civilne udruge kao najčešće organizacije civilnog društva te politički život, tj. kreiranje javnih politika, odnosno, sudjelovanje civilnog sektora u politici. Svrha ovog rada jest dati pregled mogućnosti utjecaja civilnih udruga na kreiranje javnih politika. Konačno, cilj ovog rada jest razumjeti problematiku te eventualne prepreke u sudjelovanju civilnih udruga u političkome životu. ; Civil society in many countries of the democratic world, including the Republic of Croatia, occupies a very important place in political and social life. Namely, the European Union, as a representative of Western, democratic countries, has recognized the civil sector as one of the pillars of society, so in many countries' policies the question arises to what extent and in what way it is right to involve the civil sector in policy making. According to the idea, civil society should participate in the political life of a particular country from the very beginning with the main task of detecting the existence of certain social problems. With such initiatives, but also by participating in the very creation of policies and their promotion, the civil sector becomes a partner of the government. The subject of this paper are civil society organizations as the most common civil society organizations and political life, ie the creation of public policies, ie the participation of the civil sector in politics. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the possibilities of the influence of civil society organizations on policy making. Finally, the aim of this paper is to understand the issues of this possible obstacle to the participation of civil society organizations in political life.

Civilno društvo u mnogim zemljama demokratskog svijeta, pa tako i u Republici Hrvatskoj, zauzima vrlo važno mjesto u političkom i društvenom životu. Naime, Europska je unija kao predstavnik zapadnih, demokratskih zemalja, prepoznala civilni sektor kao jedan od stupova društva pa se u mnogim politikama zemalja javlja pitanje u kojoj mjeri te na koji način je ispravno uključiti civilni sektor u kreiranje javnih politika. Prema ideji, civilno bi društvo trebalo sudjelovati u političkom životu pojedine zemlje od samoga početka s glavnim zadatkom detekcije postojanja pojedinih društvenih problema. Takvim inicijativama, ali i sudjelovanjem u samom kreiranju politika te njihovoj promidžbi, civilni sektor postaje partnerom vlasti. Predmet ovog rada jesu civilne udruge kao najčešće organizacije civilnog društva te politički život, tj. kreiranje javnih politika, odnosno, sudjelovanje civilnog sektora u politici. Svrha ovog rada jest dati pregled mogućnosti utjecaja civilnih udruga na kreiranje javnih politika. Konačno, cilj ovog rada jest razumjeti problematiku te eventualne prepreke u sudjelovanju civilnih udruga u političkome životu. ; Civil society in many countries of the democratic world, including the Republic of Croatia, occupies a very important place in political and social life. Namely, the European Union, as a representative of Western, democratic countries, has recognized the civil sector as one of the pillars of society, so in many countries' policies the question arises to what extent and in what way it is right to involve the civil sector in policy making. According to the idea, civil society should participate in the political life of a particular country from the very beginning with the main task of detecting the existence of certain social problems. With such initiatives, but also by participating in the very creation of policies and their promotion, the civil sector becomes a partner of the government. The subject of this paper are civil society organizations as the most common civil society ...

Rodni režim Europske unije je distinktivan režim specifične geneze, osebujnih pravila i kompleksnih procedura. Javne politike koje mu pripadaju čine portfelj rodne jednakosti država članica i kandidatkinja. Nužno je stoga biti upućen u njihov sadržaj, ali i povijest. U članku se analizira kompleksni nastanak politike rodne jednakosti obilježen političkim borbama oko suprotstavljenih vizija jednakosti, utjecajima drugih međunarodnih režima te internim institucionalnim sukobima. Glavno je pitanje: kako se u posljednjih šezdeset godina razvijala politika rodne jednakosti EU-a te kakve su njene ocjene i projekcije za njenu budućnost? U odgovaranju na ovo pitanje koriste se originalni javnopolitički dokumenti EU-a, kao i uvidi bogate literature iz politologijskog područja roda i politike. Članak se zaključuje uvidom kako nakon pola stoljeća razvoja, koji je bio obilježen epizodama javnopolitičkih inovacija (u kojima EU nije bila puka sljedbenica, već dapače predvodnica napretka na globalnoj sceni), dolazi do zabrinjavajućeg zastoja u formulaciji i implementaciji politike rodne jednakosti. ; Gender regime of the European Union is a distinctive regime characterized by a specific genesis, particular rules and complex procedures. Public policies belonging to the regime represent the gender equality portfolio of member states and candidate countries. It is, therefore, essential to be familiar with their content, as well as their history. The paper analyses the complex creation of the gender equality policy, marked by political conflicts over opposing visions of equality, influence of other international regimes and internal institutional conflicts. The main question is the following: how has gender equality policy developed in the last sixty years, how is it evaluated and what are the projections for its future? In order to address this question, original EU public policy documents are used, as well as insights from rich literature covering the politological aspect of gender and politics. The paper ends with a conclusion that after half a century of development, marked by episodes of public policy innovation (in which the EU was not a mere follower, but rather a leader of progress on the global scene), there is a worrying stagnation in the formulation and implementation of gender equality policy.

Razina ekonomske slobode svake se godine mjeri putem jedinstvene svjetske metodologije. Na taj je način kanadski Fraser Institute razvio sustavni pristup javnim politikama koje utječu na opseg javne potrošnje i državne imovine, visinu glavnih poreza, inflaciju, slobodnu trgovinu, na regulaciju poslovanja, tržišta rada i kredita te ostala mjerena područja. Takav policy okvir može biti koristan za dizajniranje strukturnih prilagodbi kojima se poduzetnike može osloboditi od prekomjernog utjecaja i troška države. Također, smanjivanjem i ograničavanjem uloge države ekonomske slobode doprinose poboljšanju institucionalnog okvira za slobodno tržište. U konačnici, ekonomske slobode usko su vezane uz geopolitiku. ; The level of economic freedom is measured each year through a unique world methodology. This way, Canadian Fraser Institute has developed a systematic approach to public policies which affect the scope of public expenditure and state assets, level of major taxes, inflation, free trade, business regulation, labor and credit market and other measured areas. Such policy framework can be useful for designing structural adjustments by which enterprises could be freed from excessive involvement and cost of government. Moreover, by reducing and limiting the role of government economic freedom contributes the institutional framework for free market. Finally, economic freedom is closely related to geopolitics.

The Chinese Belt and Road Initiative will open new trade routes between China and the European Union (EU) and increase competition pressures on smaller EU member states. This article ranks where states like Estonia stand internationally in terms of innovativeness (and consequent competitiveness) by conducting an econometric study of patent development, education policy and research and development (R&D) expenditure policy. The authors claim that small member states such as Estonia should follow the example of countries such as Germany and adopt policies which focus more on increased public spending on R&D and innovation in public universities of science and technology, and raise support for high tech startups with a strong focus on international patenting. Member States must go further and subsidise R&D activities by focusing, inter alia, on filing of foreign patents such as triadic patents. ; The Chinese Belt and Road Initiative will open new trade routes between China and the European Union (EU) and increase competition pressures on smaller EU member states. This article ranks where states like Estonia stand internationally in terms of innovativeness (and consequent competitiveness) by conducting an econometric study of patent development, education policy and research and development (R&D) expenditure policy. The authors claim that small member states such as Estonia should follow the example of countries such as Germany and adopt policies which focus more on increased public spending on R&D and innovation in public universities of science and technology, and raise support for high tech startups with a strong focus on international patenting. Member States must go further and subsidise R&D activities by focusing, inter alia, on filing of foreign patents such as triadic patents.

Prezentirani su i analizirani rezultati empirijskog istraživanja o razvoju kombinirane socijalne politike u Hrvatskoj. Kombinirana socijalna politika nov je sustav socijalne politike u kojem vlada, lokalne vlasti, organizacije civilnog društva, trgovačka društva (profitni sektor), obitelj (neformalni sektor) te drugi dionici djeluju na mjestu prijašnjeg monopolističkog položaja države. U takvom sustavu vlast i javna uprava prepoznaju organizacije civilnog društva i druge dionike kao partnere te s njima surađuju u procesu pripreme i donošenja odluka te provedbe socijalnih programa. Trendovi razvoja kombiniranih socijalnih politika ovise o nasljeđu i tipovima socijalnih režima. Razvoj kombinirane socijalne politike aktualan je i u tranzicijskim zemljama i uvelike je obilježen nasljeđem i utjecajem procesa pridruživanja Europskoj uniji. Prijašnja empirijska istraživanja kombinirane socijalne politike u Hrvatskoj upozorila su na probleme razumijevanja tog koncepta i na skromne domete njegova razvoja. U ovom istraživanju posebno je analizirana uloga civilnog društva i javne uprave kao ključnih dionika razvoja kombinirane socijalne politike. Rezultati istraživanja govore da se u Hrvatskoj utire put razvoju kombinirane socijalne politike te da postoje primjeri koji se mogu koristiti kao dobra praksa. ; The paper is a result of an empirical, action-oriented research about the development of combined social policy in Croatia. Combined social policy is a new system of social policy in which the government, local authorities, civil society organisations, the profit sector, family (the informal sector), and other participants take action instead of the previously monopolistic state. In such a system, government and public administration recognise civil society organisations and other participants as partners and cooperate with them in drafting and ecisionmaking processes and in implementation of social programmes. Recent trends in the development of combined social policy in developed countries reflect the necessity of mobilising all available resources in order to meet the ever increasing and different social needs. The trends of development of combined social policies depend on the heritage and the types of social regimes. The development of combined social policy is also topical in the countries in transition, and is greatly influenced by inherited issues and the EU accession process. Previous empirical research of combined social policy in Croatia warned about the problems of understanding the concept and of modest degrees of its development. The research particularly analyses the role of civil society and public administration as key partakers in the development of combined social policy. Research results have shown that development paths for combined social policy in Croatia are being made and that there are examples of good practice. The analysed partakers are bound by mutual cooperation, they are informed about the concept of combined social policy and possess relevant knowledge and ideas about its development. Civil society organisations are more active than public administration in promoting the idea and amending the programmes of combined social policy. National policy and institutional frameworks are important limitations to the modernisation of social policy. Final remarks contain a warning about the necessity of further research that should include a wider circle of participants.

Analizira se suradnja javne uprave i organizacija civilnog društva u procesu odlučivanja. Snaženje koncepta regulacijske države mijenja ulogu javne vlasti u procesu odlučivanja. To se posebno očituje kroz širenje broja akera koji sudjeluju u izradi politika i odluka. Europska unija razvija mogućnosti i načine putem kojih razne organizacije civilnog društva imaju priliku dati svoje mišljenje o donošenju određene odluke. Republika Hrvatska pokušava slijediti taj trend definiranjem odredbi o postupcima savjetovanja sa zainteresiranom javnošću i uspostavljanjem mehanizama suradnje s organizacijama civilnog društva i drugim akterima na izradi zakona, drugih propisa i akata. Također se analiziraju formalne mogućnosti i stvarna participacija civilnog društva u postupcima savjetovanja sa zainteresiranom javnošću te odnos s javnom vlasti u izradi odluka. Analiziraju se instrumenti savjetovanja sa zainteresiranom javnošću u EU-u i Hrvatskoj. Upozorava se na određene probleme u regulaciji i provedbi instrumenta te se predlažu rješenja za poboljšanje. ; The strengthening of the regulatory state concept in recent decades has changed the role of public authorities in the decision-making process, rendering them just one of the many different participants involved in policy-making and the decision-making process. As regulation became their primary function, public authorities began to emphasise the quality of the decision-making process and the decisions it engenders in order to encourage the establishment of a suitable environment for economic development. Therefore, supranational organisations and many countries are implementing regulatory reforms in an attempt to create better regulation, and in the context of these reforms they are using instruments of civil society participation in decision-making. As a result of various circumstances, creating relations with civil society based on cooperation and partnership is often a relatively slow and gradual process, yet progress is notable. The European Union is constantly evolving opportunities and ways in which various civil society organisations can convey their opinions about the adoption of certain decisions at the EU level. Croatia has also, particularly over the last seven years, tried to follow this trend by defining the legal provisions and procedures of public consultations, and by establishing mechanisms for cooperation with civil society organisations and many other stakeholders in the drafting of laws and other regulations. The paper analyses the role of civil society and the opportunities for public consultations in the European Union and Croatia. The analysis results indicate progress as well as problems. The author suggests improvements with regard to the cooperation between civil society and public administration in public consultations.

The paper deals with the protection of the private and public spheres in surveillance capitalism. Predictions on consumer behaviour or the so-called behavioural surpluses are extracted from the set of collected (big) data of users/consumers from the so-called digital footprints, which become intelligence data, commodities on the data market. In addition to predicting user behaviour, various behavioural techniques push, or nudge users in a particular desired consumer or political direction or action, or dark nudge techniques when it comes to unauthorized data collection on users in the digital sphere. Surveiling and nudging users is done in the range from caring for their health, well-being and benefits, as well as general and public well-being, to encouraging expenditure, desired behaviour or voting in the desired direction of subjects who create such incentives (corporations, political parties, governments, etc.). The subject of the paper is based on behavioural economics which has introduced behavioural techniques in the field of public policy. The author proposes conceptual model of protective and active approach in the era of surveillance capitalism in the private and public spheres. An overview of the current digital regulation in the EU is given, and the need for further development of the legislative framework that will regulate the issues of supervision and protection of privacy and user data is pointed out. ; Rad se bavi zaštitom privatne i javne sfere u nadzirućem kapitalizmu. Iz skupa prikupljenih (big data) podataka korisnika/potrošača iz tzv. digitalnih otisaka ekstrahiraju se predviđanja o ponašanju korisnika ili tzv. bihevioralni višak koja postaju izvjesnice (intelligence podaci), roba na tržištu podataka. Osim predviđanja ponašanja korisnika, različitim se bihevioralnim tehnikama korisnike "gura" ili "potiče" (nudge) u određenom željenom potrošačkom ili političkom smjeru ili djelovanju, a kada je riječ o neovlaštenom prikupljanju podataka o korisnicima u digitalnoj sferi, radi se o dark nudge ...

U članku se razmatra transformacija procesa implementacije politike prema osobama s invaliditetom (OSI) u Hrvatskoj, koja je posljedica transformacije modela kreiranja politike prema OSI – iz medicinskog u socijalni, s tendencijom prema razvoju modela ljudskih prava. S obzirom na procesnu usmjerenost analize, implementacija se sagledava na temelju koncepta javnog upravljanja te se koristi teorijski okvir višerazinskog upravljanja Michaela Hilla i Petera Hupea, koji implementaciju shvaćaju kao operativno upravljanje. Konceptualiziraju se i analiziraju promjene aktivnosti operativnog upravljanja na razini sustava, organizacije i pojedinca kao posljedica spomenute transformacije modela. Analizom intervjua aktera politike i provedbenih dokumenata, kao dijela interdisciplinarnog istraživačkog projekta, autorice pokazuju da je u hrvatskoj politici prema OSI došlo do neujednačene transformacije na različitim razinama implementacije (sustav/organizacija/pojedinac). Tako je na razini sustava utvrđena prisutnost socijalnog modela s tendencijom daljnjeg razvoja okvira implementacije prema modelu ljudskih prava. Razinu međuorganizacijskih odnosa obilježava socijalni model, a na razini pojedinca tek se događa izlazak iz medicinskog modela. ; The paper studies the transformation of the process of implementation of the policy toward persons with disabilities (OSI) in Croatia, which arises as a consequence of the transformation of the model of policy-making toward persons with disabilities – from a medical to a social one, with a tendency for development of a model of human rights. Considering the process-based orientation of the analysis, the implementation is examined through the concept of public governance, by using the theoretical framework of multiple governance by Michael Hill and Peter Hupe, who understand implementation as operational governance. Changes of activities of operational governance at the systemic, organizational and individual levels as a consequence of the mentioned transformation of the model are conceptualized and analysed. Through an analysis of the interviews of policy actors and implementation documents, as part of an interdisciplinary research project, the authors show that Croatian policy toward persons with disabilities has seen non-uniform transformation at different levels of implementation (the system/organization/individual). At the systemic level, the existence of the social model with a tendency for further development of the implementation framework toward a model of human rights has been established. The level of inter-organizational relations is characterized by the social model, and at the individual level getting out of the medical model is only taking place.