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This study addresses the problem of optimal public policy timing and the relation to public health policy. Ways of recognizing this problem are presented, as well as the role of public policy timing, which is perceived or can be performed from various economic theories and concepts, mainly: regulation theory ; the concept of adaptive public policy ; and the theory of policy timing based on the concepts of option value and the transaction costs of the political process. The approach of methodological pluralism adopted by the authors made it possible to reach for various cognitive inspirations borrowed from numerous theoretical approaches, in order to create a comprehensive and coherent theoretical foundation for the purposes of analyzing the role of timing in applied public policies. Next, an attempt was made to define the role of public policy timing in the applied approach, i.e., the case of Polish policy towards the public hospital care sector. The final conclusion is that the role of timing is marginalized in Polish public health policy. The time dimension of its creation was ignored or treated as an exogenous event in relation to the rest of the policy formulation process. There is no political approach that adaptively links the right combination of resources and regulatory activity to timing for specific stages of development or growth in public hospital care.

There are many ethical dimensions of public policy. Public policy as actions to solve the collective problems includes directly or indirectly making ethical judgments. Public policy takes into account reconciliation of conflicting interests of individuals, groups, and organizations which is based on the values agreeing which influences on the objectives, principles, and styles of policy implementation. Ethical judgments about selecting more and less important as well as more positive problem solutions are present on all stages of policy cycle.

There are many ethical dimensions of public policy. Public policy as actions to solve the collective problems includes directly or indirectly making ethical judgments. Public policy takes into account reconciliation of conflicting interests of individuals, groups, and organizations which is based on the values agreeing which influences on the objectives, principles, and styles of policy implementation. Ethical judgments about selecting more and less important as well as more positive problem solutions are present on all stages of policy cycle.

Public policy is an area of increasing study. Of concern in this presentation is the consensus-building feature of policymaking in the United States. The role of government in following the procedures established to achieve consensus and the importance of citizen participation in this open process cannot be under-estimated. The five central features of American consensus building are separation of powers, multiple levels of government, citizen participation, policymaker accountability, and individual freedoms. These features frame the efforts of those who shape the public policies that determine the ways laws are made and enforced and public funds are spent.

Sub-chapter deals with the reservation of public policy which serves to protect fundamental social values as morality, freedom, justice or decency. Initially analyses the concept of public policy contained in international conventions. There are listed some examples of the international conventions on the applicable law or the recognition and enforcement of judgments. The following part discusses the reservation of public policy in the EU law. It states the examples of regulations which contain the provisions relating to public policy and further analyses the provisions of the Rome I Regulation and Rome II Regulation. The last part deals with the reservation of public policy regulated by the Private International Law Act.

Natural resources can make diversification and structural change more challenging. This chapter focuses on why public policy matters. International competitiveness depends on both relative prices and on the policy and institutional changes and investments that governments make to enhance it. Drawing on the five country case studies in this volume, the authors suggest lessons for the design of policies to promote structural change in Africa's resource exporters. They address the three key themes—managing the boom, the construction sector, and linking industry to the resource—then propose ideas for widening options for structural change. These include reforms to deal with 'Dutch disease', expanding the concept of structural change from a focus on industrialization to 'industries without smokestacks', and investing in knowledge.

Il lavoro analizza l'incidenza della clausola di ordine pubblico nella regolamentazione delle successioni internazionali

The image of the American entrepreneur retains an enduring fascination in the minds of the public and policy makers alike. For example, testifying several years ago at a congressional hearing on "the entrepreneurial spirit in America," Wisconsin's Senator Robert Kasten said of entrepreneurs: "They create new jobs. They provide new competition to existing businesses. They help to improve product quality, help to reduce prices, add new goods and services never before thought of, advance new technologies, America's competitive stance." His statement captures the view that entrepreneurial enterprises are valuable sources of technological advance, jobs, and dynamism, a trait commonly attributed to small business as a whole. Our national affection toward entrepreneurs also manifests itself in attitudes towards small business. "Start-up," "family," and other small-scale businesses carry an important weight in discussions of national policy. This durable affection stems in part from the perception that small business is the vehicle by which entrepreneurs provide needed vigor to the economy. In the newly established democracies of Eastern Europe a widely discussed challenge is the need to regenerate a vital entrepreneurial sector. The centralized regime pushed the mass production paradigm to its limit, at times concentrating the entire production of a good in a single factory. The dismal record of poor quality products and stagnant economic growth highlights the need for the competition and vigor provided by start-up enterprises. The national focus on small business is not merely talk. Many government policies are directed toward aiding small businesses. For example, the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1993 (RRA93) permits the exclusion of 50 percent of capital gains on qualifying investments in start-ups and small businesses held for five or more years. This brief surveys the various notions of "small business," presents criteria that should underlie policies toward business, and reviews the case for public policies to stimulate entrepreneurship and small business. It concludes that it is surprisingly difficult to construct a case in favor of systematically favoring small businesses. Indeed, it is probably not useful to think of creating a "small business climate" through policies like targeted tax breaks, wage subsidies, loan guarantees or outright grants. Instead, policies should be devoted to developing an environment favorable to innovation, employment, and growth in the economy as a whole.

"Public-private partnerships have become an important tool for delivering essential public goods, but critics fear that they erode public accountability. Making partnerships more accountable requires a clear understanding of what accountability means for partnerships and which mechanisms can be used to strengthen it. Accountability in Public Policy Partnerships develops a new model of accountability based on principal-agent theory. This model provides a firm normative foundation for accountability demands. At the same time, it shows which accountability standards apply to which kinds of partnerships. Norm-setting partnerships, for example, require strong mechanisms for participation, whereas implementation partnerships must focus on performance evaluation, competitive bidding and beneficiary feedback processes. The accountability model and standards developed in this book provide a guide for partnership practitioners who are developing the governance structures of their partnerships; they serve as benchmarks for evaluating partnerships; and they provide new inputs for the ongoing accountability debates in the public, the corporate and the civil society sectors. "

Public policy is currently shifting from SME policy towards entrepreneurship policy, which supports entrepreneurship without directing attention to quantitative goals and specific firms or employment groups. The institutional framework set by public policy affects the prevalence and performance of both productive entrepreneurship and so-called high-impact entrepreneurship in turn. Although varying contexts and economic systems make prescribing a general panacea impossible, a number of relevant policy areas are identified and analyzed. Independent of environment, productive entrepreneurship should be rewarded and unproductive entrepreneurship should be discouraged. Successful ventures must also have the incentive to continue renewing themselves just as it must be easy to start and expand a business. In particular, we analyze regulatory entry and growth barriers, labor market regulation, liquidity constraints and tax policy at length.

This paper provides an overview of the Harris Centre's activity during its first ten years in relation to governance and public policy in Newfoundland and Labrador. The "governance and public policy" theme in this anniversary project reflect activities at the Harris Centre that focus on issues of public policy process and institutional design in the province. While "public policy," broadly understood, could comprise the full scope of Harris Centre activities as all of its activities engage in public policy questions broadly understood; the point of this report is to focus less on the insights provided by the Harris Centre on what governments should "do" in any particular policy domain, but rather on how they should be organized and on how the policy process should be managed. With that being said, the Harris Centre's work on public policy and governance is complex. While some of it emerges as a "primary" focus of more directive work by the Harris Centre itself on key concerns in provincial governance, there is also a great deal of public policy and governance analysis as a "secondary" concern in research reports, workshops and presentations that were more centrally focused on questions of policy analysis and the content of existing or alternative policies. Often this secondary concern about institutions and process in a policy area emerges from comments, suggestions, or the summing up of Harris Centre events, reflecting a more "bottom up" process in which analysis of public policy and governance (and needed institutional reforms) was driven by participants. Basically, Harris Centre research, forums, discussion and deliberation frequently mix the consideration of substantive policy issues in a particular area (e.g. problems of forest management) with deliberations on governance (e.g. how forest management policy should be made). While this is entirely understandable, it means that there is considerable breadth to the Harris Centre's work on the topic, albeit often in a "secondary role." Thus, to capture the full scope of these activities and to give a general sense of themes present in the Harris Centre's work, in the end, we have reviewed almost all of the Harris Centre's activities, searching for discussion of public policy and governance. In Appendix 1 we offer a summery of all Harris Centre activity in this area. Far too broad to be discussed in detail in this overview, we have divided our discussion into two sections below. The first overview section focuses on general "thematic" concerns about public policy and governance that emerge in Harris Centre activities where public policy and governance were not the central theme (with some illustrative examples). The second overview section focuses on more direct and focused work led by the Centre in which public policy and governance were the primary focus

Die Forschung zu Public Policy ist ohne die Berücksichtigung des Kontexts, in dem politische Entscheidungen getroffen werden, unvollständig. Überraschenderweise gibt es aber bisher kaum relevante wissenschaftlich fundierte Erkenntnisse bezüglich einer Public-Policy-Theorie für Entwicklungsländer. Mit Blick auf Pakistan als eines der Grauzonenländer macht sich diese Arbeit zur Aufgabe, diese theoretische Lücke mit einer Analyse der Politikgestaltung des sozialen Sektors zu schließen. Mit Hilfe der Diskursanalyse werden grundlegende Aussagen des Ideellen Institutionalismus untersucht, um den Mechanismus zu verstehen, durch den Ideen entstehen und sich auf die Ergebnisse von Public Policy auswirken. Mit der Anwendung der Fallstudienmethode konkretisiert diese Forschung das enorme Versprechen des Ideellen Institutionalismus, die Politikgestaltung in Grauzonenländern untersuchen zu können.

The publicity given to the first successful human fertilisation raised widespread public discussions, particularly on the local media, on the complex ethical, social and legal issues related to artificial human procreation. Shortly after this breakthrough in local medical history, a parliamentary question urged the National Bioethics Consultative Committee to issue ethical guidelines and called for a legal framework. Though this event caught the attention of the general public, artificial insemination has been taking place in Malta, as elsewhere, for a long time. An article published in one of the leading daily papers announced that the number of Maltese married couples who are having children using donated ova or sperm is increasing. ; N/A

This paper focuses on cultural industries. They are becoming a part of culture on the national level because they create both the symbolic and the economic capital. The research proves that investment in cultural industries is beneficial; they help to attract tourists and investors from other countries, improve the image of the country and increase awareness about it. Cultural industries are becoming a perspective area of economy. In Europe and other countries of the world, cultural industries have appeared as a branch of private business which do not require state support; however, the subsequent development of these industries and their successful competition with international corporates of cultural industries require purposeful state policy. Recently, the notion of cultural industries has been included into the cultural policy. Political decisions determine certain changes in cultural industries and their influence on the culture in a country. Countries can shape their policy of cultural industries in different ways; they can select the means to implement the policy depending on their aims and to establish institutions to implement them. The following models of the policy of cultural industries are distinguished: paternalistic, patronal, and liberal; they indicate a state's approach towards cultural policies and help to understand and evaluate its decisions in the area of the management of cultural industries. Therefore, the aim of the article is to reveal the extent of control imposed on cultural industries in the state policy. The first part of the article surveys the notion of cultural industries and the areas attributed to them. The second part analyses cultural industries as an area of cultural policy, and the last part describes possible models of the policy of cultural industries.

This paper focuses on cultural industries. They are becoming a part of culture on the national level because they create both the symbolic and the economic capital. The research proves that investment in cultural industries is beneficial; they help to attract tourists and investors from other countries, improve the image of the country and increase awareness about it. Cultural industries are becoming a perspective area of economy. In Europe and other countries of the world, cultural industries have appeared as a branch of private business which do not require state support; however, the subsequent development of these industries and their successful competition with international corporates of cultural industries require purposeful state policy. Recently, the notion of cultural industries has been included into the cultural policy. Political decisions determine certain changes in cultural industries and their influence on the culture in a country. Countries can shape their policy of cultural industries in different ways; they can select the means to implement the policy depending on their aims and to establish institutions to implement them. The following models of the policy of cultural industries are distinguished: paternalistic, patronal, and liberal; they indicate a state's approach towards cultural policies and help to understand and evaluate its decisions in the area of the management of cultural industries. Therefore, the aim of the article is to reveal the extent of control imposed on cultural industries in the state policy. The first part of the article surveys the notion of cultural industries and the areas attributed to them. The second part analyses cultural industries as an area of cultural policy, and the last part describes possible models of the policy of cultural industries.