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Charter schools are regarded as the fastest growing and most impressive innovative institution in public education in Colorado. However, a charter school policy has been unevenly implemented across Colorado school districts. This study aims to clarify what conditions lead to this uneven implementation. To examine the efforts of Colorado school districts to innovate within the conventional public school system, it analyzes several hypotheses based on the diffusion model and socioeconomic factors with an ordinary least squares regression model. Statistical analysis demonstrates that three predictor variables-diffusion, educational level, and alternative innovation-positively influence the social phenomenon that each Colorado school district shows different efforts in the implementation of charter school policy. Among them, the number of alternative schools is the strongest regressor, and the existence of neighboring school districts with charter schools is the second strongest regressor that exerts powerful effects to account for the wide variance in the implementation of Colorado school districts` charter school policy.

Poland's 1924 stabilization plan created, as measured by contemporary criteria, an independent central bank. The stabilization's success was undermined by a fiscal disequilibrium when a capital levy failed to raise revenue. The Polish government covered the revenue shortfall by exploiting the right of the state to issue subsidiary coins. Although central bank independence was not compromised, Poland did not have an independent monetary policy. When the fiscal disequilibrium was corrected in 1926, the central bank gained complete control over monetary policy. Thus, a balanced budget may be more important to achieving price stability than arrangements to foster central bank independence.

This policy brief presents the impact of a coordinated policy mix of increased public investment together with more progressive taxation and labour market policies to improve income distribution in Europe. Based on an econometric model for individual EU Member states, we simulate a policy scenario of a simultaneous increase in public investment by 1% of GDP along with more progressive taxation (increasing effective tax burden on capital by 1% and decreasing tax burden on labour by 1%) and an increase in the wage share by 1% of GDP in each country. The result is 6.6% higher GDP in the EU. Even private investment increases by 1.5% as a ratio to GDP (on average in Europe) as an outcome of this policy mix; i.e. public spending does not crowd out but rather crowds in private investment. Despite the rise in public spending, the budget balance in Europe improves (by 0.8% as a ratio to GDP) because the beneficial fiscal effects of higher economic growth and higher tax rates on capital prevail. Growth and private investment improves both in the periphery and core countries of Europe. The concerns regarding the inflationary effects of wage increases are also not supported by empirical evidence. This policy mix will lead to only a modest 1.5 percentage point increase in price level in Europe on average. Hence wage-led and public investment-led growth are complimentary and feasible. Such a coordinated policy mix, along with a properly designed industrial policy can ensure genuine regional convergence and social cohesion in Europe.

Literary sources regarding public—private partnerships (PPPs) often mention the importance of conducting a value for money (VfM) analysis to determine the value of pursuing a project through a PPP versus a traditional procurement; however, few sources detail how agencies actually use this analysis in practice. This article provides a state-of-the-practice review of VfM analysis using examples from Australia, Canada, Europe, Africa, and Asia, focusing particularly on the VfM model used by agencies such as Partnerships Victoria, The United Kingdom's Her Majesty Treasury Department, and Partnerships British Columbia. Despite its growing applications in PPP projects from all different sectors, VfM has faced significant criticisms from academics and practitioners. This article evaluates reviews of VfM, noting the weaknesses and strengths of the methodology. Using the information derived from the evaluation, this article provides a guided reference for public agencies looking to adopt this VfM methodology in their current PPP decision-making framework.

Despite the increasing occurrence of policies aimed at mobilising the financial and human resources of the private sector most urban local governments responsible for urban basic services in the South do not have the capacity to initiate and sustain partnerships. Nor do they understand how they can create partnerships that target the poor. This sourcebook provides practical information and guidance to do so. With extensive illustrative material from Africa Asia and Latin America it sets out a strategic framework for building municipal capacity to create pro-poor partnerships. It focuses on imp.

Farbod Ebadi Fardazar,1 Ali Sarabi Asiabar,2 Hossein Safari,1 Mojgan Asgari,3 Ali Saber,4 Amir Ali Ebadi Fard Azar5 1School of Public Health, Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 2School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 3Department of ENT, Amir Alam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 4Department of Medical Ethics, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; 5School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranCorrespondence: Hossein SafariHemmat Highway, School of Public Health, Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranTel +989191846252Fax +9804134449152Email safaripalangi.h@iums.ac.irIntroduction: Improving public health through providing affordable and accessible pharmaceuticals is among the concerns of governments worldwide. This study aimed to analyze Iran's pharmaceutical sector policies in order to identify the challenges and suggest some strategic solutions to overcome such challenges.Methods: Top managers (15), middle managers (10), and operational managers (5) working in the Food and Drug Administration of Iranian Ministry of Health along with community pharmacists (5) participated in a qualitative study using semi-structured in-depth interviews. Data were recorded, transcribed, and then analyzed via MAXQDA 10 software.Results: Policies for national pharmaceutical sector were divided into four groups of "research & development", "import & export", "pharmaceutical procurement", and "pharmaceutical supply and distribution". Then, the challenges faced by each sector were extracted. Considering the challenges, some policy options were recommended for growth and development of national pharmaceutical sector.Conclusion: Iran's pharmaceutical sector has managerial and administrative differences compared with overseas pharmaceutical sectors. These differences are the main reasons for the current status of Iran's pharmaceutical sector and have put Iran behind foreign pharmaceutical sectors. Iran's pharmaceutical sector has endured many critical periods during recent decades and has gained great experience during these stages. Therefore, it is believed that Iran's pharmaceutical sector, with its experience and potential, is capable of producing world-level medicines.Keywords: pharmaceutical policy-making, research & development, qualitative study, supportive policy, Iran

The Swedish response to the COVID‐19 pandemic is different not only to the response of other European countries, but also to other Scandinavian countries, which are geographically proximate and culturally similar. The question that emerges from an analysis of the Swedish case concerns the reasons why the country chose to take such a relatively liberal crisis response to the onset of the pandemic compared to the rest of Europe. In this paper, I treat the national response to the pandemic as the outcome variable, which I seek to explain through an analysis of the intersection of dualism in the model of Swedish public administration and the devolved governance system that bestows operational autonomy on public agencies and local public authorities. The duality that characterizes the relationship between politics, policy, and administration in Sweden resulted in a response that was necessarily decentralized. The decentralized response in conjunction with high political trust among the citizenry necessitated, and was conducive to, broad guidelines. I conclude the article with a discussion placing the Swedish response in perspective for further comparative research.

THE AUTHOR OF THIS ARTICLE DISCUSSES THE TRANSITION IN FOREIGN POLICY FROM THE CARTER ADMINISTRATION TO THE REAGAN ADMINISTRATION. HE ASKS THREE QUESTIONS OF CARTER'S FOREIGN POLICY: WHAT WAS DONE WELL? WHAT WENT WRONG? WHAT SHOULD BE LEARNED FROM THE CARTER PRESIDENCY? HE BELIEVES CARTER'S INITIAL ASSERTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN FOREIGN POLICY WAS A GOOD IDEA, AND DISCUSSES ITS ENDS AND RESULTS.