Suchergebnisse

Occupational safety and worker health conditions in industry depend on the implementation and administration of safety laws and regulations. Lithuania has recently increased the number of companies that run the occupational safety and health management systems. However, in the majority of businesses and particularly private farms the legislation is not sufficiently implemented, the document management is purely tokenistic and symbolic, professional risk assessment is not carried out, the managers or other authorized personnel show a lack of competence. The research results are based on the questionnaire. The agricultural companies engaged in the production and processing of agricultural products have been surveyed. Having summarized the results the safety, occupational risk assessment, authorizing the personnel to work in the field of safety and health management issues were discussed. Moreover, the checklist was prepared, the level of occupational safety was evaluated and measures to improve it have been provided regulating the government payments for agricultural sector.

Occupational safety and worker health conditions in industry depend on the implementation and administration of safety laws and regulations. Lithuania has recently increased the number of companies that run the occupational safety and health management systems. However, in the majority of businesses and particularly private farms the legislation is not sufficiently implemented, the document management is purely tokenistic and symbolic, professional risk assessment is not carried out, the managers or other authorized personnel show a lack of competence. The research results are based on the questionnaire. The agricultural companies engaged in the production and processing of agricultural products have been surveyed. Having summarized the results the safety, occupational risk assessment, authorizing the personnel to work in the field of safety and health management issues were discussed. Moreover, the checklist was prepared, the level of occupational safety was evaluated and measures to improve it have been provided regulating the government payments for agricultural sector.

The problems of efficiency and effectiveness of law The existence, range and problems of efficiency and effectiveness of law as the social value in the legal state determining total or partial non-efficiency/non-effectiveness were the object of this survey. This work tries to name and analyse the problems of efficiency and effectiveness of law, their reasons, as well as to propose the motions and recommendations for solution of these problems. The work begins by the general questions of efficiency and effectiveness of law: clarification of concepts, finding the object of survey and naming the topic of survey – these points are discussed concisely in so far as it is necessary to discuss them further analysing the main subject of work. In the second part of work it is trying to determine the range of efficiency as a legal value and to deny the striving of absolute efficiency. In the third part are analysed the particular problems of efficiency and effectiveness, in the aspect of different law trends and conceptions – law sociology, positive law, law economical analysis. Hereafter are developed the topic of legislation process and it is defined that the quality of legislation as well as the efficiency and effectiveness of law are conditioned by every stage of this process similarly the observance of law language rules and implementation of means to improve the legislation quality. It is performed the survey trying to identify the using of these means in Lithuania, are investigated the covering documents of decrees – travaux preparatoires, are analysed and systemised the notations, the tenders for the projects of laws, is debated the influence of these notations for the law acting in the future. In the last part of work are analysed the problems of efficiency and effectiveness of law rising during the law implementation: complexity of law and its expensiveness, non-competence of institutions, non-privity and a complex bureaucratic apparatus, also non-authoritative and non-appropriate interpretation of rules of law and the factors determining the doubts in the process of court. Finally the efficiency and effectiveness of law are opened as the criteria of choosing the method of law explanation.

The problems of efficiency and effectiveness of law The existence, range and problems of efficiency and effectiveness of law as the social value in the legal state determining total or partial non-efficiency/non-effectiveness were the object of this survey. This work tries to name and analyse the problems of efficiency and effectiveness of law, their reasons, as well as to propose the motions and recommendations for solution of these problems. The work begins by the general questions of efficiency and effectiveness of law: clarification of concepts, finding the object of survey and naming the topic of survey – these points are discussed concisely in so far as it is necessary to discuss them further analysing the main subject of work. In the second part of work it is trying to determine the range of efficiency as a legal value and to deny the striving of absolute efficiency. In the third part are analysed the particular problems of efficiency and effectiveness, in the aspect of different law trends and conceptions – law sociology, positive law, law economical analysis. Hereafter are developed the topic of legislation process and it is defined that the quality of legislation as well as the efficiency and effectiveness of law are conditioned by every stage of this process similarly the observance of law language rules and implementation of means to improve the legislation quality. It is performed the survey trying to identify the using of these means in Lithuania, are investigated the covering documents of decrees – travaux preparatoires, are analysed and systemised the notations, the tenders for the projects of laws, is debated the influence of these notations for the law acting in the future. In the last part of work are analysed the problems of efficiency and effectiveness of law rising during the law implementation: complexity of law and its expensiveness, non-competence of institutions, non-privity and a complex bureaucratic apparatus, also non-authoritative and non-appropriate interpretation of rules of law and the factors determining the doubts in the process of court. Finally the efficiency and effectiveness of law are opened as the criteria of choosing the method of law explanation.

Every state may face a bid for protection in embassies or consulates from persons looking for a shelter in dangerous situations to their lives and safety. Even though diplomatic asylum is more peculiar to Latin America region, no State is prevented from such seekers. Practical examples show that diplomatic asylum helped to safe thousands of people in countries where instability of governments exist, during wars or in situations where no other alternative of protection was available. Grant of diplomatic asylum is a problematic issue because it raises question which value should prevail: inviolability of premises or non interference into internal affairs, protection of human rights or sovereignty of State. This master thesis attempts to find out what is the current position of diplomatic asylum in the context of public international law and on what grounds it could be granted in embassies and consulates. For this aim, the thesis is focused on the evolution and main features of diplomatic asylum, on its relation with regional and universal international law instruments, on dominating positions to diplomatic asylum in the case law. International treaties, state practice and various positions of legal writers were analyzed in order to reveal grounds for granting diplomatic asylum. In the States where diplomatic asylum is recognized, it is granted according to the existing legal regulation. In the States where diplomatic asylum is not considered as legal institute, it is granted on humanitarian considerations in order to protect people. The thesis concludes that different attitudes to diplomatic asylum exist regarding international law. For a group of State it is an institute of regional international law while other states tolerate it purely on humanitarian considerations. Despite different approaches of diplomatic asylum in the international law, it can be a means to protect life or safety of a person.

Every state may face a bid for protection in embassies or consulates from persons looking for a shelter in dangerous situations to their lives and safety. Even though diplomatic asylum is more peculiar to Latin America region, no State is prevented from such seekers. Practical examples show that diplomatic asylum helped to safe thousands of people in countries where instability of governments exist, during wars or in situations where no other alternative of protection was available. Grant of diplomatic asylum is a problematic issue because it raises question which value should prevail: inviolability of premises or non interference into internal affairs, protection of human rights or sovereignty of State. This master thesis attempts to find out what is the current position of diplomatic asylum in the context of public international law and on what grounds it could be granted in embassies and consulates. For this aim, the thesis is focused on the evolution and main features of diplomatic asylum, on its relation with regional and universal international law instruments, on dominating positions to diplomatic asylum in the case law. International treaties, state practice and various positions of legal writers were analyzed in order to reveal grounds for granting diplomatic asylum. In the States where diplomatic asylum is recognized, it is granted according to the existing legal regulation. In the States where diplomatic asylum is not considered as legal institute, it is granted on humanitarian considerations in order to protect people. The thesis concludes that different attitudes to diplomatic asylum exist regarding international law. For a group of State it is an institute of regional international law while other states tolerate it purely on humanitarian considerations. Despite different approaches of diplomatic asylum in the international law, it can be a means to protect life or safety of a person.

Unit-Linked Life Insurance: Regulatory Issues SUMMARY Unit – linked life insurance is a permanent, cumulative life insurance, which essentially involves two different transactions, i. e. insurance and investment. In this case, part of the insurance premium is invested and the policyholder is responsible for the investment. This type insurance has conceptual differences not only from traditional life insurance, but also from financial instruments. Although there is an opinion that unit – linked life insurance does not correspond to the functions of the doctrine, the author of the Master's thesis is of the opinion that these functions are not fully implemented in accordance with the violations of legal requirements. Among other things, in the Master's thesis is analysed the issues of unit - linked life insurance regulation that was distinguished of the Bank of Lithuania. As well as the regulatory issues that was identified at European Union level. Analysis of these problems shows that most of these regulatory issues are inadequately defined, and that the proposed improvements in regulation are ineffective and should be considered as superfluous in the light of the legal regulations in force at that time. Among other things, the reform of the Law on Insurance of the Republic of Lithuania is considered as not guaranteeing real protection of consumer rights. Thus, one of the main problems of unit - linked life insurance, which in fact creates the major part of the problems identified by the Bank of Lithuania, is finally considered by the author. In the third part is presented and analysed possible ways of solving existing regulatory issues, which were not identified by the Bank of Lithuania and not established in recently enacted European Union legislation, i. e. Directive and Regulation.

Unit-Linked Life Insurance: Regulatory Issues SUMMARY Unit – linked life insurance is a permanent, cumulative life insurance, which essentially involves two different transactions, i. e. insurance and investment. In this case, part of the insurance premium is invested and the policyholder is responsible for the investment. This type insurance has conceptual differences not only from traditional life insurance, but also from financial instruments. Although there is an opinion that unit – linked life insurance does not correspond to the functions of the doctrine, the author of the Master's thesis is of the opinion that these functions are not fully implemented in accordance with the violations of legal requirements. Among other things, in the Master's thesis is analysed the issues of unit - linked life insurance regulation that was distinguished of the Bank of Lithuania. As well as the regulatory issues that was identified at European Union level. Analysis of these problems shows that most of these regulatory issues are inadequately defined, and that the proposed improvements in regulation are ineffective and should be considered as superfluous in the light of the legal regulations in force at that time. Among other things, the reform of the Law on Insurance of the Republic of Lithuania is considered as not guaranteeing real protection of consumer rights. Thus, one of the main problems of unit - linked life insurance, which in fact creates the major part of the problems identified by the Bank of Lithuania, is finally considered by the author. In the third part is presented and analysed possible ways of solving existing regulatory issues, which were not identified by the Bank of Lithuania and not established in recently enacted European Union legislation, i. e. Directive and Regulation.

Unit-Linked Life Insurance: Regulatory Issues SUMMARY Unit – linked life insurance is a permanent, cumulative life insurance, which essentially involves two different transactions, i. e. insurance and investment. In this case, part of the insurance premium is invested and the policyholder is responsible for the investment. This type insurance has conceptual differences not only from traditional life insurance, but also from financial instruments. Although there is an opinion that unit – linked life insurance does not correspond to the functions of the doctrine, the author of the Master's thesis is of the opinion that these functions are not fully implemented in accordance with the violations of legal requirements. Among other things, in the Master's thesis is analysed the issues of unit - linked life insurance regulation that was distinguished of the Bank of Lithuania. As well as the regulatory issues that was identified at European Union level. Analysis of these problems shows that most of these regulatory issues are inadequately defined, and that the proposed improvements in regulation are ineffective and should be considered as superfluous in the light of the legal regulations in force at that time. Among other things, the reform of the Law on Insurance of the Republic of Lithuania is considered as not guaranteeing real protection of consumer rights. Thus, one of the main problems of unit - linked life insurance, which in fact creates the major part of the problems identified by the Bank of Lithuania, is finally considered by the author. In the third part is presented and analysed possible ways of solving existing regulatory issues, which were not identified by the Bank of Lithuania and not established in recently enacted European Union legislation, i. e. Directive and Regulation.

Unit-Linked Life Insurance: Regulatory Issues SUMMARY Unit – linked life insurance is a permanent, cumulative life insurance, which essentially involves two different transactions, i. e. insurance and investment. In this case, part of the insurance premium is invested and the policyholder is responsible for the investment. This type insurance has conceptual differences not only from traditional life insurance, but also from financial instruments. Although there is an opinion that unit – linked life insurance does not correspond to the functions of the doctrine, the author of the Master's thesis is of the opinion that these functions are not fully implemented in accordance with the violations of legal requirements. Among other things, in the Master's thesis is analysed the issues of unit - linked life insurance regulation that was distinguished of the Bank of Lithuania. As well as the regulatory issues that was identified at European Union level. Analysis of these problems shows that most of these regulatory issues are inadequately defined, and that the proposed improvements in regulation are ineffective and should be considered as superfluous in the light of the legal regulations in force at that time. Among other things, the reform of the Law on Insurance of the Republic of Lithuania is considered as not guaranteeing real protection of consumer rights. Thus, one of the main problems of unit - linked life insurance, which in fact creates the major part of the problems identified by the Bank of Lithuania, is finally considered by the author. In the third part is presented and analysed possible ways of solving existing regulatory issues, which were not identified by the Bank of Lithuania and not established in recently enacted European Union legislation, i. e. Directive and Regulation.

This article consists of comparing research of development of fear of crime in Lithuania and in other European Union countries and sense of safety in Lithuanian society and in societies of other European and European Union countries. The definition of safety consists from three components: individual level, national level and international level from one side; and political safety, economical safety and security of national defence from another side. The sense of individual safety is subjective feeling while the level of national security is objective circumstance. These two definitions are non identic. The sense of safety and fear of crime in this article are analysed as consequences of crime victimisation. The International Crime Victim Survey in Lithuania in 1997 revealed, that crime victimisation in Lithuania is on the average level among the European and European Union countries. The crime victimisation average in the European Union and other European and non European countries is 24,4 per cent per one year. In Lithuania the same indicator is 26,9 per cent. The indicator in Lithuania is identical to the level of crime victimisation, i.e. in Switzerland (26,7per cent). But Lithuanian inhabitants have much more fear of crime that in other European countries and other industrialised countries of the world. The fear of crime per one year in Lithuania is round twice as much than in other abovementioned countries, and three-three and a half times as much as in Scandinavian countries.

This article consists of comparing research of development of fear of crime in Lithuania and in other European Union countries and sense of safety in Lithuanian society and in societies of other European and European Union countries. The definition of safety consists from three components: individual level, national level and international level from one side; and political safety, economical safety and security of national defence from another side. The sense of individual safety is subjective feeling while the level of national security is objective circumstance. These two definitions are non identic. The sense of safety and fear of crime in this article are analysed as consequences of crime victimisation. The International Crime Victim Survey in Lithuania in 1997 revealed, that crime victimisation in Lithuania is on the average level among the European and European Union countries. The crime victimisation average in the European Union and other European and non European countries is 24,4 per cent per one year. In Lithuania the same indicator is 26,9 per cent. The indicator in Lithuania is identical to the level of crime victimisation, i.e. in Switzerland (26,7per cent). But Lithuanian inhabitants have much more fear of crime that in other European countries and other industrialised countries of the world. The fear of crime per one year in Lithuania is round twice as much than in other abovementioned countries, and three-three and a half times as much as in Scandinavian countries.

The article focuses on issues which occur when interpreting metaphors in official speech. Metaphor as a figure of speech and a tool that help to understand a way of thinking is inevitable in official speeches to make them more vivid. However, using metaphors in native language and interpreting them is a different case. In this way, interpreters who are presented with metaphors during relatively short official speeches face quite a lot of difficulties. Even though official speeches have a special subject, intentional topic and consistency, they can be filled by various metaphors as well. Therefore, interpreters should be prepared that the speaker might denominate his/her ideas by various metaphorical expressions. This raises the following questions: Do interpreters during simultaneous interpreting session of official speech manage to interpret all metaphorical expressions that they hear? What specific professional knowledge is required for interpreters who mainly work with official register? The analysis of simultaneous interpreting session of one-minute official speeches provided by the European Parliament members made it possible to conclude that even though interpreters face quite a lot of difficulties, they manage to convey most of the metaphors form original language to target language.

The article focuses on issues which occur when interpreting metaphors in official speech. Metaphor as a figure of speech and a tool that help to understand a way of thinking is inevitable in official speeches to make them more vivid. However, using metaphors in native language and interpreting them is a different case. In this way, interpreters who are presented with metaphors during relatively short official speeches face quite a lot of difficulties. Even though official speeches have a special subject, intentional topic and consistency, they can be filled by various metaphors as well. Therefore, interpreters should be prepared that the speaker might denominate his/her ideas by various metaphorical expressions. This raises the following questions: Do interpreters during simultaneous interpreting session of official speech manage to interpret all metaphorical expressions that they hear? What specific professional knowledge is required for interpreters who mainly work with official register? The analysis of simultaneous interpreting session of one-minute official speeches provided by the European Parliament members made it possible to conclude that even though interpreters face quite a lot of difficulties, they manage to convey most of the metaphors form original language to target language.

The article focuses on issues which occur when interpreting metaphors in official speech. Metaphor as a figure of speech and a tool that help to understand a way of thinking is inevitable in official speeches to make them more vivid. However, using metaphors in native language and interpreting them is a different case. In this way, interpreters who are presented with metaphors during relatively short official speeches face quite a lot of difficulties. Even though official speeches have a special subject, intentional topic and consistency, they can be filled by various metaphors as well. Therefore, interpreters should be prepared that the speaker might denominate his/her ideas by various metaphorical expressions. This raises the following questions: Do interpreters during simultaneous interpreting session of official speech manage to interpret all metaphorical expressions that they hear? What specific professional knowledge is required for interpreters who mainly work with official register? The analysis of simultaneous interpreting session of one-minute official speeches provided by the European Parliament members made it possible to conclude that even though interpreters face quite a lot of difficulties, they manage to convey most of the metaphors form original language to target language.