Making illegal residence unattractive is a way for Western governments to limit migration from non-Western countries. Focusing on Dutch neighbourhoods with substantial levels of unauthorised migrants, Illegal Residence and Public Safety in the Netherlands examines how restrictive immigration policy influences immigrant crime and perceived neighborhood security. Salient questions arise. To what extent, and under which conditions, do illegal residence and illegal migration impact public safety? Does having illegal residence status influence how people observe or break the law and other social rules? Do their ties with established groups, such as legal migrants, employers and partners, have any sway? Answers to these issues begin surfacing in this rich combination of quantitative information, comprising police figures and surveys on victimisation, and qualitative sources, including interviews at the Dutch Aliens Custody and urban field research.
The study is on public administration and public safety in Anambra State. The essence is to examine how public safety is influenced by public administration. The study was necessitated by the poor nature of public safety in the study area. A quantitative research design was used for the study. Three basic objectives guided the study and accordingly three research questions were raised. The population consised of citizens residing in Awka town the capital of Anambra state. A sample of 150 respondents was drawn using a print questionnaire titled Public Administration and Public Safety Questionnaire (PAPUSQ). The questionnaire Cronbach-Alpha reliability index was 0.82 which is indicative of high reliability and simple percentage was used to analyse the three research questions that guide the study with 50% as bench mark. Results indicated that nature of public safety in the state is rather poor. Many citizens do not enjoy the dividends of good governance. In the same manner, the study discovered that one of ways to improve public administration in order to forestall public safety is by eradication of corruption, prosecution of corrupt public administrators among others. It was suggested that the masses should elect only credible persons to hold public offices. Also, there is need to put systems and structures in place to checkmate the excesses of public administrators. The study therefore concluded that public administration has a critical role to play in ensuring public safety.
Hydrogen is being widely promoted as the future primary energy carrier to replace current hydrocarbon fuels. Governments and industries are investing in research and development programs to develop hydrogen production, transport and storage technologies. In addition, hydrogen gas is currently used in chemical processing and aerospace applications. Hydrogen gas is combustible with a wide flammability range of about 4 to 75 percent, a low ignition energy, and a low gas density. With the expanding application of hydrogen gas coupled with its highly combustible nature, focus must be placed on safety. Detection and monitoring technologies are needed which can provide low limits of detection, high sensitivity, a wide detection range, fast response times and ease of implementation to ensure public safety. Hydrogen sensors are of increasing importance in connection with the development and expanded use of hydrogen gas as an energy carrier and as a chemical reactant. Also they are essential to facilitate the detection of accidental hydrogen releases wherever hydrogen will be produced, distributed, stored, and used. This thesis highlights the importance of hydrogen sensing regarding the safety and reliability. The first chapter describes and classifies the different types of hydrogen sensors and the technology behind them. Characteristic performance parameters of these sensor types, such as measuring range, sensitivity, selectivity and response time are reviewed. In the second chapter the methods of the tests performed on the commercially available hydrogen sensors are described. Parameters such us detection limits and response times are measured and the advantages and disadvantages of those sensors are written down. In the third chapter new hydrogen detecting technologies will be mentioned either available in the market or under development and afterwards we will refer to the improvements of knowledge on hydrogen safety, according to the standards and guidelines of the International Energy Agency's Hydrogen Implementing Agreement. Regulations will be also mentioned. The fourth chapter describes the framework of the Hydrogen Safety Engineering (H2SE) profession which is defined as an application of scientific and engineering principles to the protection of life, property and environment from adverse effects of incidents/accidents involving hydrogen. Finally a reliable and comprehensive safety risk analysis model has been developed. In the fifth chapter of this thesis there is a summary with the conclusions deducted of this work.
This report provides background information on the location of nuclear weapons at the time of the demise of the Soviet Union and their subsequent relocation to storage and deployment areas in Russia. It also provides a description of the safety, security, and control issues raised in 1991 and in more recent years. It includes a brief listing of the cooperative programs and assistance the United States has provided to Russia and the other former Soviet states in an effort to address concerns about the safety and security of nuclear weapons and materials.
This report discusses about Food Safety Incidents, Existing Food Safety Legal and Regulatory Landscape, FDA Food Safety Modernization Act, and Key Issues for the 112th Congress
Road traffic crashes (RTCs) represent the 8th leading cause of global mortality. Worldwide, about 3,700 people lose their lives daily and 1.35 million people die annually due to RTCs. Majority of these deaths occur among children and young adults and almost 93% deaths are from low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Every year, around 50 million people are disabled due to non-fatal injuries during RTCs, posing serious threats to the global public health. 1,2 In 2004, on the recommendations of United Nations (UN) General Assembly, World Health Organization (WHO) established UN Road Safety Collaboration to address the road safety issues across the world. In March 2010, UN General Assembly proclaimed 2011–2020 as the "Decade of Action for road safety" to reduce the RTCs related deaths through safe system approach at national, regional and global levels.3 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) target 3.6 was aimed to halve the number of global deaths and injuries due to RTCs by the year 2020.4 Decade 2011–2020 partially succeeded in making road safety as a global priority by its inclusion in global health and development agenda, developing technical guidance and global partnership along with political and resources mobilization. However, WHO global status report on road safety 2018 showed that with current road traffic deaths rate, SDG target 3.6 will not be met till 2020.2 The projected number of global deaths and injuries related to RTCs is up to 500 million between 2020 and 2030.5 In August 2020, UN General assembly resolution set a new time frame for at least 50% reduction in RTCs related deaths and injuries by 2030 through proclaiming "Decade of Action for Road Safety 2021-2030". Proposed plan of action is focused on various road safety measures including transport system planning, public transport, infrastructure improvements, vehicle safety measures, improvements and implementation of road safety laws, protection of most vulnerable road users, post crash life-saving emergency care and data collection etc.6 Pakistan is the fifth most populous country in the world7 with 268,935 kilometer roads and rapidly growing number of vehicles on road.8 As per Pakistan Bureau of Statistics data for 2018, total registered vehicles in Pakistan were 18,352,500 including 3,638,833 cars and 4-wheeled light vehicles, 19,743,066 motor cycles (2 wheels) and 847,187 motorcycles/motor rickshaws. During 2017-18, 11,121 reported cases of RTCs included 4829 fatal and 6292 non-fatal crashes involving 13,134 vehicles. During these RTCs, 5948 persons lost their lives and 14,489 got injured.8 However, the actual figures may be much higher due to under-reporting and poor data record as previously documented.9 This huge burden of fatal & nonfatal injuries due to road trauma is adversely affecting on the national economy of Pakistan. According to World Bank estimates, Pakistan expenditure on RTCs related deaths and injuries amounted to 4.7% of its gross domestic product, costing about 13.23 billion dollars in 2016.10 In order to address the long term effects of RTCs, Pakistan has taken several steps regarding road safety like establishing National Highways Authority (NHA) in 1991, National Road Safety Database" and "National Road Safety Fund through Road Safety Act 2020.11 Government of Pakistan has already launched the "National Road Safety Strategy 2018-2030" 12, based on the principles of safe system approach. Main features of safe system approach include safe roads and roadsides, safe vehicles, safe speeds, safe road use (behavior), and post-crash response.13 Regarding safe roads and roadsides, NHA is doing excellent job in improving the infrastructural standards of new and existing roads. Main focus is on the engineering aspects like road widths, curves, fencing, barriers and barrier terminals, signage, pavement marking, cat eyes and shoulder sealing etc. However, the safety standards of roads vary significantly from motorways to highways and from urban areas to rural areas. Design standards for the safety of most vulnerable road-users like pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists are not meeting the international standards and need special attention.2,10 Majority of the RTCs related fatalities are due to poor structural and safety standards of the vehicles on the roads.10 International vehicle safety standards include frontal and side impact protection, electronic stability control, seat belts & anchorages, child restraints, motorcycle anti-lock braking system, intelligent speed adaptation and pedestrian protection. Like other LMICs, compliance of Pakistan regarding vehicle safety standards is very poor, especially in case of locally manufactured vehicles.2,10,12 Apart from inadequate vehicle safety regulations, poor implementation of the rules and regulations like periodic inspection of old vehicles, imported used vehicles and heavy vehicles by the law enforcing authorities is a critical issue in Pakistan. Safe speed reflects the behaviour of the road users. High speed not only escalates the risk of RTCs but increases the fatality rate and severity of nonfatal injuries as well. Pakistan has a maximum speed limit of 90 km/h for urban road, 110 km/h for rural road & 130 km/h for motorway.2 Pakistan needs to reduce the speed limit to 50km/h for urban arterial roads and 30km/h in city centres to protect the most vulnerable road users. Enforcement of speed limits through fixed speed camera systems, special speed checking squads or traffic police with license penalty points system for drivers will help in achieving the desired safe speed targets. Special public campaigns should be regularly arranged to change the behavior of all road users including drivers, motorcyclists, passengers and pedestrians regarding responsible road use. Special emphasis should be laid to educate people regarding road safety measures like motorcycle helmet wearing, seat-belt use, avoidance of drink-driving, mobile phone use during driving and over speeding. Post-crash response is vital to prevent the death and disability through emergency care provision to the injured persons. Recently, Pakistan has developed the "National Guidelines for Post-Crash Response" in 2019.14 Although, rescue 1122 services are accessible in majority of areas in Pakistan, but optimal pre-hospital emergency care is not widely available to cover to 268,935 kilometer roads across the country. Former certification is not available for pre-hospital care-providers and trauma registry is not up to the mark. Accident and emergency departments of majority of roadside hospitals are not well-equipped with neurosurgical & orthopaedic emergency services including radiology services like CT scan. Federal and provincial governments need to develop a comprehensive plan for establishing emergency medical services to reduce the post-crash morbidity and mortality. Reliable and high quality data collection and local research regarding the burden and magnitude of RTCs is crucial for short and long term planning of road safety. Unfortunately, accident data collection in Pakistan is highly inadequate and not consistent with international standards.2,14,15 Although local research on road safety has been previously conducted in Pakistan,9,15-17 however the extent and gravity of situation demands extensive research on RTCs by involving all stake holders including academic and research institutes to achieve SDG target 3.6 by the year 2030.
As a developing nation and the most populous nation in Africa, Nigeria has enormous challenges connected with food safety culture. To produce and provide safe, secure and nutritious food, consumers and food businesses must abide by a set of shared values known as food safety culture. In Nigeria, food safety culture is a complex subject due to Nigeria's heterogeneous and diverse nature, as demonstrated by its over 250 ethnic groups. As Nigeria becomes more urbanized and incomes continue to fluctuate at robust rates, few Nigerians are conscious of food safety issues. In addition, oversight from government regulators around food safety require improvement. Public engagement in food safety issues has not witnessed a promising trajectory in recent years. In this article, we provide a review of the food safety culture in Nigeria and its role and influence on various cases of food safety issues in Nigeria. Of interest to this paper are studies exploring consumer and food handler perceptions and behavior regarding food safety. In addition, keen attention is devoted to areas that are in need of additional research to help address practical and on-the-ground challenges associated with Nigeria's food safety practices. This article suggests that improving food safety culture in Nigeria requires both applying the best management and communication approaches in different regions and understanding the local food safety practices.
This article analyzes current problems in public procurement, as well as ways to solve them. The focus is on the modernization and improvement of the contract system, as well as the threat of competition in the government procurement market. The relevance of considering this topic at the present stage is expressed in the need to apply tough measures to combat corruption in the field of public procurement, it justifies the need to improve legislation, due to the difficulties encountered in the implementation of state financial control in the field of procurement. The article describes the complexity of the organization of procurement, identifies ways to optimize them. The main ways of the impact of certain negative trends on the implementation of the contract system of the Russian Federation are proposed. Improvement and modernization of the legal framework in the field of public procurement will always be relevant since the social, economic and political spheres of relations in the global economy are changing and not constant. That is why, basically, it is necessary to create a fundamental legal structure, to which, as far as it would be important, minor amendments will be made, and not urgent and global in a short period of time. The main objectives of regulating the law on the system of contracts are its openness and effectiveness, therefore, reducing corruption and reducing the cost of budget funds, "healthy" competition, timely and high-quality satisfaction of state and public needs, access to the process of perception of procurement stages for professionals and its participants. To understand the supplier in all the intricacies of the contractual system, it is necessary to analyze and study a large number of laws and regulations. The results showed that in order to minimize problems in the field of public procurement, it is necessary to intensify the interaction of regulatory and law enforcement agencies and improve legislation.
This edition of On-Curating.org deals with aspects of the public sphere, public space, and public art in seven different metropolises around the world. The point of departure was a competition that was held for a master plan for public art in the new Europaallee district in the centre of Zurich, the first such plan in Switzerland. The urbanist Richard Wolff presents the urban development project Europaallee, which is currently being built, and traces the around 50-year-long historical development of the project and its changing politico-economic conditions. With Europaallee, the neoliberal city of Zurich is bolstering its position as a global city that is competing with other global cities economically. What functions does public art claim to fulfil in the given economic and social context? What understanding of the public sphere underlies public art? And how does it create room for public activities? We are interested, taking the globally networked space of Europaallee as a starting point, in broadening our perspective and putting up for discussion how artists, curators, urbanists, and cultural studies experts in other cities think and act. This edition of On-Curating.org is a mosaic consisting of different perspectives of different authors from different disciplines from different big cities across the globe. It creates a picture of what the public sphere, public space, and public art can mean today against the background of regional conditions. ; + ID: 582255 + Reihentitel: OnCurating
London, England is Europe's largest city. Its population in 2009 is 7.6 million people. By 2016, its population is projected to be 8.1 million. Another 400,000 come from outside the capital to work daily in London. Over 14 million tourists visited London last year, despite the economic downturn. The metropolitan area covers 620 square miles, is divided into 32 local government jurisdictions, and is serviced by one police force, the London Metropolitan Police Service (MPS). This article looks at public safety in the metropolis though police recorded crime as a snapshot of people's concern about their own safety in London. ; A partir del cas de la metròpolis londinenca, els autors exposen com els tipus de delictes que la població comunica a la policia poden reflectir què és el que els ciutadans entenen per seguretat i esbrinar quins són els límits que defineixen a l'hora de demanar la intervenció de la policia en els conflictes entre els ciutadans. ; A partir del caso de la metrópolis londinense, los autores exponen como los tipos de delitos que la población comunica a la policía pueden reflejar qué es lo que los ciudadanos entienden por seguridad y averiguar cuáles son los límites que establecen a la hora de pedir la intervención de la policía en los conflictos entre los ciudadanos. ; From the case of the London metropolis, the authors expose how the types of crimes that the population communicates to the police can reflect what is what the citizens understand by security and where are the limits to ask the intervention of the police in the conflicts between the citizens.
"The provision of public safety is one of the most important responsibilities of government, and workers charged with protecting the public, such as police officers and firefighters, are routinely asked to put their own lives at risk. As such, it is no surprise that public safety employees tend to face some of the highest risks of fatal and nonfatal injury. It is therefore an important goal of policymakers to determine ways to help protect public safety employees from work-related illnesses and disease without compromising their ability to do their jobs. This report contributes to this goal by providing an in-depth study of the adverse health risks faced by public safety employees. We conducted thorough literature reviews and new data analysis to detail the frequency and severity of different illnesses and injuries suffered by public safety employees of different ages. We complemented this work with a series of roundtable discussions with numerous public safety personnel, to better understand the opportunities and challenges surrounding policies intended to reduce injuries and illnesses among police officers and firefighters." - p. iii ; Description of injury and disability compensation for public safety employees -- What is known about the safety and health of public safety employees? -- Characterizing current strategies for reducing occupational injuries and illnesses among public safety employees -- The health of public safety workers relative to that of other workers -- Work-related disability benefit receipt and disability retirement among public safety employees -- Conclusions and policy implications. ; Tom LaTourrette, David S. Loughran, Seth A. Seabury. ; This research was co-sponsored by the California Commission on Health and Safety and Workers' Compensation (CHSWC) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and was conducted under the auspices of the RAND Institute for Civil Justice (ICJ) and the Safety and Justice Program within RAND Infrastructure, Safety, and Environment (ISE). ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 115-125).
Bellona's niche within the Norwegian government's Nuclear Action Plan is to work with civil society. In the field of securing access to information for the public at large, facilitating public participation and pushing for more security Bellona has made a distinct difference through its readiness to cooperate with the authorities. Tilknyttet prosjekt Evaluering av Bellonas atomsikkerhetsprosjekt i Russland
Many countries and international organisations (for example, the USA, England and Wales, Japan, the European Union and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) have developed measures of public safety and measures of the effectiveness of criminal justice agencies. This paper briefly considers the background to such comparative developments and relates these to the specific contextual conditions of Taiwan. We report the results of a study which reviewed the state of empirical indicator availability in Taiwan and sought to develop an indicator framework for those charged with the governmental task of 'public safety'. The paper concludes by considering how such a framework can be implemented in Taiwan.
