"Die zunehmende Europäisierung der öffentlichen Aufgaben ist einer der wichtigsten Trends im Wandel der Staatstätigkeit in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und in anderen Mitgliedstaaten der Europäischen Union. In diesem Essay werden die Stufen der Europäisierung der Staatstätigkeit nachgezeichnet, in Weiterführung von Lindberg/ Scheingold (1970) und Schmitter (1996) quantifiziert und hinsichtlich ihrer Kosten und ihres Nutzen erörtert. Inhalt: Zusammenfassung; Stufen der Europäisierung der öffentlichen Aufgaben; Der Europäisierungsgrad der öffentlichen Aufgaben von 1950 bis zum Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts; Vom Nutzen und von den Kosten der Europäisierung der öffentlichen Angelegenheiten." (Autorenreferat)
Aim: The paper touches upon the issue of public-private partnership (PPP) as an alternative form of realising public tasks by the local authorities (Polish short: JST) in Poland.Motivation: Since 2009, the cooperation between the public and private sector has been used to an increasingly large extent in various areas of economy. The first part of the paper presents the legislation concerning the public-private partnership in Poland for the years 2009–2014 that regulates, defines and details the cooperation between both sectors. In order to present the scale of using the private-public partnership framework by local authorities in Poland, the last part of the text analyses reports originating from the Ministry of Economy, Polish Agency for Enterprise Development and the Public-Private Partnership Institute concerning the public-private partnership industry and concessions in Poland for the years 2009–2014.Results: Analysis of data and its interpretation were used in order to set out the perspectives for the development of the private-public partnership industry in Poland for future years. The statutory obligation to realise local authorities' own tasks, combined with the limited amount of budget resources, forces the local authorities to look for alternative solutions. In the light of the analyses presented here, the public-private partnership framework may become a solution for the scarcity of financial resources for many communes, poviates and regions in Poland.
Aim: The paper touches upon the issue of public-private partnership (PPP) as an alternative form of realising public tasks by the local authorities (Polish short: JST) in Poland.Motivation: Since 2009, the cooperation between the public and private sector has been used to an increasingly large extent in various areas of economy. The first part of the paper presents the legislation concerning the public-private partnership in Poland for the years 2009–2014 that regulates, defines and details the cooperation between both sectors. In order to present the scale of using the private-public partnership framework by local authorities in Poland, the last part of the text analyses reports originating from the Ministry of Economy, Polish Agency for Enterprise Development and the Public-Private Partnership Institute concerning the public-private partnership industry and concessions in Poland for the years 2009–2014.Results: Analysis of data and its interpretation were used in order to set out the perspectives for the development of the private-public partnership industry in Poland for future years. The statutory obligation to realise local authorities' own tasks, combined with the limited amount of budget resources, forces the local authorities to look for alternative solutions. In the light of the analyses presented here, the public-private partnership framework may become a solution for the scarcity of financial resources for many communes, poviates and regions in Poland.
The concept of management control in the Polish legal system has been implemented together with the amendment to the provisions of the Public Finance Act of 27 August 2009. The essence of management control concerns a different view of local government decision-makers on managerial activity in public administration. Management control solutions contribute to increasing the quality, efficiency and effectiveness of public services. In the activities of local government units, the concept of management control may also contribute to the self-improvement of local government administration. The main purpose of the article is an attempt to assess and demonstrate the functioning of management control in local government units in Poland. The practical goal was to illustrate the solutions that local government decision-makers can implement to design management control systems in offices. The research hypothesis is as follows: The effective implementation of public tasks by the local government depends on the quality of the management control system. The hypothesis was verified by means of an electronic questionnaire. The research conducted demonstrated that the proper functioning of management control depends on the involvement of the head of a local government. A helpful instrument in assessing management systems is the use of internal audit. The research results illustrated that an obligatory audit commission is of little importance in ensuring the efficiency of management systems in local government administration. As for risk management, respondents pointed out that the main barrier to achieving this goal of management control is, unfortunately, a lack of a uniform risk management methodology in the public sector. ; Koncepcja kontroli zarządzania w polskim porządku prawnym została wdrożona wraz ze zmianą przepisów ustawy o finansach publicznych z 27 sierpnia 2009 r. Istota kontroli zarządzania dotyczy odmiennego spojrzenia decydentów samorządu na działalność jednostek administracji publicznej. Rozwiązania kontroli zarządczej przyczyniają się do podnoszenia jakości i wydajności świadczonych usług publicznych. Skuteczna kontrola zarządcza zapewnia również realizację celów. W działalności jednostek samorządu terytorialnego koncepcja kontroli zarządczej może również przyczynić się do samodoskonalenia administracji samorządowej poprzez zarządzanie ryzykiem. Głównym celem artykułu jest ocena oraz ukazanie funkcjonowania kontroli zarządczej w jednostkach samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce. Celem zaś praktycznym jest próba wskazania decydentom samorządowym rozwiązań, które mogą być wykorzystane do projektowania systemu kontroli zarządczej w urzędach. Postawiona hipoteza badawcza to: skuteczna realizacja zadań publicznych przez samorząd terytorialny uzależniona jest od jakości systemu kontroli zarządczej. Weryfikacji postawionej hipotezy dokonano za pomocą elektronicznego kwestionariusza ankiety. Przeprowadzone badania ukazują, że poprawne funkcjonowanie kontroli zarządczej uzależnione jest od zaangażowania kierownika JST. Pomocnym instrumentem w ocenie systemów zarządzania jest audyt wewnętrzny. Wyniki badań pokazują, że obligatoryjna komisja rewizyjna jest mało istotna w zapewnieniu sprawności działania systemu zarządzania w urzędach samorządowych. Jeżeli chodzi o zarządzanie ryzykiem – respondenci wskazali, że główną barierą w realizacji tego celu kontroli zarządczej jest brak jednolitej metodologii zarządzania ryzkiem w sektorze publicznym. ; Publication of the article was financed from the funds allocated by Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education to Cracow University of Economics to maintain research potential.
The purpose of this paper is to describe the duties of local government units under the legal conditions related to access to the ICT network in Poland. Establishing public-private partnerships in the telecommunications sector, which is a field closely tied with cybersecurity, seems inevitable and necessary. The need to cooperate is the consequence of the development of information and communication technologies, which leads to their increasingly wide application in all aspects of social life. The tasks of local government involving network access have become key to the process of broadband network development. That is why public funding becomes particularly important in its absence, justified by the need to provide conditions for internet access as a human right. This has become especially topical as we face the challenges of COVID-19.
The effectiveness of public policies management significantly depends on a clear allocation of tasks between levels of government. In 2004 was accepted the Swiss reform of the allocation of tasks in order to "re-assign" the responsibilities between the federal government and the cantons, and to redefine the values of federalism. Implemented in 2008, the reform allowed for redistributing the public tasks between the institutional levels. The separation was impossible for twenty-nine public tasks however. In order to deal with twenty of these common tasks, the conventions-programs were introduced, which are public law contracts signed by the Confederation with each canton. By selecting five types of conventions-programs applied in six cantons, this article examines whether these contracts allow for stronger effectiveness in this new implementation process, and whether they are the solution to reinforce the vertical cooperation and reduce cantonal inequalities, with attention to two themes: (1) the relationships between the federal and cantonal levels, and (2) the prospect for an emerging multi-level governance which could legitimate the policy making process with the participation of municipalities, private actors and associations.
The effectiveness of public policies management significantly depends on a clear allocation of tasks between levels of government. In 2004 was accepted the Swiss reform of the allocation of tasks in order to "re-assign" the responsibilities between the federal government and the cantons, and to redefine the values of federalism. Implemented in 2008, the reform allowed for redistributing the public tasks between the institutional levels. The separation was impossible for twenty-nine public tasks however. In order to deal with twenty of these common tasks, the conventions-programs were introduced, which are public law contracts signed by the Confederation with each canton. By selecting five types of conventions-programs applied in six cantons, this article examines whether these contracts allow for stronger effectiveness in this new implementation process, and whether they are the solution to reinforce the vertical cooperation and reduce cantonal inequalities, with attention to two themes: (1) the relationships between the federal and cantonal levels, and (2) the prospect for an emerging multi-level governance which could legitimate the policy making process with the participation of municipalities, private actors and associations.
The issue of delegating the part of public tasks, previously performed by the state, to the newly established entities of the public law became topical after the territorial self-government was introduced in Poland. Those tasks concern the satisfaction of the collective needs of communities by reaching or maintaining the certain status, in particular relating to the protection of daily or cultural needs. Those tasks are mainly realized by the units of territorial local government and the units of local government connected with them, which are the part of the public finance sector. Management control is the overall process which is closely integrated with the activity of the unit of the public finance sector and which constitutes a set of actions and events to provide the realization of the unit's goals. The goal is the realization of the public tasks entrusted to them. The role of the internal audit is to show whether all the actions taken to ensure the realization of the goals and tasks are performed in a lawful, efficient, economical and timely manner. Management control and internal audit were created due to the necessity to establish legal conditions and instruments which enable the optimal realization of public tasks. Simultaneously, their use by the local government units which are the part of the public finance sector is not sufficient. It means the necessity of the actual implementation of the mechanisms of the management control and their independent and objective assessment by the internal audit.
The paper focuses on the financial cooperation of public administration bodies with public benefit organisations (PBOs) in the form of delegation or commissioning statutory public tasks. As a result of cooperation, a contract is concluded, which is preceded by an open bidding contest procedure. Nevertheless, there is no provision in the contest procedure which would constitute a substantive law basis for issuing an administrative decision or taking other actions referred to in art. 3(2)(4) of the Act of 30 August 2002 on the Administrative Court Procedure by a public administration body or an appointed contest committee.
The NGOs cooperate with self-government because they have common goals, as well as because of the public funds that are at the disposal of territorial authorities. Public authorities should to higher extend delegate the public tasks to NGOs as those organizations, undertaking a part of public tasks devoted to self- -governments, fill in the gaps in meeting the inhabitants' needs, as well as solve numerous social problems in territorial units. The article presents the selected aspects of cooperation between NGOs in Poland and public authorities operation on a regional level. Firstly, the place and role of NGOs in the economy and society was presented. The next part concerns areas of cooperation of self-government units with NGOs in Poland. The analysis of financial cooperation between the given partners was presented on an example of the regional situation of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Self-government. ; Organizacje pozarządowe współpracują z samorządem terytorialnym ze względu na wspólne cele oraz środki publiczne będące w gestii władz terytorialnych. Władze te powinny w większym stopniu delegować zadania publiczne do tych organizacji, gdyż pozwoliłoby to na uzupełnienie luki w zaspokojeniu potrzeb mieszkańców oraz rozwiązywać różnorakie problemy społeczne we wspólnotach terytorialnych. Tekst prezentuje wybrane aspekty współpracy pomiędzy organizacjami pozarządowymi w Polsce a samorządem terytorialnym, szczególnie województwami. Na początku przedstawiono miejsce i rolę organi-zacji pozarządowych w gospodarce i społeczeństwie. Następna część dotyczy płaszczyzn współpracy jednostek samorządowych z tymi organizacjami w Polsce. Analiza współpracy pomiędzy wymienionymi partnerami w gospodarce regionalnej w aspekcie finansowym została dokonana na przykładzie samorządu województwa kujawsko-pomorskiego.
The NGOs cooperate with self-government because they have common goals, as well as because of the public funds that are at the disposal of territorial authorities. Public authorities should to higher extend delegate the public tasks to NGOs as those organizations, undertaking a part of public tasks devoted to self- -governments, fill in the gaps in meeting the inhabitants' needs, as well as solve numerous social problems in territorial units. The article presents the selected aspects of cooperation between NGOs in Poland and public authorities operation on a regional level. Firstly, the place and role of NGOs in the economy and society was presented. The next part concerns areas of cooperation of self-government units with NGOs in Poland. The analysis of financial cooperation between the given partners was presented on an example of the regional situation of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Self-government. ; Organizacje pozarządowe współpracują z samorządem terytorialnym ze względu na wspólne cele oraz środki publiczne będące w gestii władz terytorialnych. Władze te powinny w większym stopniu delegować zadania publiczne do tych organizacji, gdyż pozwoliłoby to na uzupełnienie luki w zaspokojeniu potrzeb mieszkańców oraz rozwiązywać różnorakie problemy społeczne we wspólnotach terytorialnych. Tekst prezentuje wybrane aspekty współpracy pomiędzy organizacjami pozarządowymi w Polsce a samorządem terytorialnym, szczególnie województwami. Na początku przedstawiono miejsce i rolę organi-zacji pozarządowych w gospodarce i społeczeństwie. Następna część dotyczy płaszczyzn współpracy jednostek samorządowych z tymi organizacjami w Polsce. Analiza współpracy pomiędzy wymienionymi partnerami w gospodarce regionalnej w aspekcie finansowym została dokonana na przykładzie samorządu województwa kujawsko-pomorskiego.
Twenty years after the demise of apartheid, a typical South African city remains bifurcated. The mushrooming of squatter camps, mekhukhu, in our big cities, symptomises a history that defined the majority of South Africans as sojourners and vagabonds in their motherland. Destined to die in the rural reserves after the extraction of their labour and confined to 'locations' in-between the 'city' and the rural 'home', black experience in the post-1994 city continues to be a manifestation of a life disintegrated from an integrated vision of ikhaya (oikos) − household − and urban life in democratic South Africa. By critiquing the policies of the post- 1994 government on urbanisation, the article argues that for inclusion in the city, the colonial and apartheid polis is not adequate redress to the black experience of urbanisation in South Africa. The quest for the transformation of a city in order for an integrated city in the post-1994 South Africa to be achieved is ostensibly the best starting point, this article argues. ; This article forms part of the special collection on 'Doing urban public theology in South Africa: Visions, approaches, themes and practices towards a new agenda' ; http://www.hts.org.za ; tm2015
