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It has long been assumed that product innovations are typically developed by product manufacturers. Because this assumption deals with the basic matter of who the innovator is, it has inevitably had a major impact on innovation-related research, on firms' management of research and development, and on government innovation policy. However, it now appears that this basic assumption is often wrong. In this book I begin by presenting a series of studies showing that the sources of innovation vary greatly. In some fields, innovation users develop most innovations. In others, suppliers of innovation-related components and materials are the typical sources of innovation. In still other fields, conventional wisdom holds and product manufacturers are indeed the typical innovators. Next, I explore why this variation in the functional sources of innovation occurs and how it might be predicted. Finally, I propose and test some implications of replacing a manufacturer-as-innovator assumption with a view of the innovation process as predictably distributed across users, manufacturers, suppliers, and others. Keywords: innovation, innovators, user innovation

The agricultural policies of wealthy countries were set up in a period of scarcity, therefore they aimed at self sufficiency or an export expansion. The productivity increase necessary to reach these goals was achieved at different times by different countries. In addition, these policies allowed the incomes of those farmers remaining in business to increase at a time when economic growth needed a greater force.

Metadata only record ; This article gives a brief overview of migrant labor trends between Lesotho and South Africa since 1970 and assesses the factors contributing to these trends. The second section looks to the future with an analysis of several scenarios that could develop in South Africa and how each would affect demand for migrant labor from Lesotho. The authors then evaluate the likely impacts of these various scenarios on Lesotho's domestic economy and offer a discussion of policy initiatives the Lesotho government may pursue in response to the projected scenarios.