Suchergebnisse

7 pages, 5 figures, 5 tables. ; The food and feeding of Flemish Cap cod are described for 5 years based on 3921 stomachs collected in the fishing grounds off the Flemish Cap, Newfoundland in summer 1989–1993. Feeding intensity was high but the prey spectrum was narrow in all years with hyperiids and redfish (Sebastes sp.) predominating. Squid and poly-chaetes had a high inter-annual variability. Juvenile cod diet was dominated by crustaceans, mainly hyperiids, and polychaetes, while in adult cod diet the most important prey were fish, mainly redfish. The maximum size of redfish eaten increased with cod size, but prey–predator size relationships showed weak correlation. Cannibalism increased in 1991 (mainly upon 1-year-olds), coinciding with the appearance of a large year class in 1990. In the years 1992 and 1993, a change in the diet was observed involving an increase of hyperiids in the adult cod diet and a decline of redfish. ; The material used in the present work was collected and analysed as part of research programmes financed by the European Union (n. 11 1 246 E P and AIR1-CT92- 0558). ; Peer reviewed

The Colombian language scholar R. J. Cuervo worked for a lengthy period on a Diccionario de construcción y régimen or dictionary of grammatical characteristics which he was unable to finish completely. Prior to this, in 1871, he had produced, in collaboration with his fellow countryman V. González Manrique, a set of specimen entries for a dictionary of the Spanish language. This was reproduced in a volume commemorating the centenary of the death of the latter. The availability of such a facsimile, together with the discovery of unpublished materials prepared by Cuervo reopens the question of the relationship between the specimen and the later construction dictionary. Despite their similarity with the later work, it seems probable that the notes were intended for neither, but reflect Cuervo's abiding interest in government and construction. This was evinced in his early work on a Latin grammar which he published in collaboration with the Colombian M.A. Caro in 1867. He also cited approvingly the comments of the Venezuelan grammarian A. Bello who suggested that dictionaries should contain information on régimen [government], or specific syntax, and construcción [construction], or general syntax. Cuervo devoted forty years to work in this area. His Diccionario de construcción y régimen puts into practice this division of grammatical information into general and more specific rules, although being alphabetically ordered by headwords rather than by the virtually unmanageable ordering by government and construction that might have been attempted. Other than the influence of Bello, and of his own Latin grammar, Cuervo's thinking is close to that structuring the Latin grammar of the French scholar J. L. Burnouf, which was translated in Venezuela, used at the University of Caracas and approved by the Ministry of Education. He was inspired to produce his own Latin grammar with Caro and more generally to develop his grammatical ideas by this work, though it is clear that his own contributions far outweigh the original germ. The modern development of grammatical valency theory and its extensive application to some areas of lexicography means that Cuervo's work is of considerable relevance to this day. ; Peer reviewed

This article touches on an important aspect of Western European asylum policy. Whenever possible, countries try to send back asylum seekers to so-called 'safe third countries'. The existence of a 'safe third country' results in the asylum seeker being refused entry, in expulsion during the asylum procedure or in refusal of the asylum application. However, the principle only works if the asylum seekers or refugees can actually be sent back to third countries. Both the Dublin Convention and the Schengen Agreement offer certain possibilities. At present, European countries are trying to conclude readmission agreements with as many third countries as possible. This article deals in particular with the multilateral Schengen-Poland Agreement and with the treaty between Switzerland and Germany, considered as an example of a modern bilateral readmission agreement. There are limits, however, to the expulsion of asylum seekers to third countries. In particular, the 1951 Convention and the ECHR demand that a certain minimum standard be met. Furthermore, in the area of 'soft law', the conclusions of the UNHCR Executive Committee must be observed. The authors examine the practical situation in certain European countries (Germany, France, Austria and Switzerland) and show to what extent the third country principle plays a role in national legislation and practice. They conclude with some remarks about the responsibilities of the host States, so-called safety in third or fourth States and die relationship between the readmission agreements and conventions governing State responsibility for examining asylum applications (Dublin and Schengen).

The central feature of this comparative analysis of the French and Belgian experience is the distinction between the international and domestic sectors of the two economies. The author shows that in Belgium, as in France, the stabilization of the franc in 1926 brought a period of export‐led growth to an end, and further economic expansion rested on a boom in the domestic sector, with high profitability and a surge in private investment. In the case of Belgium, the domestic sector remained relatively prosperous during the initial stages of the Great Depression, but the strict deflationary policies imposed in the attempt to sustain the gold standard eventually reduced domestic demand and the economy plunged into depression. Both countries were forced to devalue, but political and economic differences made the process more successful in Belgium than in France.

The central feature of this comparative analysis of the French and Belgian experience is the distinction between the international and domestic sectors of the two economies. The author shows that in Belgium, as in France, the stabilization of the franc in 1926 brought a period of export‐led growth to an end, and further economic expansion rested on a boom in the domestic sector, with high profitability and a surge in private investment. In the case of Belgium, the domestic sector remained relatively prosperous during the initial stages of the Great Depression, but the strict deflationary policies imposed in the attempt to sustain the gold standard eventually reduced domestic demand and the economy plunged into depression. Both countries were forced to devalue, but political and economic differences made the process more successful in Belgium than in France.

The dream of the Community's founding fathers was, ultimately, to see the emergence of a European identity. That does not mean that European identity should replace national identities but that it should become strong enough, and be perceived as ' inclusive ' enought by European citizens, for Europeto develop as a genuine political entity. How has this dream fared among the citizens of the Community? This is the main question we address in this chapter (.).

The dream of the Community's founding fathers was, ultimately, to see the emergence of a European identity. That does not mean that European identity should replace national identities but that it should become strong enough, and be perceived as ' inclusive ' enought by European citizens, for Europeto develop as a genuine political entity. How has this dream fared among the citizens of the Community? This is the main question we address in this chapter (.).

For generations, there has been no better illustration of the collective idiocy of the crowd than the story of the English calendar riots of 1752. At the trial of Henry Hunt and others for treason in 1820, James Scarlett, the prosecuting counsel, had this to say: 'The ridiculous folly of a mob had been exemplified in a most humorous manner by that eminent painter, Mr. Hogarth. It was found necessary many years ago, in order to prevent a confusion in the reckoning of time, to knock eleven days out of the calendar, and it was supposed by ignorant persons that the legislature had actually deprived them of eleven days of their existence. This ridiculous idea was finely exposed in Mr. Hogarth's picture, where the mob were painted throwing up their hats, and crying out "Give us back our eleven days". Thus it was at the present time; that many individuals, who could not distinguish words from things, were making an outcry for that of which they could not well explain the nature.' Curiously enough, the extensive literature on eighteenth-century riot has yielded not one study of this most famous of episodes. Furthermore, amidst much debate about time-awareness in the same period, the calendar has received little direct attention. This article aims to address both these areas.

Background. Two-thirds of complaints received by the Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department in 1988 were related to poor air quality. In July 1990 legislation was implemented to reduce fuel sulphur levels. The objective of this study was to measure the impact of the intervention on respiratory health in primary school children. Methods. In all, 3521 children, mean age 9.51 years (SD = 0.78), from two districts with good and poor air quality respectively before intervention were followed yearly from 1989 to 1991. Children and parents reported the children's respiratory symptoms using self-completed questionnaires. Factor analysis was used to derive independent scores from 12 symptoms. Four groups of related symptoms were identified and binary variables (presence of any symptom in each group) were treated as dependent variables in modelling using generalized estimating equations procedures. Results. In 1989 and 1990 an excess of respiratory symptoms was observed in the polluted compared with unpolluted district. The significant effects (odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI], P value) associated with living in the polluted district were: cough and sore throat (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.04-1.43, P < 0.01) and wheezing (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.10-1.66, P < 0.01). After the intervention, in the polluted district only, sulphur dioxide levels fell by up to 80% and sulphate concentrations in respirable particulates by 38%. Between 1989 and 1990-1991 there was a greater decline in the polluted compared with the unpolluted district for reported symptoms of cough or sore throat, phlegm, and wheezing. The risks to respiratory health for children exposed to tobacco smoke in the home were higher than those for air pollution in both 1989 and 1990 and remained unchanged in 1991. Conclusions. Air quality can be improved by fuel controls but an effective intersectoral approach is required if other risks from environmental tobacco smoke are to be avoided. ; published_or_final_version