A presente revisão bibliográfica realiza um percurso por várias correntes do pensamento que se ocuparam do estudo das narrativas. Foram analisados estudos clássicos de estrutura narrativa oriundos da literatura, da história, da teoria da comunicação e da psicanálise a fim de explorar se suas categorias e conceitos seriam metodologicamente aplicáveis na pesquisa qualitativa em saúde. Nas conclusões, destaca-se a potencialidade de se utilizar narrativas para o estudo de situações nas quais interessem as mediações entre experiência e linguagem, estrutura e eventos, sujeitos e coletivos, memória e ação política - questões que tradicionalmente interessam à área de "Políticas, Planejamento e Gestão" da saúde coletiva brasileira. ; La revisión bibliográfica realiza un recorrido por varias corrientes del pensamiento que se ocuparon de estudiar las narrativas. Se analizaron estudios clásicos de estructura narrativa oriundos de la literatura, de la historia, de la teoría de la comunicación y del psicoanálisis para explorar si sus categorías y conceptos serian metodológicamente aplicables en la investigación cualitativa de la salud. En las conclusiones, se destaca la potencialidad de utilizarse narrativas para el estudio de situaciones en las cuales interesen las mediaciones entre experiencia y lenguaje, estructura y eventos, sujetos y colectivo, memoria y acción política- cuestiones que tradicionalmente interesan en el área de "Políticas, Planificación y Gestión" de la salud colectiva brasilera. ; The present bibliographic review followed a path through several chains of thought concerned with studying narratives. Some classical studies on narrative structure with origins within literature, history, communications theory and psychoanalysis were analyzed with the aim of exploring whether their categories and concepts would be methodologically applicable to qualitative health-related research. In the conclusions, the potential for using narratives to study situations in which there is interest in mediations between experience and language, between structure and events, between subjects and collective groups or between memory and political action are highlighted. These are questions that traditionally are of interest within Brazilian public health with regard to the field of "Policy, Planning and Management".
Ao longo dos últimos anos, registra-se um crescente interesse por propostas avaliativas não tradicionais e mais abrangentes nos movimentos de reforma sanitária em curso na América Latina. Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar potencialidades do enfoque avaliativo qualitativo-participativo ante o desafio de fortalecer as reformas sanitárias na região, particularmente aquelas que se configuram progressistas, como o caso brasileiro. Há necessidade de se avaliarem as reformas sanitárias rigorosa e permanentemente, sobretudo a incongruência do emprego de modelos normativos para avaliar sistemas de saúde baseados nos princípios de universalização, integralidade, humanização e gestão democrática. Além da demanda por estratégias e instrumentos de avaliação, a reforma sanitária brasileira requer a adoção de propostas e práticas avaliativas fundamentadas em outros paradigmas distintos daquele ainda hegemônico no âmbito da avaliação em saúde. Advoga-se pela utilização de modelos emergentes de avaliação, tais como os de corte qualitativo-participativo. ; A lo largo de los últimos años, se registra un interés creciente por propuestas evaluativas no tradicionales y más amplio en los movimientos de reforma sanitaria en curso en la América Latina. Este estudio tuvo por objetivo analizar potencialidades del enfoque evaluativo cualitativo-participativo frente al desafío de fortalecer las reformas sanitarias en la región, particularmente aquellas que se configuran como progresistas, como el caso brasilero. Hay necesidad de evaluar las reformas sanitarias de forma rigorosa y permanente, sobretodo la incongruencia del empleo de modelos normativos para evaluar sistemas de salud basados en los principios de universalización, integralidad, humanización y gestión democrática. Además de la demanda por estrategias e instrumentos de evaluación, la reforma sanitaria brasilera requiere la adopción de propuestas y prácticas evaluativas fundamentadas en otros paradigmas distintos de aquel hegemónico en el ámbito de la evaluación en salud. Se defiende la utilización de modelos emergentes de evaluación, tales como los de corte cualitativo-participativo. ; Throughout the last years, there has been a growing interest in ongoing assessment proposals in Latin America, which are more far-reaching and not traditional. The aim of this study was to analyze the potential of qualitative-participatory evaluation in view of the challenge of strengthening health reforms in the region, particularly those considered progressive, such as the Brazilian case. There is the need to assess health reforms in a rigorous and permanent way, especially the incongruity when using normative models to evaluate health systems based on principles of universality, comprehensiveness, humanization and democratic management. In addition to the demand for assessment instruments and strategies, the Brazilian health reform requires the adoption of evaluation proposals and practices that are founded on other paradigms, distinct from the hegemonic one, in the sphere of health assessment. It is recommended that emerging evaluative models be used, such as those with a qualitative-participatory approach.
The success of migration policy implementation depends on many factors, but officials play a crucial role in this process. The decisions and projections of migrants considering their further stay in Poland depend on the interpretation of legal, institutional and formal regulations. The aim of the article is to analyze the subjective experiences of Ukrainian economic migrants with Polish institutions and the personnel representing them. Our considerations have been located within neo-institutional theory. Studying the subjective interpretations of migrants' experience is an important element of analysis that will allow us to check how the elements of migration policy are implemented in practice. Considering the findings resulting from the study, it can be assumed that the functioning of efficient administration should not be limited only to compliance with legal rules, but should go beyond them, within morally allowed limits, in order to increase the effectiveness of the activities carried out in various dimensions. ; Sukces wdrożenia polityki migracyjnej zależy od wielu czynników, ale kluczową rolę w tym procesie odgrywają urzędnicy. Decyzje i projekcie migrantów dotyczące dalszego pobytu w Polsce zależą od interpretacji przepisów prawnych, reguł instytucjonalnych i formalnych w tym aspekcie. Celem artykułu jest analiza subiektywnych doświadczeń ukraińskich migrantów zarobkowych z polskimi instytucjami i reprezentującymi ich pracownikami. Nasze rozważania zostały umieszczone w paradygmacie neoinstytucjonalnym. Badanie subiektywnych interpretacji doświadczeń migrantów jest ważnym elementem analizy, który pozwoli nam sprawdzić, jak elementy polityki migracyjnej są wdrażane w praktyce. Biorąc pod uwagę ustalenia wynikające z badania, można założyć, że funkcjonowanie sprawnej administracji nie powinno ograniczać się tylko do zgodności z przepisami prawa, ale przekraczać je w granicach moralnie dozwolonych, w celu zwiększenia skuteczności realizowanych działań w wielu wymiarach.
Sukces wdrożenia polityki migracyjnej zależy od wielu czynników, ale kluczową rolę w tym procesie odgrywają urzędnicy. Decyzje i projekcie migrantów dotyczące dalszego pobytu w Polsce zależą od interpretacji przepisów prawnych, reguł instytucjonalnych i formalnych w tym aspekcie. Celem artykułu jest analiza subiektywnych doświadczeń ukraińskich migrantów zarobkowych z polskimi instytucjami i reprezentującymi ich pracownikami. Nasze rozważania zostały umieszczone w paradygmacie neoinstytucjonalnym. Badanie subiektywnych interpretacji doświadczeń migrantów jest ważnym elementem analizy, który pozwoli nam sprawdzić, jak elementy polityki migracyjnej są wdrażane w praktyce. Biorąc pod uwagę ustalenia wynikające z badania, można założyć, że funkcjonowanie sprawnej administracji nie powinno ograniczać się tylko do zgodności z przepisami prawa, ale przekraczać je w granicach moralnie dozwolonych, w celu zwiększenia skuteczności realizowanych działań w wielu wymiarach. ; The success of migration policy implementation depends on many factors, but officials play a crucial role in this process. The decisions and projections of migrants considering their further stay in Poland depend on the interpretation of legal, institutional and formal regulations. The aim of the article is to analyze the subjective experiences of Ukrainian economic migrants with Polish institutions and the personnel representing them. Our considerations have been located within neo-institutional theory. Studying the subjective interpretations of migrants' experience is an important element of analysis that will allow us to check how the elements of migration policy are implemented in practice. Considering the findings resulting from the study, it can be assumed that the functioning of efficient administration should not be limited only to compliance with legal rules, but should go beyond them, within morally allowed limits, in order to increase the effectiveness of the activities carried out in various dimensions. ; 1 ; 137 ; 159 ; Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne
OBJETIVO: Analisar práticas de atenção domiciliar de serviços ambulatoriais e hospitalares e sua constituição como rede substitutiva de cuidado em saúde. PROCEDIMENTOS METODOLÓGICOS: Estudo qualitativo que analisou, com base na metodologia de caso traçador, quatro serviços ambulatoriais de atenção domiciliar da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde e um serviço de um hospital filantrópico do município de Belo Horizonte, MG, entre 2005 e 2007. Foram realizadas entrevistas com gestores e equipes dos serviços de atenção domiciliar, análise de documentos e acompanhamento de casos com entrevistas a pacientes e cuidadores. A análise foi orientada pelas categorias analíticas integração da atenção domiciliar na rede de saúde e modelo tecnoassistencial. ANÁLISE DOS RESULTADOS: A implantação da atenção domiciliar foi precedida por decisão político-institucional tanto com orientação racionalizadora, buscando a diminuição de custos, quanto com vistas à reordenação tecnoassistencial das redes de cuidados. Essas duas orientações encontram-se em disputa e constituem dificuldades para conciliação dos interesses dos diversos atores envolvidos na rede e na criação de espaços compartilhados de gestão. Pôde-se identificar a inovação tecnológica e a autonomia das famílias na implementação dos projetos de cuidado. As equipes mostraram-se coesas, construindo no cotidiano do trabalho novas formas de integrar os diferentes olhares para transformação das práticas em saúde. Foram observados desafios na proposta de integrar os diferentes serviços de caráter substitutivo do cuidado ao limitar a capacidade da atenção domiciliar de mudar o modelo tecnoassistencial. CONCLUSÕES: A atenção domiciliar possui potencial para constituição de uma rede substitutiva ao produzir novos modos de cuidar que atravessam os projetos dos usuários, dos familiares, da rede social e dos trabalhadores da atenção domiciliar. A atenção domiciliar como modalidade substitutiva de atenção à saúde requer sustentabilidade política, conceitual e operacional, bem como reconhecimento dos novos arranjos e articulação das propostas em curso. ; OBJETIVO: Analizar prácticas de atención domiciliar de servicios de ambulatorio y hospitalarios y su constitución como red sustitutiva de cuidado en salud. PROCEDIMIENTOS METODOLÓGICOS: Estudio cualitativo que analizó, con base en la metodología de caso trazador, cuatro servicios de ambulatorio e atención domiciliar de la Secretaria Municipal de Salud y un servicio de un hospital filantrópico del municipio de Belo Horizonte, Sureste de Brasil, entre 2005 y 2007. Fueron realizadas entrevistas con gestores y equipos de los servicios de atención domiciliar, análisis de documentos y acompañamiento de casos con entrevistas a pacientes y cuidadores. El análisis fue orientado por las categorías analíticas integración de la atención domiciliar en la red de salud y modelo tecnoasistencial. ANÁLISIS DE LOS RESULTADOS: La implantación de la atención domiciliar fue precedida por decisión político-institucional tanto con orientación racionalizadota, buscando disminución de costos, como con miras a la reordenación tecnoasistencial de las redes de cuidados. Esas dos orientaciones se encuentran en disputa y constituyen dificultades para conciliación de los intereses de los diversos actores envueltos en la red y en la creación de espacios compartidos de gestión. Se puede identificar la innovación tecnológica y la autonomía de las familias en la implementación de los proyectos de cuidado. Los equipos se mostraron unidos, construyendo en el cotidiano del trabajo nuevas formas de integrar las diferentes visiones para transformación de las prácticas en salud. Fueron observados desafíos en la propuesta de integrar los diferentes servicios de carácter sustitutivo del cuidado al limitar la capacidad de atención domiciliar si se muda el modelo tecnoasistencial. CONCLUSIONES: La atención domiciliar posee potencial para constitución de una red sustitutiva al producir nuevos modos de cuidar que atraviesan los proyectos de los usuarios, de los familiares, de la red social y de los trabajadores de la atención domiciliar. La atención domiciliar como modalidad sustitutiva de atención a la salud requiere sustentabilidad política, conceptual y operacional, así como reconocimiento de los nuevos arreglos y articulación de las propuestas en curso. ; OBJECTIVE: To analyze home care practices of outpatient and hospital services and their constitution as a substitute healthcare network. METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES: A qualitative study was carried out using tracer methodology to analyze four outpatient home care services from the Municipal Health Department and one service from a philanthropic hospital in the municipality of Belo Horizonte, Southeastern Brazil, between 2005 and 2007. The following procedures were carried out: interviews with the home care services' managers and teams, analysis of documents and follow-up of cases, holding interviews with patients and caregivers. The analysis was guided by the analytical categories home care integration into the healthcare network and technical-assistance model. RESULTS: Home care implementation was preceded by a political-institutional decision, both with a rationalizing orientation, intending to promote cost reduction, and also with the aim of carrying out the technical-assistance rearrangement of the healthcare networks. These two types of orientation were found to be in conflict, which implies difficulties for conciliating interests of the different players involved in the network, and also the creation of shared management spaces. It was possible to identify technological innovation and families' autonomy in the implementation of the healthcare projects. The teams proved to be cohesive, constructing, in the daily routine, new forms of integrating different perspectives so as to transform the healthcare practices. Challenges were observed in the proposal of integrating the different substitutive healthcare services, as the home care services' capacity to change the technical-assistance model is limited. CONCLUSIONS: Home care has potential for constituting a substitutive network by producing new care modalities that cross the projects of users, family members, social network, and home care professionals. Home care as a substitute healthcare modality requires political, conceptual and operational sustainability, as well as recognition of the new arrangements and articulation of ongoing proposals.
This article presents the main theoretical and methodological intakes for the execution of a research that has the overall objective of investigating the use and legitimization of digital technologies in the construction and execution of political-pedagogical robotics projects in eleven computer recycling centers supported by the Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations and Communications. The work intends to enlighten the adopted theoretical perspectives, the construction of research strategies, and its practical tools. The results of the descriptive-analytical studies, with a qualitative approach, puts in evidence discursive counter-hegemonic constructions regarding patterns of production, goods consumption, and the appropriation of knowledge that results or reproduces the digital/social exclusion. Thus meaning that the investigated speeches formulates and demarcates a posture of technological disobedience on which to build its formation identity of teachers and learners, as well as models and educational robotics standards in those centers. Hopefully the thoughts presented in this article contribute on the deep immersion of the discussions regarding the qualitative methodologies in educational research, about the emergence of new areas and educational models, also putting in evidence the importance of a historical-sociological perspective, and non-technologist/deterministic approaches for the digital technology studies, its representations and on how to use them in an educational environment, and the teaching-learning process. ; Este artigo apresenta os principais aportes teórico-metodológicos para a execução de uma pesquisa que teve como objetivo geral investigar o uso e a legitimação das tecnologias digitais na construção e execução de projetos político-pedagógicos de robótica em onze Centros de Recondicionamento de Computadores apoiados pelo Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações. O trabalho busca esclarecer as perspectivas teóricas adotadas, a construção das estratégias de pesquisa e seus desdobramentos práticos. Os resultados do estudo descritivo-analítico, de abordagem qualitativa, evidenciam construções discursivas contra-hegemônicas em relação a modelos de produção, de consumo de bens e de apropriação de conhecimento que geram ou reproduzem a exclusão digital e social. Nesse sentido, os discursos investigados enunciam e demarcam uma postura de desobediência tecnológica2 a partir da qual se constroem as formações identitárias docentes e discentes, assim como os modelos e as práticas educacionais de robótica nesses Centros. Espera-se que as reflexões apresentadas neste artigo contribuam para o aprofundamento das discussões acerca das metodologias qualitativas na investigação em educação, sobre o surgimento de novos espaços e modelos educativos, evidenciando também a importância da perspectiva histórico-sociológica e de abordagens não tecnicistas e não deterministas para o estudo das representações e dos usos das tecnologias digitais em ambientes educacionais e em processos de ensino-aprendizagem.
The article refers to the concept of transactional analysis, one of modern branches of psychology appreciated not only by psychologists. In consequence, it is applied in differentareas of life, such as education. The article explains the notion of "ego state" and the personality structure as defined in the approach in question. There is also a presentation of several egograms constructed in the past, which are used to measure how particular ego states are cathected. They are also used in therapy and research. Moreover, the author presents an egogram for measuring the activation of each ego state in the second order structure. The tool has been used in a number of studies conducted in the area of education, including pedeutology. The author, however, indicates the necessity of results verification through qualitative analysis in such studies. ; Artykuł nawiązuje do koncepcji analizy transakcyjnej, jednego z nurtów współczesnej psychologii, który zyskuje coraz szersze zastosowanie również w innych obszarach życia, w tym w edukacji. Podstawowymi terminami dla niniejszych rozważań są: stany Ja oraz struktura osobowości, zdefiniowane zgodnie z założeniami wspomnianej koncepcji. W artykule zaprezentowane zostały narzędzia – egogramy – pomagające określać zakres kateksjonowania (uaktywniania) poszczególnych stanów Ja, które z powodzeniem wykorzystywane są zarówno na gruncie badań naukowych, jak i w terapii. Szczególnej charakterystyce poddane zostało autorskie narzędzie tego typu, wykorzystujące w analizie strukturę osobowości drugiego stopnia, co okazało się efektywne w licznych badaniach w szeroko rozumianym obszarze edukacji, w tym także w badaniach o charakterze pedeutologicznym. Autorka wskazując zalety narzędzia, podkreśla jednocześnie konieczność uzupełnia wyników uzyskanych w ten sposób poprzez analizy o charakterze jakościowym.
The article refers to the concept of transactional analysis, one of modern branches of psychology appreciated not only by psychologists. In consequence, it is applied in differentareas of life, such as education. The article explains the notion of "ego state" and the personality structure as defined in the approach in question. There is also a presentation of several egograms constructed in the past, which are used to measure how particular ego states are cathected. They are also used in therapy and research. Moreover, the author presents an egogram for measuring the activation of each ego state in the second order structure. The tool has been used in a number of studies conducted in the area of education, including pedeutology. The author, however, indicates the necessity of results verification through qualitative analysis in such studies. ; Artykuł nawiązuje do koncepcji analizy transakcyjnej, jednego z nurtów współczesnej psychologii, który zyskuje coraz szersze zastosowanie również w innych obszarach życia, w tym w edukacji. Podstawowymi terminami dla niniejszych rozważań są: stany Ja oraz struktura osobowości, zdefiniowane zgodnie z założeniami wspomnianej koncepcji. W artykule zaprezentowane zostały narzędzia – egogramy – pomagające określać zakres kateksjonowania (uaktywniania) poszczególnych stanów Ja, które z powodzeniem wykorzystywane są zarówno na gruncie badań naukowych, jak i w terapii. Szczególnej charakterystyce poddane zostało autorskie narzędzie tego typu, wykorzystujące w analizie strukturę osobowości drugiego stopnia, co okazało się efektywne w licznych badaniach w szeroko rozumianym obszarze edukacji, w tym także w badaniach o charakterze pedeutologicznym. Autorka wskazując zalety narzędzia, podkreśla jednocześnie konieczność uzupełnia wyników uzyskanych w ten sposób poprzez analizy o charakterze jakościowym.
In recent decades, society has fundamentally changed; there are political changes affecting education and, consequently, demands on teachers' work change, as well as parents' and society's expectations of teachers. The main aim of this qualitative research is to map the changes in the conditions of teachers' work in the Czech Republic in the last thirty years according to the subjective perception of teachers-experts, i.e. respondents. The respondents are teachers who have been active in the profession for at least thirty years. All the respondents are women working as primary school teachers (Dáša, Lucie, Jana, Danka, Blanka, Dominika, Karolína).In the research we deal with the following areas: interpersonal relationships at the workplace, communication and cooperation with pupils' parents, and the teacher-pupil relationship.The most important results of this research are as follows. The respondents are aware of and perceive the decreasing authority of the teacher today. They point out that the teacher's authority has degraded in the eyes of pupils, parents, and society. The most widespread problem faced by teachers is the disruptive behavior of pupils, which may interfere with teaching.Moreover, today's teachers sometimes have to deal with parents who are completely uncritical of their children, whom they trust completely. When problems arise, these parents never see the root cause in their child but in other classmates or, most frequently, in the teacher. If a child receives a bad grade, these parents are willing to go to the teacher and try to find the error on their side rather than in their own children.
In recent decades, society has fundamentally changed; there are political changes affecting education and, consequently, demands on teachers' work change, as well as parents' and society's expectations of teachers. The main aim of this qualitative research is to map the changes in the conditions of teachers' work in the Czech Republic in the last thirty years according to the subjective perception of teachers-experts, i.e. respondents. The respondents are teachers who have been active in the profession for at least thirty years. All the respondents are women working as primary school teachers (Dáša, Lucie, Jana, Danka, Blanka, Dominika, Karolína).In the research we deal with the following areas: interpersonal relationships at the workplace, communication and cooperation with pupils' parents, and the teacher-pupil relationship.The most important results of this research are as follows. The respondents are aware of and perceive the decreasing authority of the teacher today. They point out that the teacher's authority has degraded in the eyes of pupils, parents, and society. The most widespread problem faced by teachers is the disruptive behavior of pupils, which may interfere with teaching.Moreover, today's teachers sometimes have to deal with parents who are completely uncritical of their children, whom they trust completely. When problems arise, these parents never see the root cause in their child but in other classmates or, most frequently, in the teacher. If a child receives a bad grade, these parents are willing to go to the teacher and try to find the error on their side rather than in their own children.
OBJETIVO: Analisar os sentidos do cuidado para com o usuário atendido no âmbito da assistência em saúde mental, a partir de percepções de psicólogos atuando no cotidiano de serviços públicos de saúde. PROCEDIMENTOS METODOLÓGICOS: Estudo exploratório qualitativo realizado na cidade de Fortaleza, CE, no ano de 2006. A amostra foi composta por oito informantes do sexo feminino, psicólogas, pertencentes ao quadro funcional da rede estadual de saúde. Para apreensão e construção das informações, foram realizadas entrevistas não-diretivas, gravadas e transcritas. A categorização dos discursos a partir de enfoque hermenêutico possibilitou a construção de rede interpretativa. ANÁLISE DOS RESULTADOS: A rede interpretativa evidenciou que o psicólogo reconhece sua inserção no campo da saúde pública como um desafio, distinto do campo de sua formação. As concepções de cuidado predominantes foram circunscritas à dimensão técnica, embora também tenham sido identificadas outras mais próximas à abertura ética e de respeito à alteridade. CONCLUSÕES: No cotidiano da assistência na rede pública, percebe-se uma atitude de cuidado como técnica, controle e anulação da diferença mais comprometida com os modelos tradicionais da biomedicina e da psicologia clínica. Foram observadas práticas que ultrapassam essa atitude e assumem uma configuração direcionada ao encontro intersubjetivo, ao diálogo, à afetação, à escuta ética, ao compartilhamento de responsabilidades e ao compromisso ético em sua perspectiva sociocultural e política. ; OBJECTIVE: To analyze the meanings of caring for people who seek assistance in mental health, from the perspective of psychologists engaged in their daily activities within public health services. METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES: An exploratory qualitative study was conducted in the city of Fortaleza, Northeastern Brazil, in 2006. The sample was composed of eight female informants, all of which were psychologists working in the state public health network. Data was obtained by means of non-directive interviews which were taped and transcribed. Categories were obtained from the discourses based on a hermeneutical approach by means of which an interpretive network was constructed. ANALISYS OF RESULTS: The interpretative network indicated that psychologists recognize their insertion in the field of public health as distinct from the professional field in which they obtained their training and, consequently, as a challenge. The predominant conceptions of care were circumscribed to the technical dimension, although other dimensions, closer to ethical concerns and to those related to respect for the "other" were also identified. CONCLUSIONS: In the daily routine of assistance within the public health network, care is perceived as a technical attitude. It involves control and nullification of alterity, being more closely aligned to the traditional models of biomedicine and clinical psychology. However, other practices were observed that overcome this attitude. These emerging practices assume a new configuration, oriented towards affection, dialogue between professionals and those seeking assistance and an ethical commitment forged within a political and socio-cultural perspective.
Objective: to know the meaning of the role of the companion of the hospitalized person from the perspective of nursing professionals. Method: this is a qualitative, descriptive and exploratory study in a hospital institution, with 19 nursing professionals, and data was collected through recorded semi-structured interviews. It was used the technique of Content Analysis in the Thematic Analysis modality for the data organization. Results: a theme was defined, called Companion: the aid that should not bother, composed of three subthemes: Expected act of the companion: extension of the nursing staff; Code of conduct: do not differ from the nursing staff and determinants of companion: the real and the hidden. It was understood that, from the perspective of nursing professionals, the companion should perform the function of assisting the team, but without interfering in their activities, and that this perspective influences the decision to allow the companion to stay in cases not provided for by the legislation. Conclusion: discrepancies about the role of the companion between the mid-level and the higher-level professionals are noticed and there is a need for reflections about the meaning of this role. Descriptors: Hospitalization; Nursing Service, Hospital; Caregivers; Nursing; Nursing care; Qualitative Research.Resumo Objetivo: conhecer o significado do papel do acompanhante da pessoa hospitalizada na perspectiva dos profissionais de enfermagem. Método: trata-se de estudo qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório em uma instituição hospitalar, com 19 profissionais de enfermagem e se efetuou a coleta de dados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas gravadas. Utilizou-se a técnica de Análise de Conteúdo na modalidade Análise Temática para a organização dos dados. Resultados: delimitou-se um tema, denominado Acompanhante: o auxílio que não deve incomodar, composto por três subtemas: Agir esperado do acompanhante: extensão da equipe de enfermagem; Código de conduta: não divergir da equipe de enfermagem e Determinantes do acompanhar: o real e o oculto. Apreendeu-se que, na perspectiva dos profissionais de enfermagem, o acompanhante deve desenvolver a função de auxílio à equipe, porém, sem interferir nas suas atividades, e que esta perspectiva influencia a decisão de possibilitar a permanência do acompanhante nos casos não previstos pela legislação. Conclusão: percebem-se discrepâncias acerca do papel do acompanhante entre os profissionais de nível médio e os de nível superior e evidencia-se a necessidade de reflexões acerca do significado deste papel. Descritores: Hospitalização; Serviço Hospitalar de Enfermagem; Cuidadores; Enfermagem; Cuidados de Enfermagem; Pesquisa Qualitativa.ResumenObjetivo: conocer el significado del rol del acompañante de la persona hospitalizada desde la perspectiva de los profesionales de enfermería. Método: este es un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo y exploratorio en una institución hospitalaria, con 19 profesionales de enfermería, y los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas grabadas semiestructuradas. Se utilizó la técnica de Análisis de Contenido en la modalidad de Análisis Temático para la organización de datos. Resultados: se definió un tema, llamado Acompañante: la ayuda que no debería molestar, compuesto por tres subtemas: Acto esperado del acompañante: extensión del personal de enfermería; Código de conducta: no difieren del personal de enfermería y los Determinantes del seguimiento: lo real y lo oculto. Se entendió que, desde la perspectiva de los profesionales de enfermería, el acompañante debe realizar la función de ayudar al equipo, pero sin interferir en sus actividades, y que esta perspectiva influye en la decisión de permitir que el acompañante permanezca en casos no previstos por la legislación. Conclusión: existen discrepancias sobre el rol del acompañante entre profesionales de nivel mediano y superior y la necesidad de reflexionar sobre el significado de este rol. Descriptores: Hospitalización; Servicio de Enfermería en Hospital; Cuidadores; Enfermería; Atención de Enfermería; Investigación Cualitativa. ; Objetivo: conhecer o significado do papel do acompanhante da pessoa hospitalizada na perspectiva dos profissionais de enfermagem. Método: trata-se de estudo qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório em uma instituição hospitalar, com 19 profissionais de enfermagem e se efetuou a coleta de dados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas gravadas. Utilizou-se a técnica de Análise de Conteúdo na modalidade Análise Temática para a organização dos dados. Resultados: delimitou-se um tema, denominado Acompanhante: o auxílio que não deve incomodar, composto por três subtemas: Agir esperado do acompanhante: extensão da equipe de enfermagem; Código de conduta: não divergir da equipe de enfermagem e Determinantes do acompanhar: o real e o oculto. Apreendeu-se que, na perspectiva dos profissionais de enfermagem, o acompanhante deve desenvolver a função de auxílio à equipe, porém, sem interferir nas suas atividades, e que esta perspectiva influencia a decisão de possibilitar a permanência do acompanhante nos casos não previstos pela legislação. Conclusão: percebem-se discrepâncias acerca do papel do acompanhante entre os profissionais de nível médio e os de nível superior e evidencia-se a necessidade de reflexões acerca do significado deste papel. Descritores: Hospitalização; Serviço Hospitalar de Enfermagem; Cuidadores; Enfermagem; Cuidados de Enfermagem; Pesquisa Qualitativa.AbstractObjective: to know the meaning of the role of the companion of the hospitalized person from the perspective of nursing professionals. Method: this is a qualitative, descriptive and exploratory study in a hospital institution, with 19 nursing professionals, and data was collected through recorded semi-structured interviews. It was used the technique of Content Analysis in the Thematic Analysis modality for the data organization. Results: a theme was defined, called Companion: the aid that should not bother, composed of three subthemes: Expected act of the companion: extension of the nursing staff; Code of conduct: do not differ from the nursing staff and determinants of companion: the real and the hidden. It was understood that, from the perspective of nursing professionals, the companion should perform the function of assisting the team, but without interfering in their activities, and that this perspective influences the decision to allow the companion to stay in cases not provided for by the legislation. Conclusion: discrepancies about the role of the companion between the mid-level and the higher-level professionals are noticed and there is a need for reflections about the meaning of this role. Descriptors: Hospitalization; Nursing Service, Hospital; Caregivers; Nursing; Nursing care; Qualitative Research.ResumenObjetivo: conocer el significado del rol del acompañante de la persona hospitalizada desde la perspectiva de los profesionales de enfermería. Método: este es un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo y exploratorio en una institución hospitalaria, con 19 profesionales de enfermería, y los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas grabadas semiestructuradas. Se utilizó la técnica de Análisis de Contenido en la modalidad de Análisis Temático para la organización de datos. Resultados: se definió un tema, llamado Acompañante: la ayuda que no debería molestar, compuesto por tres subtemas: Acto esperado del acompañante: extensión del personal de enfermería; Código de conducta: no difieren del personal de enfermería y los Determinantes del seguimiento: lo real y lo oculto. Se entendió que, desde la perspectiva de los profesionales de enfermería, el acompañante debe realizar la función de ayudar al equipo, pero sin interferir en sus actividades, y que esta perspectiva influye en la decisión de permitir que el acompañante permanezca en casos no previstos por la legislación. Conclusión: existen discrepancias sobre el rol del acompañante entre profesionales de nivel mediano y superior y la necesidad de reflexionar sobre el significado de este rol. Descriptores: Hospitalización; Servicio de Enfermería en Hospital; Cuidadores; Enfermería; Atención de Enfermería; Investigación Cualitativa.
W artykule przedstawiono jakościową metodę śledzenia procesu (process tracing) i jej przykładowe wykorzystanie w badaniu stosunków międzynarodowych. Po pierwsze, dokonano ogólnej charakterystyki metody. Po drugie, przedstawiono debatę toczoną w naukach społecznych na temat rozumienia mechanizmów przyczynowych i przyczynowego wnioskowania oraz użyteczności metody śledzenia procesu do testowania hipotez. Po trzecie, omówiono różnego rodzaju dyrektywy kierujące postępowaniem badawczym w ramach metody śledzenia procesu. Po czwarte, w końcowej części artykułu zademonstrowano implementację metody w nauce o stosunkach międzynarodowych na przykładzie analizy zakończenia zimnej wojny. W końcu sformułowano pewne wątpliwości związane z metodą. Celem artykułu jest wprowadzenie do polskiej nauki o stosunkach międzynarodowych jakościowej metody badawczej, która nie jest wykorzystywana przez polskich badaczy, chociaż większość z nich określa swoje stanowisko metodologiczne jako jakościowe. Autor w szczególności uzasadnia i ilustruje przekonanie, że metoda śledzenia procesu może stanowić mocną propozycję w rozwiązywaniu problemów związanych z rozpoznawaniem stosunków przyczynowych w nauce o stosunkach międzynarodowych. Autor posługuje się w artykule metodą analizy treści. Metoda śledzenia procesu została przedstawiona w oparciu o analizę tekstów uznanych zwolenników metody w filozofii nauki i nauce o stosunkach międzynarodowych oraz prac poświęconych problemom stosunków międzynarodowych badanych przy zastosowaniu tej metody. Wyniki przeprowadzonej analizy pozwalają na sformułowanie rekomendacji do stosowania metody do badania stosunków międzynarodowych. Autor przedstawia również słabe strony metody, których istnienia powinien być świadomy każdy z niej korzystający. ; The article presents a qualitative method known as process tracing and exemplifies its use in the study of international relations. Firstly, the general characteristics of process tracing are shown. Secondly, the debate in social sciences on the understanding of causal mechanisms and causal inference is discussed, and whether process tracing is useful in testing hypotheses. Thirdly, different types of directives that guide the research procedure within the framework of process tracing are presented. Fourthly, the final part of the article demonstrates the implementation of process tracing in International Relations on the example of the analysis of the end of the Cold War. The article is concluded with a few doubts the method raises. The aim of the article is to introduce a qualitative research method to the Polish studies of International Relations. This method has not been used by Polish researchers, although most of them declare their methodological standpoint as a qualitative approach. The author justifies and illustrates the belief that the method of process tracing can be strongly recommended in solving problems related to the identification of causal relations in International Relations. The author uses the content analysis method in the article. The method of process tracing is presented based on the analysis of the texts of renowned supporters of the method in the Philosophy of Science and International Relations and of works dedicated to the problems of international relations studied using this method. The results of the analysis make it possible to formulate recommendations for the application of the method to study international relations. The author also presents the weaknesses of this method, which every scholar employing it should be aware of.
The article presents a qualitative method known as process tracing and exemplifies its use in the study of international relations. Firstly, the general characteristics of process tracing are shown. Secondly, the debate in social sciences on the understanding of causal mechanisms and causal inference is discussed, and whether process tracing is useful in testing hypotheses. Thirdly, different types of directives that guide the research procedure within the framework of process tracing are presented. Fourthly, the final part of the article demonstrates the implementation of process tracing in International Relations on the example of the analysis of the end of the Cold War. The article is concluded with a few doubts the method raises. The aim of the article is to introduce a qualitative research method to the Polish studies of International Relations. This method has not been used by Polish researchers, although most of them declare their methodological standpoint as a qualitative approach. The author justifies and illustrates the belief that the method of process tracing can be strongly recommended in solving problems related to the identification of causal relations in International Relations. The author uses the content analysis method in the article. The method of process tracing is presented based on the analysis of the texts of renowned supporters of the method in the Philosophy of Science and International Relations and of works dedicated to the problems of international relations studied using this method. The results of the analysis make it possible to formulate recommendations for the application of the method to study international relations. The author also presents the weaknesses of this method, which every scholar employing it should be aware of. ; W artykule przedstawiono jakościową metodę śledzenia procesu (process tracing) i jej przykładowe wykorzystanie w badaniu stosunków międzynarodowych. Po pierwsze, dokonano ogólnej charakterystyki metody. Po drugie, przedstawiono debatę toczoną w naukach społecznych na temat rozumienia mechanizmów przyczynowych i przyczynowego wnioskowania oraz użyteczności metody śledzenia procesu do testowania hipotez. Po trzecie, omówiono różnego rodzaju dyrektywy kierujące postępowaniem badawczym w ramach metody śledzenia procesu. Po czwarte, w końcowej części artykułu zademonstrowano implementację metody w nauce o stosunkach międzynarodowych na przykładzie analizy zakończenia zimnej wojny. W końcu sformułowano pewne wątpliwości związane z metodą. Celem artykułu jest wprowadzenie do polskiej nauki o stosunkach międzynarodowych jakościowej metody badawczej, która nie jest wykorzystywana przez polskich badaczy, chociaż większość z nich określa swoje stanowisko metodologiczne jako jakościowe. Autor w szczególności uzasadnia i ilustruje przekonanie, że metoda śledzenia procesu może stanowić mocną propozycję w rozwiązywaniu problemów związanych z rozpoznawaniem stosunków przyczynowych w nauce o stosunkach międzynarodowych. Autor posługuje się w artykule metodą analizy treści. Metoda śledzenia procesu została przedstawiona w oparciu o analizę tekstów uznanych zwolenników metody w filozofii nauki i nauce o stosunkach międzynarodowych oraz prac poświęconych problemom stosunków międzynarodowych badanych przy zastosowaniu tej metody. Wyniki przeprowadzonej analizy pozwalają na sformułowanie rekomendacji do stosowania metody do badania stosunków międzynarodowych. Autor przedstawia również słabe strony metody, których istnienia powinien być świadomy każdy z niej korzystający.
Objective: to describe experiences related to female caregivers' experience regarding the care of children with microcephaly associated with the Zika virus. Method: this is a qualitative, descriptive, exploratory study, conducted with the support of two female participants/caregivers of children with microcephaly, through semi-structured interviews and analyzed by the IRAMUTEQ software, which generated the word cloud and the similarity tree. Results: the term "child" was evidenced in the reports as of paramount importance in the female caregivers' lives. It was noticed that the father figure and/or family members were not linked to the care process and the governmental assistance directed to the female caregivers was flawed due to the lack of specific health promotion activities. It is pointed out that mothers faced drastic changes in their life trajectories and felt alone. Conclusion: it can be seen that the experiences revealed the overload, the responsibilities and the resignification of the female identity with self-perception, primarily focused on the social role of mother/female caregiver of the child with microcephaly. Descriptors: Microcephaly; Zika Vírus; Female Caregivers; Child; Nurse; Qualitative Research.Resumo Objetivo: descrever experiências relacionadas à vivência de cuidadoras sobre o cuidado de crianças com microcefalia associada ao Zika vírus. Método: trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, descritivo, exploratório, realizado com o apoio de duas participantes/cuidadoras de crianças com microcefalia, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e analisadas pelo software IRAMUTEQ, que gerou a nuvem de palavras e a árvore de similitude. Resultados: evidenciou-se o termo "filho" nos relatos como de suma importância na vida das cuidadoras. Percebeu-se que a figura paterna e/ou os familiares não estavam vinculados ao processo de cuidado e a assistência governamental direcionada às cuidadoras era falha devido à carência de atividades específicas de promoção de saúde. Aponta-se que as mães enfrentaram mudanças drásticas em suas trajetórias de vida e se sentiram sozinhas. Conclusão: constata-se que as experiências revelaram a sobrecarga, as responsabilidades e a ressignificação da identidade feminina com a autopercepção, prioritariamente, voltada para o papel social de mãe/cuidadora da criança com microcefalia. Descritores: Microcefalia; Zika Vírus; Cuidadores; Criança; Enfermagem; Pesquisa Qualitativa.ResumenObjetivo: describir las experiencias relacionadas con la experiencia de los cuidadores con respecto al cuidado de niños con microcefalia asociada al virus del Zika. Método: este es un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, exploratorio, realizado con el apoyo de dos participantes/cuidadores de niños con microcefalia, a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas y analizadas por el software IRAMUTEQ, que generó la nube de palabras y el árbol de similitud. Resultados: el término "hijo" se evidenció en los informes como de suma importancia en la vida de los cuidadores. Se observó que la figura paterna y/o los miembros de la familia no estaban vinculados al proceso de atención y que la asistencia gubernamental dirigida a los cuidadores era defectuosa debido a la falta de actividades específicas de promoción de la salud. Se señala que las madres enfrentaron cambios drásticos en sus trayectorias de vida y se sintieron solas. Conclusión: se encontró que las experiencias revelaron la sobrecarga, las responsabilidades y la resignificación de la identidad femenina con la autopercepción, principalmente enfocada en el papel social de la madre/cuidadora del niño con microcefalia. Descriptores: Microcefalia; Virus Zika; Cuidadores; Niño; Enfermería; Investigácion Cualitativa. ; Objetivo: descrever experiências relacionadas à vivência de cuidadoras sobre o cuidado de crianças com microcefalia associada ao Zika vírus. Método: trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, descritivo, exploratório, realizado com o apoio de duas participantes/cuidadoras de crianças com microcefalia, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas e analisadas pelo software IRAMUTEQ, que gerou a nuvem de palavras e a árvore de similitude. Resultados: evidenciou-se o termo "filho" nos relatos como de suma importância na vida das cuidadoras. Percebeu-se que a figura paterna e/ou os familiares não estavam vinculados ao processo de cuidado e a assistência governamental direcionada às cuidadoras era falha devido à carência de atividades específicas de promoção de saúde. Aponta-se que as mães enfrentaram mudanças drásticas em suas trajetórias de vida e se sentiram sozinhas. Conclusão: constata-se que as experiências revelaram a sobrecarga, as responsabilidades e a ressignificação da identidade feminina com a autopercepção, prioritariamente, voltada para o papel social de mãe/cuidadora da criança com microcefalia. Descritores: Microcefalia; Zika Vírus; Cuidadores; Criança; Enfermagem; Pesquisa Qualitativa.AbstractObjective: to describe experiences related to female caregivers' experience regarding the care of children with microcephaly associated with the Zika virus. Method: this is a qualitative, descriptive, exploratory study, conducted with the support of two female participants/caregivers of children with microcephaly, through semi-structured interviews and analyzed by the IRAMUTEQ software, which generated the word cloud and the similarity tree. Results: the term "child" was evidenced in the reports as of paramount importance in the female caregivers' lives. It was noticed that the father figure and/or family members were not linked to the care process and the governmental assistance directed to the female caregivers was flawed due to the lack of specific health promotion activities. It is pointed out that mothers faced drastic changes in their life trajectories and felt alone. Conclusion: it can be seen that the experiences revealed the overload, the responsibilities and the resignification of the female identity with self-perception, primarily focused on the social role of mother/female caregiver of the child with microcephaly. Descriptors: Microcephaly; Zika vírus; Female Caregivers; Child; Nurse; Qualitative Research.ResumenObjetivo: describir las experiencias relacionadas con la experiencia de los cuidadores con respecto al cuidado de niños con microcefalia asociada al virus del Zika. Método: este es un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, exploratorio, realizado con el apoyo de dos participantes/cuidadores de niños con microcefalia, a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas y analizadas por el software IRAMUTEQ, que generó la nube de palabras y el árbol de similitud. Resultados: el término "hijo" se evidenció en los informes como de suma importancia en la vida de los cuidadores. Se observó que la figura paterna y/o los miembros de la familia no estaban vinculados al proceso de atención y que la asistencia gubernamental dirigida a los cuidadores era defectuosa debido a la falta de actividades específicas de promoción de la salud. Se señala que las madres enfrentaron cambios drásticos en sus trayectorias de vida y se sintieron solas. Conclusión: se encontró que las experiencias revelaron la sobrecarga, las responsabilidades y la resignificación de la identidad femenina con la autopercepción, principalmente enfocada en el papel social de la madre/cuidadora del niño con microcefalia. Descriptores: Microcefalia; Virus Zika; Cuidadores; Niño; Enfermería; Investigácion Cualitativa.
