RESUMEN: La investigación la desarrollamos en el marco del programa Maestría en Educación, de la Universidad de Antioquia, para estudiar las Manifestaciones de un Sentido Educativo de la Crítica en profesores que enseñan matemáticas. A partir de la revisión de la literatura, surge en nuestra investigación el concepto Sentido Educativo de la Crítica por la necesidad de trascender lo que se denomina domesticación de la Crítica. Tal domesticación se produce cuando se usa el término Crítica sin esclarecer posturas teóricas, filosóficas y políticas que su utilización en la Educación tiene como telón de fondo. El Sentido indica una manera particular de enfocar o comprender la relación de la Crítica con la Educación Matemática. Por esto generamos interrelaciones conceptuales para establecer este Sentido desde perspectivas como la Educación Matemática Crítica, la Pedagogía Crítica y la Filosofía de la Liberación. En esta investigación la Crítica la asumimos como proceso dialéctico entre reflexión y acción. Este proceso lo desarrolla un sujeto de la crítica con respecto a un objeto que consiste en cualquier crisis de la sociedad y su relación con el conocimiento matemático o la Educación Matemática. Realizamos una investigación cualitativa en la que consideramos reflexiones metodológicas acerca de un enfoque crítico para la investigación en la Educación Matemática Crítica. Comprendimos con estas reflexiones que el carácter crítico de una investigación conlleva a que proponga alternativas. Consideramos que los resultados de nuestra investigación podrían constituirse en posibles caminos para un Sentido Educativo de la Crítica en la Educación Matemática. Para atender a la pregunta de investigación nos reunimos durante casi dos años con los profesores que enseñan matemáticas en el Colegio Alcaravanes. En los encuentros desarrollamos diálogos en los que emergieron las manifestaciones de un Sentido Educativo de la Crítica como reflexiones y acciones que identificamos en las expresiones orales de los profesores. Utilizamos técnicas de investigación como la observación participante, entrevistas y grupo focal. Además, los registros de los encuentros los realizamos a partir de audios, videos y actas de las reuniones. Analizamos dichas manifestaciones con respecto a una dimensión objetiva de la crítica que se articula con una dimensión subjetiva de la crítica. En cuanto a la dimensión objetiva nos permitió establecer que los profesores desarrollan el proceso de la Crítica con respecto a dos objetos: 1) miradas acerca del conocimiento matemático en la escuela y 2) atención a la diversidad en ambientes de aprendizaje matemático. Relacionamos estos objetos de la crítica de manera parcial con las crisis de la sociedad a partir de conceptos como el poder de formatear la sociedad por medio de las matemáticas y la ideología de la certeza. Con respecto a la dimensión subjetiva, nos posibilitó comprender disposiciones de los profesores para desarrollar un proceso de la Crítica acerca de los objetos que identificamos en la dimensión objetiva. Asumimos estas disposiciones como sus interpretaciones acerca de sus antecedentes y porvenir. Concluimos que la Crítica en su Sentido Educativo es un proceso que podría tener posibilidades prácticas, además de filosóficas, en la Educación Matemática como una manera de contrarrestar su domesticación. Por esto, caracterizamos dicho proceso a partir de aspectos como: coherencia, parcialidad, cotidianidad, permanencia, concreción, sistematización y esperanza. Además, consideramos que el proceso de la Crítica de los profesores involucró: concientización acerca de la necesidad y posibilidad de transformación de los objetos de la crítica, generación de alternativas y acciones transformadoras. También diferenciamos la Crítica de acuerdo a: nivel de reconocimiento del objeto (directa-indirecta), sujetos que involucra (individual-colectiva) y el contexto que abarca (aula, institución educativa, comunidad, sociedad en general). Aprendimos con los profesores que la Crítica en su Sentido Educativo, como proceso factible en la Educación Matemática, se constituye en esperanza para contribuir, de manera parcial pero valiosa, a la transformación tan necesaria de nuestra sociedad. ; ABSTRACT: We developed this investigation within the Master of Education program from the University of Antioquia, in order to study the Manifestations of a Critique's Educational Meaning on teachers that teach mathematics. From the literature review, emerges in our investigation the concept of Critique's Educational Meaning, out of the necessity to transcend the so-called domestication of Critique. Such domestication is produced when the term Critique is used without clarifying the theoretical, philosophical, and political postures that lie behind its utilization. The Meaning indicates a particular way to approach or comprehend the relation between Critique and Mathematical Education. Hereby, we generated conceptual interrelations to establish this Meaning from perspectives such as Critical Mathematical Education, the Critical Pedagogy, and the Philosophy of Liberation. We assume Critique in this investigation as dialectic process between reflection and action. This process is developed by a subject of critique with respect to an object which consists on any crisis of the society related to mathematical knowledge or mathematical education. We performed a qualitative investigation in which we consider methodological reflections about a critical approach for investigation on Critical Mathematical Education. With these reflections we understood that the critical character of an investigation leads it to propose alternatives. We consider that our investigation results could be constituted as possible ways to a Critique's Educational Meaning in Mathematical Education. To attend the research question, we met during almost two years with the teachers that teach mathematics at the Alcaravanes School. In the meetings we developed dialogs in which the manifestations of a Critique's Educational Meaning emerged as reflections and actions that we identified in the teachers oral expression. We used research techniques such as participant observation, interviews and focal group. Besides, we recorded the meetings trough audios, videos and meeting minutes. We analyzed such manifestations with respect to a critique's objective dimension articulated with critique's subjective dimension. Regarding the objective dimension, it allowed us to establish that teachers develop the process of Critique with respect to two objects: 1) way of looking about the mathematical knowledge at school and 2) diversity outreach in mathematical knowledge learning environment. We implicated these critique's objects partially with the society crisis based on concepts like the power to format society trough mathematics and certainty ideology. Regarding the subjective dimension, it allowed us to comprehend teachers' disposition to develop a Critique process about the objects that we identified in the objective dimension. We assume these dispositions as their interpretations about their past and future. We conclude that Critique at its Educational Meaning is a process that could have practical possibilities, besides of philosophical, in Mathematical Education as a way to counter its domestication. Hereby, we characterized such process based on aspects as: coherence, partiality, everyday nature, permanence, precision, systematization and hope. Besides, we consider that the Critique process of teachers involved: raising awareness about the need and possibility to transform the objects of critique, generation of transformer alternatives and actions. We also differentiate Critique on another level: level of acknowledgement of the object (direct-indirect), subjects that involves (individual-collective) and the context it encompasses (classroom, educative institution, community, society in general). With the teachers we learned that Critique at its Educational Meaning, as feasible process in Mathematical Education, is constituted in hope to contribute, partially but valuably, to the so needed transformation of our society.
Issue 61 of the Journal Cuadernos de Administración publishes 7 papers on the different topics of editorial interest, which national and international authors have considered disseminating in our publication, and which have been selected after a rigorous assessment process. The first paper, entitled "The use of social media to improve the commitment of stakeholders in the fashion and clothing sector: the Inditex case", is the result of a research wherein, by means of a descriptive analysis, the different levels of participation in Facebook and the main characteristics that stimulate such participation in Inditex are studied."Strategy and generation of value in Colombian service companies", is the title of our second paper, the result of research aimed at identifying the relationship between strategy and value generation in service companies that have won the Colombian Management Quality Award by the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism in the period 2013-2014.Innovation in Companies operating in the Foodstuffs Sector of Colombia. An analysis from the perspective of open innovation", is the third paper and the result of a qualitative study that investigates the characteristics of the actors and their relationships in four areas of the foodstuffs sector in Colombia (the meat, dairy, milling and confectionery sectors)."Environmental entrepreneurship and public policy. Case: Entrepreneurship for Life Program", is the title of the fourth paper in this issue, in which the authors, using the methodology of the Synergy System, applied by the Colombian Government to evaluate public policies, evaluate the "Entrepreneurship for Life" program.The fifth paper "Formal and informal institutions in relation to the entrepreneurial phenomenon in the Americas", presents the results of a study that analyses the impact of formal and informal institutions on the change of the entrepreneurial activity rate (TEA) in 9 countries in the Americas, using data from GEM studies between 2005 and 2015."Global communication models and their importance to public administrations - the case of the Secretariat of Information and Communication Technologies in Cundinamarca" is the title of the sixth paper published herein, and is the result of a study on the state of communications in the process of collecting requirements between the Secretariat of Information and Communication Technologies, the Government of Cundinamarca and the municipalities of the department through surveys and interviews with stakeholders and comparative analysis based on the current technical quality standards and variables of the global communication model. At the end of this issue, a review article entitled "Do social media create long-term brand experiences?" is published, in which the authors present a series of questions on the problem of the relationship between social networks and brand experience within marketing strategies. The article defines several lines wherefrom to outline future research.From the editorial team, we thank all the authors of this issue of the Journal Cuadernos de Administración for their contributions and our readers. We hope that all the changes that are being made as a journal will enable greater diffusion of published knowledge, where its content is the exclusive responsibility of each author and does not compromise the Faculty of Administrative Sciences of the Universidad del Valle, as the publishing entity. ; En el número 61 de la revista Cuadernos de Administración se publican 7 artículos de los diferentes temas de interés editorial, que autores nacionales e internacionales han considerado divulgar en nuestra publicación, los mismos han sido seleccionado después de un riguroso proceso de evaluación. El primer artículo, titulado "El uso de social media para mejorar el compromiso de los stakeholders en el sector de la moda y de la confección: caso Inditex", es el resultado de una investigación donde, por medio de un análisis de tipo descriptivo, se estudia los diferentes niveles de participación en Facebook y las principales características que estimulan tal participación en Inditex. "Estrategia y generación de valor en empresas colombianas de servicios", es el título del segundo artículo, resultado de una investigación que tiene como objetivo identificar la relación entre estrategia y generación de valor en las empresas de servicios ganadoras del Premio Colombiano a la Calidad de la Gestión del Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo, en el período 2013-2014. "La innovación en las empresas del sector de alimentos en Colombia. Un análisis desde la perspectiva de la innovación abierta", es el tercer artículo, es el resultado de un estudio de tipo cualitativo donde se indaga por las características de los actores y sus relaciones en cuatro renglones del sector de alimentos en Colombia (el sector cárnico, el lácteo, el de molinería y el sector de confitería). "Emprendimiento ambiental y política pública. Caso: Programa Emprender para la vida", es el título del cuarto artículo de este número, donde los autores, utilizando la metodología del Sistema Sinergia, aplicada por el Gobierno colombiano para evaluar las políticas públicas, se evalúa el programa "Emprender para la vida". El quinto artículo "Instituciones formales e informales en relación con el fenómeno emprendedor en América", los autores presentan los resultados de un estudio donde se analiza la incidencia de las instituciones formales e informales sobre el cambio en la tasa de actividad emprendedora (TEA), en 9 países del continente americano, utilizando datos de los estudios GEM entre 2005 y 2015. "Los modelos de comunicación global y su importancia en las administraciones públicas -el caso de la Secretaría de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones en Cundinamarca", es el título del sexto artículo publicado en este número, resultado de un estudio sobre el estado de las comunicaciones en el proceso de levantamiento de requisitos entre la Secretaría de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, de la Gobernación de Cundinamarca y los municipios del departamento, por medio de encuestas y entrevistas a los actores involucrados y análisis comparativos a partir de la norma técnica de calidad vigente y variables del modelo de comunicación global. Al final de este número, se publica un artículo de revisión de tema, que tiene por título "El rol de los social media en la creación de experiencias de marca", donde los autores presentan una serie de preguntas, alrededor del problema de la relación entre las redes sociales y la experiencia de marca dentro de las estrategias de marketing. En el artículo se definen varias líneas desde donde se pueden definir investigaciones futuras. Desde el equipo editorial, agradecemos a todos los autores de este número de la revista Cuadernos de Administración, por sus aportes y a nuestros lectores. Esperamos que todos los cambios que se están realizando como revista, permita una mayor difusión del conocimiento publicado, donde en su contenido es una responsabilidad exclusiva de cada autor y no compromete a la Facultad de Ciencias de la Administración de la Universidad del Valle, como entidad editora.
Issue 61 of the Journal Cuadernos de Administración publishes 7 papers on the different topics of editorial interest, which national and international authors have considered disseminating in our publication, and which have been selected after a rigorous assessment process. The first paper, entitled "The use of social media to improve the commitment of stakeholders in the fashion and clothing sector: the Inditex case", is the result of a research wherein, by means of a descriptive analysis, the different levels of participation in Facebook and the main characteristics that stimulate such participation in Inditex are studied."Strategy and generation of value in Colombian service companies", is the title of our second paper, the result of research aimed at identifying the relationship between strategy and value generation in service companies that have won the Colombian Management Quality Award by the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism in the period 2013-2014.Innovation in Companies operating in the Foodstuffs Sector of Colombia. An analysis from the perspective of open innovation", is the third paper and the result of a qualitative study that investigates the characteristics of the actors and their relationships in four areas of the foodstuffs sector in Colombia (the meat, dairy, milling and confectionery sectors)."Environmental entrepreneurship and public policy. Case: Entrepreneurship for Life Program", is the title of the fourth paper in this issue, in which the authors, using the methodology of the Synergy System, applied by the Colombian Government to evaluate public policies, evaluate the "Entrepreneurship for Life" program.The fifth paper "Formal and informal institutions in relation to the entrepreneurial phenomenon in the Americas", presents the results of a study that analyses the impact of formal and informal institutions on the change of the entrepreneurial activity rate (TEA) in 9 countries in the Americas, using data from GEM studies between 2005 and 2015."Global communication models and their importance to public administrations - the case of the Secretariat of Information and Communication Technologies in Cundinamarca" is the title of the sixth paper published herein, and is the result of a study on the state of communications in the process of collecting requirements between the Secretariat of Information and Communication Technologies, the Government of Cundinamarca and the municipalities of the department through surveys and interviews with stakeholders and comparative analysis based on the current technical quality standards and variables of the global communication model. At the end of this issue, a review article entitled "Do social media create long-term brand experiences?" is published, in which the authors present a series of questions on the problem of the relationship between social networks and brand experience within marketing strategies. The article defines several lines wherefrom to outline future research.From the editorial team, we thank all the authors of this issue of the Journal Cuadernos de Administración for their contributions and our readers. We hope that all the changes that are being made as a journal will enable greater diffusion of published knowledge, where its content is the exclusive responsibility of each author and does not compromise the Faculty of Administrative Sciences of the Universidad del Valle, as the publishing entity. ; En el número 61 de la revista Cuadernos de Administración se publican 7 artículos de los diferentes temas de interés editorial, que autores nacionales e internacionales han considerado divulgar en nuestra publicación, los mismos han sido seleccionado después de un riguroso proceso de evaluación. El primer artículo, titulado "El uso de social media para mejorar el compromiso de los stakeholders en el sector de la moda y de la confección: caso Inditex", es el resultado de una investigación donde, por medio de un análisis de tipo descriptivo, se estudia los diferentes niveles de participación en Facebook y las principales características que estimulan tal participación en Inditex. "Estrategia y generación de valor en empresas colombianas de servicios", es el título del segundo artículo, resultado de una investigación que tiene como objetivo identificar la relación entre estrategia y generación de valor en las empresas de servicios ganadoras del Premio Colombiano a la Calidad de la Gestión del Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo, en el período 2013-2014. "La innovación en las empresas del sector de alimentos en Colombia. Un análisis desde la perspectiva de la innovación abierta", es el tercer artículo, es el resultado de un estudio de tipo cualitativo donde se indaga por las características de los actores y sus relaciones en cuatro renglones del sector de alimentos en Colombia (el sector cárnico, el lácteo, el de molinería y el sector de confitería). "Emprendimiento ambiental y política pública. Caso: Programa Emprender para la vida", es el título del cuarto artículo de este número, donde los autores, utilizando la metodología del Sistema Sinergia, aplicada por el Gobierno colombiano para evaluar las políticas públicas, se evalúa el programa "Emprender para la vida". El quinto artículo "Instituciones formales e informales en relación con el fenómeno emprendedor en América", los autores presentan los resultados de un estudio donde se analiza la incidencia de las instituciones formales e informales sobre el cambio en la tasa de actividad emprendedora (TEA), en 9 países del continente americano, utilizando datos de los estudios GEM entre 2005 y 2015. "Los modelos de comunicación global y su importancia en las administraciones públicas -el caso de la Secretaría de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones en Cundinamarca", es el título del sexto artículo publicado en este número, resultado de un estudio sobre el estado de las comunicaciones en el proceso de levantamiento de requisitos entre la Secretaría de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, de la Gobernación de Cundinamarca y los municipios del departamento, por medio de encuestas y entrevistas a los actores involucrados y análisis comparativos a partir de la norma técnica de calidad vigente y variables del modelo de comunicación global. Al final de este número, se publica un artículo de revisión de tema, que tiene por título "El rol de los social media en la creación de experiencias de marca", donde los autores presentan una serie de preguntas, alrededor del problema de la relación entre las redes sociales y la experiencia de marca dentro de las estrategias de marketing. En el artículo se definen varias líneas desde donde se pueden definir investigaciones futuras. Desde el equipo editorial, agradecemos a todos los autores de este número de la revista Cuadernos de Administración, por sus aportes y a nuestros lectores. Esperamos que todos los cambios que se están realizando como revista, permita una mayor difusión del conocimiento publicado, donde en su contenido es una responsabilidad exclusiva de cada autor y no compromete a la Facultad de Ciencias de la Administración de la Universidad del Valle, como entidad editora.
The object of research is the construction industry in Latvia. This branch of the national economy of Latvia has experienced significant downturns and ups in recent years. The study of the causes and consequences of these fluctuations is important for the country's economy. Among the significant shortcomings can be called a high level of shadow economy in construction, the use of poor-quality building materials, a shortage of labor at all levels of the industry, a long bureaucratic way in the preparation of documents.Improvement of the Latvian construction industry is possible with the involvement of foreign experience. On an example of the countries of Scandinavia one of the important stages of formation of qualitative and ecological construction is considered. In the Nordic countries, since 1989, a system of eco-labeling of buildings has been applied to buildings commissioned. These documents confirm the use of high-quality building materials, energy efficiency of the building, certification of the company and used materials. Documents on eco-labeling are necessary for residential buildings, private houses and all types of educational institutions and kindergartens. This means that only materials that have been rigorously selected for quality and chemical composition are used for construction.Using the experience of working with Scandinavian clients, the author has studied the experience of implementing the eco-labeling system of buildings, as well as collected the necessary information to study the research topic and determine the approaches to the Nordic experience in the construction industry in Latvia. The introduction of eco-labeling of buildings and passports into private homes, multi-storey residential buildings, schools, kindergartens and other educational institutions will lead to the use of better construction materials and also to an understanding of the responsibility of general construction contractors, construction companies, and suppliers of building materials. Also, the use of environmental building materials in residential and educational institutions will lead to better health of the population, in particular, to reducing allergies and diseases of the respiratory system.The introduction of eco-labels and passports for buildings should be introduced at the state level, and the requirements of the European Union for the use of environmental materials in construction should be adapted for Latvia. It is important to competently and systematically develop a model for the introduction of modern management approaches to the construction industry based on the experience of advanced countries. Toughening requirements for all stages of the construction process, using safe building materials, as well as strengthening labor protection requirements, will improve the quality of the entire construction industry as a whole. The introduction of eco-labeling systems will take time, but will lead to positive results. ; Объектом исследования является строительная отрасль Латвии. Данная отрасль народного хозяйства Латвии в последние годы переживает значительные падения и взлеты. Изучение причин и последствий данных колебаний является важным для экономики страны. Из существенных недостатков можно назвать высокий уровень теневой экономики в строительстве, использование некачественных строительных материалов, недостаток рабочей силы на всех уровнях отрасли, долгий бюрократический путь при оформлении документов и др.Совершенствование строительной отрасли Латвии возможно с привлечением зарубежного опыта. На примере стран Скандинавии рассмотрено один из важных этапов становления качественного и экологического строительства. В Северных странах, начиная с 1989 года применяют к сданным в эксплуатацию зданиям систему экомаркировки зданий. Данные документы подтверждают использование качественных строительных материалов, энергоэффективность здания, сертификацию компании и использованных материалов. Документы по экомаркировке необходимы для жилых зданий, частных домов и всех типов учебных учреждений и детских садов. Это означает, что для строительства применяются только материалы, которые прошли строгий отбор по качеству и химическому составу.Используя опыт работы со скандинавскими клиентами, автором был исследован опыт внедрения системы экомаркировки зданий, а также собрана необходимая информация для изучения темы исследования и определения подходов введения опыта Северных стран в строительную отрасль Латвии. Введение экомаркировки зданий и паспортов на частные дома, многоэтажные жилые дома, школы, детские сады и другие учебные заведения приведут к использованию более качественных строительных материалов. А также к пониманию ответственности и у генеральных подрядчиков строительства, и у строительных компаний, и у поставщиков строительных материалов. Также использование экологических строительных материалов в жилых и учебных заведениях приведут к улучшению здоровья населения, в частности к уменьшению аллергии и заболеваний дыхательной системы.Внедрение экомаркировки и паспортов на здания необходимо вводить на государственном уровне, а также нужно адаптировать для Латвии требования Европейского Союза по использованию экологических материалов в строительстве. Важно грамотно и систематически разработать модель внедрения современных подходов управления строительной отраслью на основе опыта передовых стран. Ужесточение требований ко всем этапам строительного процесса, использованию безопасных для здоровья строительных материалов, а также усиление требований к охране труда повысит качественный уровень всей строительной отрасли в целом. Введение системы экомаркировки зданий займет определенное время, но приведет к положительным результатам. ; Об'єктом дослідження є будівельна галузь Латвії. Дана галузь народного господарства Латвії в останні роки переживає значні падіння і злети. Вивчення причин та наслідків даних коливань є важливим для економіки країни. З істотних недоліків можна назвати високий рівень тіньової економіки в будівництві, використання неякісних будівельних матеріалів, брак робочої сили на всіх рівнях галузі, довгий бюрократичний шлях при оформленні документів та ін.Удосконалення будівельної галузі Латвії можливо із залученням закордонного досвіду. На прикладі країн Скандинавії розглянуто один з важливих етапів становлення якісного та екологічного будівництва. У Північних країнах, починаючи з 1989 року застосовують до зданих в експлуатацію будівель систему екомаркування будівель. Дані документи підтверджують використання якісних будівельних матеріалів, енергоефективність будівлі, сертифікацію компанії і використаних матеріалів. Документи по екомаркуванню необхідні для житлових будівель, приватних будинків і всіх типів навчальних закладів і дитячих садків. Це означає, що для будівництва застосовуються тільки матеріали, які пройшли суворий відбір за якістю і хімічним складом.Використовуючи досвід роботи зі скандинавськими клієнтами, автором було досліджено досвід впровадження системи екомаркування будівель, а також зібрана необхідна інформація для вивчення теми дослідження та визначення підходів введення досвіду Північних країн в будівельну галузь Латвії. Введення екомаркування будівель і паспортів на приватні будинки, багатоповерхові житлові будинки, школи, дитячі садки та інші навчальні заклади приведуть до використання більш якісних будівельних матеріалів. А також до розуміння відповідальності і у генеральних підрядників будівництва, і у будівельних компаній, і у постачальників будівельних матеріалів. Також використання екологічних будівельних матеріалів в житлових і навчальних закладах приведуть до поліпшення здоров'я населення, зокрема до зменшення алергії і захворювань дихальної системи.Впровадження екомаркування та паспортів на будівлі необхідно вводити на державному рівні, а також потрібно адаптувати для Латвії вимоги Європейського Союзу щодо використання екологічних матеріалів в будівництві. Важливо грамотно і систематично розробити модель впровадження сучасних підходів управління будівельною галуззю на основі досвіду передових країн. Жорсткість вимог до всіх етапів будівельного процесу, використання безпечних для здоров'я будівельних матеріалів, а також посилення вимог до охорони праці підвищить якісний рівень всієї будівельної галузі в цілому. Введення системи екомаркування будівель займе певний час, але призведе до позитивних результатів.
The object of research is the construction industry in Latvia. This branch of the national economy of Latvia has experienced significant downturns and ups in recent years. The study of the causes and consequences of these fluctuations is important for the country's economy. Among the significant shortcomings can be called a high level of shadow economy in construction, the use of poor-quality building materials, a shortage of labor at all levels of the industry, a long bureaucratic way in the preparation of documents.Improvement of the Latvian construction industry is possible with the involvement of foreign experience. On an example of the countries of Scandinavia one of the important stages of formation of qualitative and ecological construction is considered. In the Nordic countries, since 1989, a system of eco-labeling of buildings has been applied to buildings commissioned. These documents confirm the use of high-quality building materials, energy efficiency of the building, certification of the company and used materials. Documents on eco-labeling are necessary for residential buildings, private houses and all types of educational institutions and kindergartens. This means that only materials that have been rigorously selected for quality and chemical composition are used for construction.Using the experience of working with Scandinavian clients, the author has studied the experience of implementing the eco-labeling system of buildings, as well as collected the necessary information to study the research topic and determine the approaches to the Nordic experience in the construction industry in Latvia. The introduction of eco-labeling of buildings and passports into private homes, multi-storey residential buildings, schools, kindergartens and other educational institutions will lead to the use of better construction materials and also to an understanding of the responsibility of general construction contractors, construction companies, and suppliers of building materials. Also, the use of environmental building materials in residential and educational institutions will lead to better health of the population, in particular, to reducing allergies and diseases of the respiratory system.The introduction of eco-labels and passports for buildings should be introduced at the state level, and the requirements of the European Union for the use of environmental materials in construction should be adapted for Latvia. It is important to competently and systematically develop a model for the introduction of modern management approaches to the construction industry based on the experience of advanced countries. Toughening requirements for all stages of the construction process, using safe building materials, as well as strengthening labor protection requirements, will improve the quality of the entire construction industry as a whole. The introduction of eco-labeling systems will take time, but will lead to positive results. ; Объектом исследования является строительная отрасль Латвии. Данная отрасль народного хозяйства Латвии в последние годы переживает значительные падения и взлеты. Изучение причин и последствий данных колебаний является важным для экономики страны. Из существенных недостатков можно назвать высокий уровень теневой экономики в строительстве, использование некачественных строительных материалов, недостаток рабочей силы на всех уровнях отрасли, долгий бюрократический путь при оформлении документов и др.Совершенствование строительной отрасли Латвии возможно с привлечением зарубежного опыта. На примере стран Скандинавии рассмотрено один из важных этапов становления качественного и экологического строительства. В Северных странах, начиная с 1989 года применяют к сданным в эксплуатацию зданиям систему экомаркировки зданий. Данные документы подтверждают использование качественных строительных материалов, энергоэффективность здания, сертификацию компании и использованных материалов. Документы по экомаркировке необходимы для жилых зданий, частных домов и всех типов учебных учреждений и детских садов. Это означает, что для строительства применяются только материалы, которые прошли строгий отбор по качеству и химическому составу.Используя опыт работы со скандинавскими клиентами, автором был исследован опыт внедрения системы экомаркировки зданий, а также собрана необходимая информация для изучения темы исследования и определения подходов введения опыта Северных стран в строительную отрасль Латвии. Введение экомаркировки зданий и паспортов на частные дома, многоэтажные жилые дома, школы, детские сады и другие учебные заведения приведут к использованию более качественных строительных материалов. А также к пониманию ответственности и у генеральных подрядчиков строительства, и у строительных компаний, и у поставщиков строительных материалов. Также использование экологических строительных материалов в жилых и учебных заведениях приведут к улучшению здоровья населения, в частности к уменьшению аллергии и заболеваний дыхательной системы.Внедрение экомаркировки и паспортов на здания необходимо вводить на государственном уровне, а также нужно адаптировать для Латвии требования Европейского Союза по использованию экологических материалов в строительстве. Важно грамотно и систематически разработать модель внедрения современных подходов управления строительной отраслью на основе опыта передовых стран. Ужесточение требований ко всем этапам строительного процесса, использованию безопасных для здоровья строительных материалов, а также усиление требований к охране труда повысит качественный уровень всей строительной отрасли в целом. Введение системы экомаркировки зданий займет определенное время, но приведет к положительным результатам. ; Об'єктом дослідження є будівельна галузь Латвії. Дана галузь народного господарства Латвії в останні роки переживає значні падіння і злети. Вивчення причин та наслідків даних коливань є важливим для економіки країни. З істотних недоліків можна назвати високий рівень тіньової економіки в будівництві, використання неякісних будівельних матеріалів, брак робочої сили на всіх рівнях галузі, довгий бюрократичний шлях при оформленні документів та ін.Удосконалення будівельної галузі Латвії можливо із залученням закордонного досвіду. На прикладі країн Скандинавії розглянуто один з важливих етапів становлення якісного та екологічного будівництва. У Північних країнах, починаючи з 1989 року застосовують до зданих в експлуатацію будівель систему екомаркування будівель. Дані документи підтверджують використання якісних будівельних матеріалів, енергоефективність будівлі, сертифікацію компанії і використаних матеріалів. Документи по екомаркуванню необхідні для житлових будівель, приватних будинків і всіх типів навчальних закладів і дитячих садків. Це означає, що для будівництва застосовуються тільки матеріали, які пройшли суворий відбір за якістю і хімічним складом.Використовуючи досвід роботи зі скандинавськими клієнтами, автором було досліджено досвід впровадження системи екомаркування будівель, а також зібрана необхідна інформація для вивчення теми дослідження та визначення підходів введення досвіду Північних країн в будівельну галузь Латвії. Введення екомаркування будівель і паспортів на приватні будинки, багатоповерхові житлові будинки, школи, дитячі садки та інші навчальні заклади приведуть до використання більш якісних будівельних матеріалів. А також до розуміння відповідальності і у генеральних підрядників будівництва, і у будівельних компаній, і у постачальників будівельних матеріалів. Також використання екологічних будівельних матеріалів в житлових і навчальних закладах приведуть до поліпшення здоров'я населення, зокрема до зменшення алергії і захворювань дихальної системи.Впровадження екомаркування та паспортів на будівлі необхідно вводити на державному рівні, а також потрібно адаптувати для Латвії вимоги Європейського Союзу щодо використання екологічних матеріалів в будівництві. Важливо грамотно і систематично розробити модель впровадження сучасних підходів управління будівельною галуззю на основі досвіду передових країн. Жорсткість вимог до всіх етапів будівельного процесу, використання безпечних для здоров'я будівельних матеріалів, а також посилення вимог до охорони праці підвищить якісний рівень всієї будівельної галузі в цілому. Введення системи екомаркування будівель займе певний час, але призведе до позитивних результатів.
La Comunidad de Madrid, consciente de que la educación en el respeto hacia la diversidad cultural y lingüística de sus ciudadanos desempeña un papel principal en el abordaje de los retos socioeconómicos, demográficos, medioambientales y tecnológicos a los que se enfrentará España en los años venideros, viene realizando desde el año 2002 un programa de reformas de carácter estructural y de diseño curricular que, acorde a las directrices marcadas por la Unión Europea, la acerquen al objetivo propuesto en el Consejo Europeo de Lisboa del año 2000: "la economía basada en el conocimiento más competitiva y dinámica del mundo, capaz de crecer económicamente de manera sostenible con más y mejores empleos y con mayor cohesión sociaf"1, y la conviertan, como se acordó en el Consejo Europeo de Barcelona del año 2002, en un referente de calidad mundial en materia de educación y formación. Fruto de este ideario reformista, y con la finalidad de mejorar la calidad, la eficacia y la eficiencia de los sistemas educativos y de formación, fue la creación, en el año 2004, del Programa de Colegios Bilingües de la Comunidad de Madrid, destinado a fomentar el multiiingüismo, la multicuituralidad y el aprendizaje permanente en los centros educativos dependientes de su gestión. Transcurridos más de diez años desde su fundación, ha llegado el momento de revisar la situación de la educación en esta Comunidad, y emprender, en este sentido, estudios orientados a evaluar los resultados alcanzados. Atendiendo a esta finalidad, este novedoso estudio pretende analizar si la competencia lingüística conseguida por los alumnos que finalizan el primer ciclo de la etapa de Educación Primaria es equivalente, como dispone la Orden 5958/2010 por la que se regulan los colegios públicos bilingües de la Comunidad de Madrid, al nivel Al del Marco Común Europeo de Referencia para las Lenguas. Para desarrollar este cometido, hemos diseñado un estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal, en ei que la metodología de investigación empleada ha sido de corte mixto, cualitativo y cuantitativo, empleando como instrumento de recogida de datos un cuestionario individual, impreso, multivariable y estructurado, constituido por cuestiones dicotómicas y nominal-politómicas y con respuestas cerradas. El cuestionario se ha elaborado en base a los contenidos que establece como objetivo la Comunidad de Madrid en la asignatura de Lengua Extranjera: Inglés, en el apartado "Lengua a la que los alumnos están expuestos", y en los subapartados "Gramática" y "Vocabulario-temas" para los alumnos que finalizan el segundo curso de la etapa de Educación Primaria. Los resultados del estudio muestran que, efectivamente, los alumnos que finalizan el primer ciclo de la etapa de Educación Primaria alcanzan, como dispone la Orden 5958/2010 de la Comunidad de Madrid, un nivel de competencia lingüística equivalente ai nivel Al del Marco Común Europeo de Referencia para las Lenguas. Como posibles líneas de investigación futuras, proponemos abordar temas relacionados con: las necesidades formativas y dotacionaies de los docentes; el papel que juegan los alumnos con necesidades educativas especiales en la enseñanza bilingüe; la influencia del entorno familiar en la selección del alumnado de los centros bilingües; las repercusiones de la enseñanza bilingüe sobre la competencia lingüística en castellano, y la influencia de la enseñanza bilingüe en la consecución de los objetivos de otras materias. 1 Conclusiones de la Presidencia, Lisboa, 23 y 24 de marzo de 2000 (SN 100/00, apartado 5, p. 2). ; It is now recognized that education in respect for the cultural and linguistic diversity of its citizens plays a major role in tackling the socio-economic, demographic, environmental and technological challenges that Spain will face in the years to come. The Community of Madrid, aware of this social perception, has been carrying out a program of structural reforms and curricular design since 2002, which, in accordance with the guidelines established by the European Union, bring it closer to the objective proposed by the European Council of Lisbon of the year 2000: "to become the most dynamic and competitive knowledge-based economy in the world by 2010 capable of sustainable economic growth with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion and respect for the environment"2, and to turn the Community of Madrid, as agreed at the Barcelona European Council in 2002, into a world-class benchmark in education and training. Owing to this reformist idea, and to improve the quality, efficiency and efficiency of education and training systems, in 2004 the Bilingual Schools Program of the Community of Madrid was created to promote multilingualism, muiticulturalism and lifelong learning in schools dependent on their management. Ten years after its founding, the time has come to review the situation of education in this Community, and undertake, in this sense, studies aimed to evaluate the results achieved. To this end, this novel study aims to analyze if the linguistic competence achieved by the students who finish the first cycle of the Primary Education is equivalent, as provided by Order 5958/2010, which regulates bilingual public schools of the Community of Madrid, at level A1 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. To carry out this task, we have designed a descriptive, observational and transversal study, in which the research methodology used has been mixed, qualitative and quantitative, using as an instrument of data collection an individual, printed, multivariate and structured questionnaire, constituted by dichotomous and nominal-polyatomic questions and with closed answers. The questionnaire has been elaborated based on the contents that the Community of Madrid establishes like target in the Foreign Language Subject: English, in the section "Language children are exposed to", and in the subsections "Grammar" and "Vocabulary-themes", for the students who finish the second course of the Primary Education Stage. The resuits of the study show that, indeed, students who finish the first cycle of Primary Education reach, as provided by Order 5958/2010 of the Community of Madrid, a level of linguistic competence equivalent to level A1 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. As possible future lines of research, we propose to address issues related to the training and educational needs of teachers; the role of students with special educational needs in bilingual education; the influence of the family environment on the selection of students from bilingual centers; the impact of bilingual education on Spanish language competence, and the influence of bilingual education on the achievement of the objectives of other subjects. 1 Presidency Conclusion, Lisbon European Council 23 and 24 March 2000, SN (2000) 100, p. 2
The penitentiary drug dependence treatment for women has been traditionally generic (applied for most masculine penitentiary) and with few differentiating empiric studies in an spanish level.Based on a regulatory framework, this research focuses on the study of the main elements of risk and protection implied in the relation between the drug dependant female prisoners and the treatment programs, as well as the recovery processes, in order to propose specific actions.The research has a multimethod approach, inserted within the Project I+D+I named "Mujeres reclusas drogodependientes y su reinserción social. Estudio socioeducativo y propuestas de acción" [EDU2009-13408], with a national sample of second and third degree (Central Government and Community of Catalonia), corresponding to an estimate of 15% of the female prisoners nationally. 538 valid questionnaires, 61 semi-structured interviews has been obtained, in which informatic analytical methods, specific programs for quantitative data (SPSS, V. 15 y 20), and analytical content methods for qualitative data has been applied. The analysis has been developed before and after the internment, including four profiles of female prisioners (AA: Active addicted (8'20%), EX: ex addicted (EX: 67'21%), NA: non addicted (NA: 14.75%) and PMM (9.84%) addicted within methadone maintenance programs ).Among the main results found, it is relevant to mention the elements of risk related to the absence of participation of ex addicted women in relapse prevention programs. In fact, this is a relevant issue since 70% of the women are ex addicted. There is a large number of women not receiving any treatment in prision and not participating in any program due to lack of information, mistrust and overlap with other activities. Aditionally, theres is a perception of gender discrimination towards the access and permanece of women in the programs, compared with men. Also, within the main elements of protection, it has been found that most women access a program motivated by family pressure, and in some cases situations such as motherhood and certain personal health issues were determinant factors for a women to access a program.Finally, a model PROSO –MD (Socio-educational Program for Drug Dependant Women) according to use pattern is proposed to be implemented in a penitentiary field, adapted to the characteristics and realities of the women implied and developing specific a proposal for ex addicted women. ; El tratamiento penitenciario de drogodependencias para mujeres ha sido tradicionalmente genérico (el aplicado para la mayoría masculina penitenciaria) y con pocos estudios diferenciales empíricos a nivel español. Esta investigación plantea a partir de los marcos normativos y la situación expresada por los organismos especializados, estudiar algunos de los factores de riesgo y de protección principales de las reclusas drogodependientes en relación a los programas de tratamiento y los procesos de recuperación a fin de realizar propuestas de acción específicas. La investigación es multimétodo, insertada dentro del Proyecto I+D+I denominado "Mujeres reclusas drogodependientes y su reinserción social. Estudio socioeducativo y propuestas de acción" [EDU2009-13408], con una muestra nacional en segundo y tercer grado (Administración General del Estado y Comunidad de Cataluña), correspondiente aproximadamente al 15% de las mujeres reclusas en el panorama nacional. Se han obtenido 538 cuestionarios válidos, 61 entrevistas semi-estructuradas, a los cuales aplicaron, por un lado, métodos de análisis informáticos y programas específicos para los datos cuantitativos (SPSS, V. 15 y 20) y métodos de análisis de contenido para los datos cualitativos. El análisis se ha realizado antes y durante el internamiento, a partir de cuatro perfiles de mujeres reclusas (AA: adictas activas (8´20 %), EX: ex adictas (EX: 67´21%), NA: no adictas (NA: 14,75%) y PMM (9,84%): adictas en programas de mantenimiento de metadona). Entre los resultados principales encontramos como factores de riesgo destacados en relación al tratamiento que las mujeres ex adictas no participan, por lo general, en programas de prevención de recaídas. Esta realidad supone un importante problema puesto que casi un 70% de las mujeres son ex consumidoras. Existe un número de mujeres que no participan en los programas por desinformación, desconfianza y compatibilidad con otras actividades o existe una percepción de discriminación de género en el acceso y permanencia de las mujeres en los programas en relación a los hombres. En los factores principales de protección encontramos que la mayoría de las mujeres tienen las presiones familiares como una motivación para acceder a programas y que en algunos de los casos la situación de maternidad o ciertos factores personales, fueron definitivos para el acceso. Finalmente, se propone el modelo PROSO –MD (Programa Socioeducativo para mujeres drogodependientes) para que sea implementado en el ámbito penitenciario según perfiles de consumo a partir de la adecuación a las características y realidades de las mujeres, concretando a partir de una propuesta específica para mujeres ex adictas. ; Tratamento medicamentoso prisão para as mulheres é tradicionalmente genérico (aplicado para o macho prisão maioria) e alguns estudos empíricos diferenciais de nível de espanhol. Esta pesquisa surge a partir dos marcos regulatórios ea situação expressa pelas agências especializadas, para estudar alguns dos fatores de risco e proteção de grandes reclusos toxicodependentes em relação aos programas de processos de tratamento e recuperação, a fim de apresentar propostas ação específica. A pesquisa é multimethod, inserido no Projecto I + D intitulado " Mujeres reclusas drogodependientes y su reinserción social. Estudio socioeducativo y propuestas de acción "[EDU2009-13408], com uma amostra nacional em segundo e terceiro grau (Governo Geral e Comunidade da Catalunha), correspondendo a aproximadamente 15% das mulheres presas no cenário nacional. Obtivemos 538 questionários válidos, 61 entrevistas semi-estruturadas para a qual aplicada, em primeiro lugar, os métodos de análise de computador e programas específicos para os dados quantitativos (SPSS, V. 15, 20) e os métodos de análise de conteúdo dados qualitativos. A análise foi realizada antes e durante a internação de quatro perfis de mulheres presas (AA: Ativo viciado (8'20%), EX: ex viciado (EX: 67'21%), NA: não viciado (NA: 14,75%) e PMM (9,84%) viciados em programas de manutenção com metadona). Os principais resultados são fatores de risco como liderança em relação ao tratamento de mulheres ex viciados não são, em geral, em programas de prevenção de recaída. Este é realmente um grande problema, já que quase 70% das mulheres são ex-consumidores. Há um número de mulheres que participam dos programas devido à desinformação, desconfiança e compatibilidade com outras atividades ou se houver uma percepção de discriminação de gênero no acesso e retenção de mulheres nos programas em relação aos homens. Nas principais fatores de proteção descobriu que a maioria das mulheres tem a pressão da família como uma motivação para programas de acesso e, em alguns casos, o parto ou de certos fatores pessoais foram decisivos para o acesso. Finalmente, o modelo Proso -MD (Programa para mulheres Sócio-dependentes) é proposto para ser implementado em prisões como perfis de consumo de adaptar-se às características e realidades de mulheres, de especificação de uma proposta específica mulheres viciadas ex.
In: Hansen , U E 2013 , Development of biomass power plant technologies in Malaysia: niche development and the formation of innovative capabilities . Technical University of Denmark , Kgs. Lyngby .
Formålet med denne afhandling er at bidrage til at øge forståelsen af teknologioverførsel og udbredelse af klimateknologier i udviklingslande ved at gennemføre en undersøgelse af udviklingen af biomassekraftværks teknologi i Malaysia. Afhandling forsøger at besvare det overordnede spørgsmål om hvilke faktorer der har haft betydning for overførsel og udbredelse af biomassekraftværks teknologi i Malaysia. Dette spørgsmål undersøges i de fire artikler, der udgør selve afhandlingen, som baserer sig på en analyse af kvalitativt data materiale primært i form af interviews, dokumenter, og observationer indsamlet under flere feltarbejdsophold i Malaysia. Afhandlingen opfatter teknologiudbredelse som en niche udviklingsproces og finder at udviklingen at en palmeolie biomasse affald-til-energi niche i Malaysia kun har gjort meget begrænset fremskridt på trods af en niche udviklingsperiode på tyve år. Det påpeges i afhandlingen, at modvilligheden mod at indføre en effektiv energipolitik har været en central begrænsende faktor for niche udvikling. På trods af at en række internationale bistandsprogrammers advokerede for at indføre gunstigere rammebetingelser for at understøtte nichen havde dette kun en begrænset effekt på politik udvikling. Dette skyldes primært en stærk modvillighed fra en række hovedaktører, der havde større interesse i at opretholde den eksisterende situation, ikke mindst det nationale elselskab, som over en længere periode bevidst blokerede niche udvikling idet det var imod deres økonomiske interesser. Da regeringen besluttede at forbedre incitament strukturerne ved at reducere subsidierne til de fossile brændstoffer og ved at indføre et feed-in-tariff system blev disse iværksat på et tidspunkt, hvor nicheudviklingsprocessen havde mistet fremdrift på grund af investorernes manglende tiltro til rentabiliteten i anlægsinvesteringer. Idet mange planlagte anlæg aldrig blev idriftsat, og dem, der blev bygget generelt havde lave virkningsgrader skyldes manglen på investorernes tillid hovedsageligt de generelle negative resultater fra de idriftsatte anlæg. Desuden kom der stigende fokus i den malaysiske palmeolie industri på en række alternative anvendelsesmuligheder af biomasseaffald, som blev anset for mere kommercielt attraktive i forhold til energiproduktion. Oven i dette førte den stigende interesse for disse alternative anvendelser af palmeolie biomasseaffald til en betydelig prisstigning i biomasse ressourcen, hvilket betød, at det blev svært at etablere langsigtede biomasse brændstof kontrakter. Disse faktorer viste sig at være begrænsende for niche udvikling. Teknologioverførsel opfattes i afhandlingen som udveksling af viden gennem internationale virksomheds relationer, som bidrager til at forbedre den teknologiske kapacitet i modtager virksomhederne som gør det muligt for dem at engagere sig i innovations aktiviteter. Afhandlingen analyserer, om brugen af forskellige læringsmekanismer har betydning for opbygning af teknologisk kapacitet i biomasse kedel og kraftværks leverandør i Malaysia. Det påvises, at forskelle i opbygning af teknologisk kapacitet i de enkelte virksomheder ikke kun er påvirket af den specifikke kombination af læring mekanismer som virksomhederne anvender, men også af forskelle i omfanget af ressourcer, der afsættes til at udnytte disse lærings mekanismer. Virksomheder som udnytter en kombination af læring gennem udenlandske partnerskaber og intern læring ved planlagte eksperimenter gør størst fremskridt i opbygning af teknologiske kapacitet. De virksomheder, der anvender en kombination af læring via efterligning af nationale konkurrenter og interne forsøg gør også gjort fremskridt i den teknologiske kapacitet, men i et sammenligneligt mindre omfang. Afhandlingen finder også, at CDM projekter implementeret i Malaysia spiller en meget begrænset rolle for indførelsen af ny teknologi og viden til malaysiske biomasse kedel og kraftværks leverandører. Deres engagement i CDM projekter tilføjer ikke noget ud over hvad der allerede var omfattet i de eksisterende relationer mellem de pågældende virksomheder. ; The objective of this thesis is to contribute to advance further the emerging research agenda on the transfer and diffusion of low-carbon technologies in developing countries by adopting a study of the development of biomass power plant technologies in Malaysia. The main research question addresses the main factors influencing the transfer and diffusion of biomass power plant technologies in Malaysia. This question is explored in the four papers comprising the thesis, which are based on analyses of qualitative data, mainly in the form of interviews, documents and observations collected during successive periods of fieldwork in Malaysia. The thesis conceptualises the diffusion of biomass technologies in Malaysia as a niche development process and finds that the development of a palm oil biomass waste-to-energy niche in Malaysia has only made limited progress despite a period of twenty years of niche formation. The thesis identifies the reluctance to implement an efficient energy policy as the main limiting factor for niche development in this case. Although a number of donor programs have advocated the introduction of a stronger enabling framework for niche development, they have generally had only a limited impact on policy development. This was mainly attributed to the strong opposing interests of key actors in maintaining the existing situation, particularly the national electricity utility company in Malaysia, which deliberately obstructed niche development over an extended period because it was against their economic interests. When the government decided to improve incentive structures through a reduction in fossil fuel subsidies and by introducing a feed-in tariff system, the niche development momentum had already been lost because investors had limited confidence in project investments. Since many planned plants were never put into operation and those that were constructed generally showed only poor performance, the lack of investor confidence was due mainly to the largely negative results from experimentation activities in the niche. Moreover, a number of alternative biomass waste utilisation options gained increasing interest in the Malaysian palm oil industry, which were considered more commercially attractive compared to energy generation. On top of this, the increasing interest in these alternative usages of palm oil biomass waste led to a significant rise in biomass resource prices, which meant that it became difficult to negotiate long-term biomass fuel contracts. These factors turned out to be detrimental for niche development. The transfer of technology is understood in this thesis as the exchange of knowledge through international inter-firm linkages, which contribute to enhancing the technological capability of the recipient firms, thus enabling them to engage in innovation. The thesis considers whether the use of different learning mechanisms could explain differences in the accumulation of technological capabilities in the biomass boiler and power plant supplier industry in Malaysia. It is found that not only is differences in the levels of technological capability achieved by individual firms influenced by the specific combination of learning mechanisms the firms employ, but also by the differences in the relative levels of resources dedicated to exploiting these learning mechanisms. Firms relying on a combination of learning from foreign technology partners and internal learning by planned experimentation make most progress in terms of technological capability. Firms using a combination of learning by imitating national competitor firms and internal trial and error also made advances in technological capability although to a comparably lesser extent. The thesis also finds that CDM projects implemented in Malaysia played a limited role in stimulating the introduction of new technology and knowledge to Malaysian biomass boiler and power plant equipment suppliers. Their involvement in CDM projects did not add anything above and beyond what was already encompassed in the existing relationships between the firms in question.
Progressive social housing is a typology housing characteristic of underdeveloped countries or developing, especially in Latin America, where a systematic work is carried out and jointly by the State (Government) and the most vulnerable sector of the population to obtain a permanent housing solution, in accordance with the financial resources both in the country and the social beneficiary. This housing solution, in practical terms, is initially a temporary housing that is consolidating progressively in short time through a constructive process carried out by the user. In the case of Chile, these public policies on progressive social housing have been developed since the 1950s. At the beginning of the year 2000 there was a qualitative leap in which make the architecture of these solutions, with the creation of the new housing policy, which makes structural changes on public policy for housing and programs rooms, which exemplify proyectualmente in the various architectural proposals developed. The radical change in this new form of architecture is that the progressive growth of the housing is linked to a growth of type planimétrico (enclosure or subdivision of the housing through vertical and horizontal planes on a bearing structural support and sanitary and electrical installations), in contrast to the growth of volumetric type of predecessor architectural proposals (which only guarantee the acquisition of a subdivision in which stood a few) basic facilities (washbasin and kitchen) and then the construction of the missing enclosures based on self. In this sense, these new architectural proposals guarantee a lower economic cost and time to consolidate all the user basically because the project is proposed to be developed such as the original proposal made by the Government. However, this process of consolidation of housing in the final analysis has become in many ways, many of them by modifying (adapting) largely the original proposal for definitive housing proposed by the Government, non-compliance with the objectives to initiate them this new housing policy (incurring excessive economic costs from the user, as at the same time extending the process times). Therefore, this study is oriented in the first instance to establish the influence of social factors and the architectural factor in the typological and constructive adaptability made by the user in the process of consolidation of housing in the final analysis, intermediate stage of the systematic development of progressive social housing, in a typology of so-called housing houses Chubis (two plants in continuous block housing)(with antejardín and backyard), embedded in the complex Valley village (commune of Peñalolén, Santiago city of Chile, 2006) representing six housing built and delivered in the housing program housing Social dynamics without debt (VSDsD) of the new policy. In order to see why and the and the adaptabilidades made to the housing by the user, which is belonging to the most vulnerable social group of the population. 9 This will take place through a sequential process of research, beginning with a collection of information (case studies), the comprehensive study and analysis of these, making the conclusions of the analysis which will be the results of the initial objectives and the research hypothesis, continuing with a chapter that it was born after the results of the findings of the analysis (a new proposal of Adaptive social housing) and culminates with the findings of the investigation. ; La vivienda social progresiva es una tipología de vivienda característica de los Países subdesarrollados o en vías de desarrollo, especialmente en Latinoamérica, en donde se realiza un trabajo sistemático y en conjunto entre el Estado (Gobierno de turno) y el sector más vulnerable de la población para la obtención de una solución habitacional definitiva, acorde con los recursos económicos tanto del País y del beneficiario social. Esta solución habitacional, en términos prácticos, inicialmente es una vivienda provisoria que se va consolidando progresivamente en definitiva en el tiempo a través de un proceso constructivo realizado por el usuario. En el caso de Chile, estas políticas públicas sobre la vivienda social progresiva se han ido desarrollando desde los años 50. A comienzos del año 2000 se produjo un salto cualitativo en el que hacer de la arquitectura de estas soluciones habitacionales, con la creación de la nueva política habitacional, el cual realiza modificaciones estructurales sobre las políticas públicas de vivienda y programas habitaciones, los cuales se ejemplifica proyectualmente en las diversas propuestas arquitectónicas desarrolladas. El cambio radical de esta nueva forma de hacer de la arquitectura es que el crecimiento progresivo de la vivienda ligado a un crecimiento de tipo planimétrico (cerramiento o subdivisión de la vivienda a través de planos verticales y horizontales, estos sobre un soporte estructural portante y de instalaciones sanitarias y eléctricas), en contraste con el crecimiento de tipo volumétrico de las propuestas arquitectónicas predecesoras (las cuales solo garantizaban la adquisición de un loteo en donde se ubicaba unos recintos básicos (lavabo y cocina) y continuación de estos la construcción de los recintos faltantes en base a autoconstrucción. En este sentido, estas nuevas propuestas arquitectónicas garantizan un menor gasto económico y tiempo en consolidarse en definitiva por parte del usuario, básicamente por que el proyecto está planteado ser desarrollado tal como la propuesta original realizada por el Gobierno. Sin embargo, este proceso de consolidación de la vivienda en definitiva se ha dado de diversas formas, en muchas de ellas modificando (adaptando) en gran medida la propuesta original para la vivienda definitiva propuesta por el Gobierno, incumpliendo los objetivos iníciales de esta nueva política habitacional (incurriendo en gastos económicos excesivos por parte del usuario, como a la vez alargando los tiempos de dicho proceso), por lo cual, este estudio está orientado en una primera instancia a establecer la influencia de los factores sociales y el factor arquitectónico en la adaptabilidad tipológica y constructiva realizada por el usuario en el proceso de consolidación de la vivienda en definitiva, etapa intermedia del desarrollo sistemático de la vivienda social progresiva, en una tipología de vivienda denominada Casas Chubis (vivienda de dos plantas en bloque continuo, con antejardín y patio trasero), insertas en el conjunto habitacional Villa El Valle (comuna de Peñalolén, ciudad Santiago de Chile, 2006) representativa de seis conjuntos habitacionales construidos y entregados en el programa habitacional Vivienda Social Dinámica sin Deuda (VSDsD) de la Nueva Política. Con el objetivo de constatar por qué y del como de las adaptabilidades realizadas a la vivienda por parte del usuario, el cual es perteneciente al grupo social más vulnerable de la población. Este se realizara a través de un proceso secuencial de investigación, que comienza con una recopilación de la información (casos de estudio),el estudio integral y análisis de estos, realizando las conclusiones del análisis las cuales serán los resultados propios de los objetivos iniciales e hipótesis de la investigación, continuando con un capitulo que nace a raíz de los resultados de las conclusiones del análisis (una nueva propuesta de vivienda social adaptable) y culmina con las conclusiones de la investigación. ; Postprint (published version)
Lisääntymisterveyden parissa työskentelevät tutkijat, terveysalan ammattilaiset ja terveysohjelmien suunnittelijat, sekä päätöksentekijät ovat viime aikoina tulleet yhä tietoisemmisksi siitä, että miehet ovat avainasemassa lisääntymisterveyden edistämiseen tähtäävissä terveysohjelmissa. Miesten jättäminen tämän aluueen (mm. perhesuunnitteluohjelmien) ulkopuolelle johtaa siihen, että toivottuja tuloksia ei saavuteta. Tämä tutkimus toteutettiin maaseutualueella Madhya Pradeshin osavaltiossa Keski-Intiassa. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on tarkastella miesten erityistarpeita perhesuunnittelu- ja lisääntymisterveysohjelmissa patriarkaalisessa ja patrilineaarisessa yhteiskunnassa. Tutkimuksessa selvittiin syitä, jotka estävät miehitä parantamaan omaasa ja kumppaninsa lisääntymisterveyttä. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin monitahoista lähestymistapaa, jossa yhdistyivät laadulliset ryhmäkeskustelut ja syvähaastattelut sekä tieto, asenne ja käytäntö (KAP) haastattelulomakeella tehdyt poikkileikkaustutkimukset. Ensisijaisina tutkimuskohteina olivat miehet, jotka olivat naimisissa 18-45-vuotiaiden naisten kanssa, sekä naimattomat 17-22-vuotiaat miehet. Toisena kohdetyhmänä olivat henkilöt, joilla oli olennaisesti vaikutusvaltaa pariskuntien perhesuunnittelu- ja lisääntymisterveysvalintoihin esim. anopit ja terveydenhuollon ammattilaiset Intian maaseudulla. Tämä väitöskirja on koostuu neljästä osatyöstä. Ensimmäisessä osatyössä analysoitiin miesten käyttämiä käsitteitä, tietoa, näkemyksiä perhesuunnittelusta yleensä ja erityisesti liittyen naisten sterilisaatioon. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu seitsemästä ryhmäkeskustelusta ja KAP poikkileikkaustutkimuksesta (n =793), jossa haastateltiin naimisissa olevia miehiä. Toisessa osatyössä haastatteluissa keskityttiin perheen keskinäisiin suhteisiin ja kommunikaatioon, sekä siihen miten nämä vaikuttavat ehkäisymenetelmän valintaan ja käytön ajoitukseen. Syvähaastattelut tehtiin 60 perheessä siten, että samanaikaisesti hasstateltiin miehiä, heidän 15-45-vuotiaita vaimojaan, sekä anoppeja (miehen äiti). Kolmas osatyössä arvioitiiin lisääntymisterveystiedon ja palveluiden saatavuutta 17-22-vuotiaiden naimattomien miesten parissa. Aineisto koostui neljästä ryhmäkeskustelusta sekä KAP- poikkileikkaustutkimuksesta (n= 316). Neljäs osatyö kartoitti terveystyöntekijöiden asenteita, vuorovaikutustaitoja ja motivaatiota osallistaa miehet olemassa olevissa lisääntymisterveysohjelmissa. Yhteensä 52 syvähaastattelua tehtiin maaseudulla toimivan terveydenhoitohenkilöstön keskuudessa. Intian maaseudulla asuvat miehet ovat kiinnostuneita lisääntymisterveydestä ja motivoituneita käyttämään mm. perhesuunnittelupalveluita jos niiden saatavuutta parannettaisiin. Miehet tarvitsevat lisää tietoa lisääntymisterveydestä ja palvelujen saatavuutta on parannettava erityisesti huomioiden miesten tarpeet ja asema perheen päätöksentekijänä. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että miesten näkemysten mukaan termi perhesuunnittelu (family planning) tarkoittaa naisen sterilisaatiota, joka on myös suosituin ja parhaiten tunnettu ehkäisymenetelmä miesten keskuudessa. Miehet liittivät muut tiedossaan olevat raskauden ehkäisymenetelmät vain raskauksien suunnitelmalliseen ajoittamiseen (child spacing). Perheissä anopeilla (miehen äiti) on vahva vaikutus naisten sterilisaation puolustajana. Anopin mielipiteen vaikutus muiden ehkäisymenetelmien käytössä on vähäisempi. Nuorilla naimattomilla miehillä ei ole riittävästi tietoa ehkäisymenetelmistä ja ehkäisymenetelmien saatavuus (kondomit) oli erityisen huono tässä ryhmässä. Intian valtion perheiden hyvinvointiin tähtäävät ohjelmat eivät huomioi riittävässä määrin miehiä. Julkisella sektorilla toimivaa terveydenhoitohenkilöstöllä ei ole riittävästi koulutusta ja keinoja osallistaa miehiä perhesuunnitteluohjelmissa. Terveyssektorilla tarvitaan lisää ohjausta, koulutusta ja tukea miesten osallistamiseksi lisääntymisterveysohjelmissa Intiassa ja vastaavissa maissa. ; Male involvement in reproductive health and family planning has recently been understood as an important area among reproductive health programme designers, policy makers, and population researchers for the overall reproductive well-being of the couple. Non-involvement of males in such areas contributes to major initiatives failing to achieve their desired objectives. To implement effective programmes to include men, it is therefore essential to first understand whether men are at all interested to be part of reproductive health programmes, and the barriers that they face while accessing services and how best can these be overcome. Despite almost two decades since the call to involve men actively in such programmes, men still feel ignored or are missing from such initiatives in India and other developing societies. The present study was conducted in rural central India in the state of Madhya Pradesh and the overall objective of this research was to examine men s family planning and reproductive health needs and constraints in an ideologically patriarchal and patrilineal society. The study investigated major factors that hindered men from seeking reproductive health information and services for enhancing their own and their partner s reproductive health situation. A mixed-methods approach was used, with a combination of qualitative focus group discussions and in-depth interviews, and quantitative Knowledge, Attitude, Practice surveys among different primary and secondary subjects. The primary research subjects were currently married (with wives in the reproductive age group of 15 45 years) and unmarried (aged 17 22 years) men. Secondary audiences included the mothers-in-law, wives of married men and the health care providers in rural India. This thesis is a compilation of four sub-studies. Sub-study I analysed male conceptualisation and perceptions of family planning, paying special attention to male knowledge, decision making and reliance on female sterilisation. A total of seven focus group discussions and 793 structured interviews among a representative sample of currently married men constituted this study. In sub-study II, intra-family relationships and communication, and their influence on choice of contraceptive method and timing of use were discussed. Family triad interviews were conducted among currently married men, their wives aged 15 45 years, and their mothers. A total of 60 family triads were conducted using in-depth interviews. Sub-study III assessed the accessibility of reproductive health information and services, and analysed the vulnerabilities of young, unmarried men aged 17 to 22 years. Four focus group discussions and 316 structured interviews in a representative sample were conducted among this group of respondents. Sub-study IV examined the extent, motivation and prevalence of village-level health workers interaction with men concerning reproductive health issues in rural central India and studied the existing public health care system and the reasons for the non-involvement of men in reproductive health care information and services. A total of 52 in-depth interviews among a range of rural health care providers were conducted. The study results bring out the following: a. Men conceptualised family planning to mean female sterilisation while contraception connoted spacing methods, and pointed to a clear male preference for female sterilisation as the preferred family planning method. b. The mother-in-law s role with regard to female sterilisation acceptance by the daughter-in-law continued to pre-dominate. However, her role with regard to couple s decision to accept reversible methods had considerably reduced. c. Young unmarried men lacked information on reproductive health issues and access to condoms, even in their own settings. d. Men felt ignored by the government health care providers who were yet not oriented towards involving men in reproductive health and family planning services. The results indicated that men were indeed interested and willing to be part of the broader reproductive health programme. However, they lacked sufficient knowledge to accomplish the same. Also, they lacked information and access to specific family planning services, for example, inter-personal discussions with health care providers on sexual and reproductive health. While government policies are in place to encourage male involvement in reproductive health, these policies have failed to be put in practice. A set of guiding principles needs to be developed to support those involved in the health sector to mainstream male involvement into reproductive health strategies in India and in comparable Eurasian developing societies.
Suomen liityttyä jäseneksi Euroopan Unioniin alkoholin verohelpotukset loivat uhkakuvan terveydenhuoltoon alkoholin lisääntyvästä käytöstä ja sen mukanaan tuomista haitoista. Haittoja ehkäisemään on kehitetty varhaisen puuttumisen hoitomuoto, mini-interventio, joka on todettu vaikutuksiltaan tehokkaaksi ja kustannustehokkaaksi. Mini-intervention tarkoituksena on tunnistaa alkoholin suurkulutus, antaa tietoa liiallisen alkoholin käytön terveyshaitoista ja ohjata alkoholin käyttöä maltillisempaan suuntaan, alle riskirajojen. Mini-intervention on todettu olevan terveydenhuollon rutiinikäyttöön sopiva hoitomuoto, se on helppo omaksua eikä vaadi paljon aikaa. Lupaavista tutkimustuloksista huolimatta mini-intervention käyttö on ollut vähäistä. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoitus oli selvittää mini-intervention jalkauttamista osaksi terveydenhuollon tavanomaista toimintaa. Tutkimukseen liittyvä pohjakartoitus, jossa selvitettiin päihdeongelmien laajuutta terveydenhuollossa, tehtiin Tampereen yliopistollisessa sairaalassa. Terveydenhuollon henkilökunnan koulutuksen ja mini-interventiotoiminnan mahdollisimman hyvän käyttöönoton optimoimiseksi tehtiin Pirkanmaan sairaanhoitopiirissä kartoituskysely henkilökunnalle. Saadun tiedon perusteella organisointiin sairaanhoitopiirin alueelle toimintatutkimus mini-interventiotoiminnan saattamiseksi käytännön työvälineeksi. Tästä saadun palautteen, kahden myöhemmin järjestetyn kyselytutkimuksen ja videoitujen fokusryhmähaastatteluiden perusteella tehtiin mahdollisimman yksinkertainen ohje mini-interventioaktiivisuuden lisäämiseksi. Uusien toimintojen käyttöönotto terveydenhuollossa on hidasta ja vastaan tulee erilaisia esteitä. Terveydenhuoltohenkilöstön tarpeet ja heidän ymmärryksensä uusien asioiden tärkeydestä ovat ensiarvoisen tärkeitä otettaessa uusia toimintamalleja käyttöön. Kyseinen tutkimus osoitti alkoholin ongelmakäyttäjien suuren määrän terveydenhuollossa. Tutkimuksen suurin hyöty oli luoda pohja mini-intervention käytön laajentumiselle ja kehittämiselle Suomessa. Pirkanmaan sairaanhoitopiirissä alkanut projekti on levinnyt nyt koko maahan. Vaikka alkoholin käytön seulonta ja varhainen puuttuminen hoitomuotona ovat juurtuneet odotettua hitaammin jokapäiväisiksi toiminnoiksi terveydenhuoltoon, ovat henkilöstön asenteet muuttuneet edellä mainittuja toimintoja kohtaan positiivisemmiksi. Toisaalta kansalaisten suhtautuminen vallitsevaan alkoholipolitiikkaan on muuttunut tiukemmaksi. Kaikki edellä mainittu suosii mini-interventiotoiminnan laajentamista ja tämän kustannustehokkaan hoitomuodon käytön lisäämistä, kohteena alkoholin varhaisen vaiheen riskikäyttäjät. ; This study was initiated after Finland had joined the EU and the intended alcohol tax reductions caused concern both generally and willing health care. Several studies had shown that brief alcohol interventions are useful and cost-effective, and be considered feasible as part of health care professionals´ daily work as, as little time is required and the skills needed, and can be easily learned. In spite of the scientific evidence, however implementation of brief intervention activity has been slow. The objective here was to assess means of implementing this new activity, alcohol screening and brief intervention for early-phase heavy drinkers, in different health care settings in a wide geographic area in Finland. In order to motivate health care professionals to acknowledge the importance of this patient group, prevalence data were first collected (I). Six-year diagnoses in retrospective discharge data in Tampere University Hospital were compared with prospective data gathered from separately completed forms added to every outpatient´s discharge papers during an 8-week period. In the retrospective study (1988?1993) the prevalence of substance use-related diagnoses was 0.4% of all recorded diagnoses. In the prospective study (eight weeks in 1994) the corresponding figure was 1.1%. The percentage of substance use-related visits, not necessarily producing a diagnosis was even higher, 5.6%, being highest in the emergency setting (12.5%) and in psychiatry (6%). To optimize training and implementation strategies health care professionals were interviewed (II). Altogether 473 questionnaires, comprising 40 questions, each with two to six alternatives, were mailed to 139 units in the Pirkanmaa Health Care District, i.e. all primary and occupational health care units and each department in specialized health care in hospitals. Health care professionals´ attitudes, knowledge and skills were asked and analysed in relation to alcohol-related matters. Altogether 59% of health care professionals in primary, occupational and specialized health care were positive in the matter of asking patients´ alcohol consumption and 68% could bring up alcohol problems for discussion. Nonetheless only 18% of respondents found it fully acceptable to discuss patients´ alcohol consumption, and only 19% believed that they could influence patients´ drinking very or quite well. Respondents´ own alcohol consumption did not correlate with attitudes, knowledge or skills. They also thought that patients´ attitudes towards inquiry into alcohol consumption were positive (II). Based on observed needs (II), information from the field (I, II), and earlier scientific evidence on implementation, practical education and implementation were organized (III). The key issues in this action research project were engaging leaders, keeping training short, affecting attitudes and acting on feedback. Leaders had separate half-day sessions and other professionals had five half-day seminars with the same content in different parts of the region. The aim was to reach at least one nurse and one physician from every municipality. Participants came from 26/34 municipalities, altogether 50 physicians and 117 nurses. It was hoped that this key group would deliver information in their own centers. They were also provided with all the material used in session. To respond to the need from the field a practical video, two posters and an AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) booze quiz leaflet were produced. To activate the public to assess about their alcohol consumption and ask for help, if needed the AUDIT pamphlet was delivered to every household (90 000) in Tampere as part of the Booze Weeks action project (IV). Using the Telephone Interview system questionnaire data from 500 randomly selected inhabitants were collected. This material included twenty-two questions covering respondents´ own alcohol consumption and questions on their awareness of the AUDIT pamphlet and the Booze Weeks and whether this had any effect on their alcohol use. Those who drank most frequently were also most likely to have noticed the Booze Weeks campaign and felt most concern about their drinking. To facilitate activity in the field the final brief intervention instructions were drawn up(V). These were based on feedback from the whole action research project (III), on two questionnaires, one for health care professionals and one for patients, and on six video-taped focus groups including primary health care professionals. Qualitative analysis of this information led to a "mini-model" formulating the least that should be done for early-phase heavy drinkers in health care. Implementation of a new activity in health care is slow and fraught with obstacles. Awareness of the needs of professionals and their perception of the importance of the activity are crucial for implementation. The present study brought on the high prevalence of cases of heavy drinking in health care. It evaluated the views of professionals and public with an eye to implementing brief interventions and used feedback to create the final instructions for action. The main contribution of the present study was in laying a basis for future development in Finland and worldwide. It activated a new study which became part of and gave content to the WHO Phase IV project, "WHO Collaborative Project on Detection and Management of Alcohol-related Problems in Primary Health Care". This was subsequently followed by a nationwide Finnish project supported by the Government. Since the present project work to prevent alcohol-related harm in health care has expanded from the Pirkanmaa hospital region to national level. Even if alcohol screening and brief intervention have been slower than hoped in becoming part of health care professionals´ daily work, their attitudes have gradually become more favourable. Also public opinions on alcohol policy have become stricter. These developments have served to facilitate the continuation and expansion this cost-effective activity to manage the growing patient group of hazardous drinkers.
1986 begann in den Tropen Cochabambas die Reduktion von Kokapflanzungen und 1994 die massive Einführung bzw. Ausweitung des Anbaus der sog. Alternativen Produkte als Ersatz des Kokaanbaus. Obwohl gegenwärtig diese Ersatzprodukte unter marktorientierten Aspekten angebaut und auf den inländischen sowie ausländischen Märkten verkauft werden, wird die Vermarktung dieser Produkte im Allgemeinen noch als problematisch angesehen. Identifizierung und Analyse der Hauptprobleme der Vermarktung dieser Alternativen Produkte sowie Vorschläge für entsprechende Lösungsansätze sind Ziele dieser Arbeit. Informationen aus der Literatur und Primärdaten aus Befragungen und Interviews wurden analysiert und interpretiert, um die genannten Ziele zu erreichen (Kap. 1). Über drei Viertel der Einwohner des Kolonisationsgebiets des feuchtsubtropischen Teils des Departements Cochabamba, die einerseits in Syndikaten und andererseits in Bauernverbänden organisiert sind, leben von der Landwirtschaft. Das staatliche Programm "Alternative Entwicklung" bekämpft den Kokaanbau in diesem Gebiet und fördert die Erzeugung von "legalen" Agrarprodukten (Kap. 2). Im Gegensatz zu den Alternativen Anbaukulturen ist die anspruchlose und an das tropische Gebiet von Cochabamba gut angepasste Kokapflanze pflegeleicht, guten Gewinn bringend und vor allem einfacher zu vermarkten. Aus diesen Gründen wird sie trotz den staatlichen Reduktionsmaßnahmen von den Bauern weiterhin angebaut. Andererseits werden die in dieser Arbeit ausgewählten Alternativen Produkte auf den internationalen Märkten in großen Mengen nachgefragt. Die zum größten Teil in lateinamerikanischen, afrikanischen und asiatischen Ländern angebauten Ananas, Obstbananen, Maracuja, Palmherzen und Pfeffer werden insbesondere in die USA und die Europäische Union exportiert. Ananas und Bananen aus den Tropen Cochabambas überwiegend nach Argentinien und Chile ebenso wie die Palmherzen, die aber auch nach Europa und in die USA geliefert werden. Die in relativ geringen Mengen erzeugter Maracuja sowie die Produktion von Pfeffer reichen nicht einmal zur Befriedigung der inländischen Nachfrage, daher werden sie derzeit auch noch nicht exportiert. Die schwankenden Preise der Alternativen Produkte haben eine sinkende Tendenz und bringen bei relativ hohen Produktionskosten und niedrigen Erträgen den Bauern nur geringe oder gar keine Gewinne (Kap. 3). Die als empirische Untersuchung vom Verfasser durchgeführte Befragung von 285 Bauern, die eines der fünf Alternativen Produkte anbauen, zeitigte folgende wichtigen Ergebnisse: Die Anbauflächen sind relativ klein und die Erträge noch niedrig; die Landstraßen sind von mäßiger Qualität und es besteht ein Bedarf an neuen Landstraßen und Brücken; die Bauernverbände sind noch nicht genügend entwickelt und bedürfen kompetentes Fachpersonal und mehr Kapital; die Bauern verfügen nur über unzureichende Vermarktungsinformationen und schließlich subventioniert der Staat gegenwärtig noch die Agrarberatung und die Erzeugung sowie die Vermarktung der Alternativen Produkte (Kap. 4). Aber wie lange das noch der Fall sein wird, ist ungewiss und damit eine weiterer Risikofaktor für die Bauern. Aufgrund der Analyse der Informationen in den vorangehenden Kapiteln und den Auskünften der Expertenbefragung wurden die Hauptprobleme der Vermarktung identifiziert, und zwar das unzureichende Produktangebot nach Menge und Qualität. Bestimmungsfaktoren für diesen Mangel sind die fragliche Rentabilität dieser Anbaukulturen, die unzureichende Agrarberatung, das fehlende Investitionskapital und die Konkurrenz der Kokapflanze. Auch die Transport- sowie Verkaufsinfrastruktur sind mangelhaft, ebenso wie die Vermarktungsinformationen, und schließlich ist die aktive Beteiligung der Bauernverbände an der Vermarktung der Alternativen Produkte äußerst gering (Kap. 5). Zur Behebung der Probleme der Vermarktung Alternativer Produkte werden vom Autor der vorliegenden Untersuchung folgende Lösungen vorgeschlagen: Für die Verbesserung des Angebots müsste die Agrarberatung verbessert und landwirtschaftliche Kleinkredite bereitgestellt werden. Die Verbesserung des Straßennetzes ist ein notwendiger, aber langfristiger Prozess; dagegen ist die Einrichtung weiterer Kabelbahnen für den schonenden Transport der geernteten Bananen auf den Bananenpflanzungen und der Bau von Verpackungszentren für Ananas und Bananen kurzfristig durchführbar. Entscheidend für das Erreichen der angestrebten Ziele ist auch eine Reorganisation der Bauernorganisationen durch Schulung des Führungspersonals sowie eine Erweiterung und qualitative Verbesserung der angebotenen Dienstleistungen und eine stärkere aktive Einbindung ihrer Mitglieder. Unabdingbar sind auch eine Institutionalisierung der Vermarktungsinformation und eine Förderung der Marktforschung. Beides könnte in einem Zentrum für Marktinformation und Marktforschung entsprechend der "Zentralen Markt- und Preisberichtstelle (ZMP)" in Deutschland durchgeführt werden. Eine Lösung der wegen der Reduktion des Kokaanbaus schwelenden sozialen Konflikte im Gebiet der Tropen Cochabambas und die Sicherstellung eines ungehinderten Transports sowie eine gezielte Förderung privater Investitionen muss in diesem Gebiet außerdem gewährleistet werden. Eine andere politische strategische Maßnahme wäre auch die Förderung der Beteiligung der Syndikate an der Entwicklung des Agrarsektors (Kap. 6). ; Marketing of Alternative Products of the Tropics of Cochabamba (Bolivia) as Substitutes for the Coca-Cultivation In 1986 the reduction of cocaine plantations in Cochabamba's tropics began, and in 1994 the massive introduction and then expansion of cultivation of alternative products to replace cocaine cultivation. Although these replacement products are commercially cultivated and are sold in domestic as well as foreign markets, their marketing is labeled as problematic. The goals of this work are identification and analysis of the main problems of marketing of these alternative products as well as proposals for appropriate attempts to solve the problem. To attain these goals, information from the sources and primary data from surveys and interviews will be analyzed and interpreted (Ch. 1). In the humid subtropical part of Cochabambas department, three-fourths of the inhabitants, organized both in syndicates and in farmers' associations, live off of agriculture. The government program "Alternative Development" fights cocaine cultivation in this area and promotes the cultivation of "legal" agricultural products (Ch. 2). In contrast to the alternative crops, the undemanding and profitable cocaine plants are well adapted to Cochabamba's tropical region and, most importantly, are easier to market. It is for these reasons that, despite the government's measures to reduce cocaine production, it continues to be cultivated. However, the alternative crops discussed in this work are in high demand in international markets. Pineapples, bananas, passion fruit, hearts of palm and pepper, which are for the most part in Latin-American, African, and Asian countries produced, are exported especially the USA and in the European Union. Pineapples and bananas from Cochabamba's tropics are mostly exported to Argentina and Chile. Hearts of palm, however, are also sent to the USA and the European Union. Passion fruit and pepper are produced in relatively small quantities, which is not even enough to satisfy domestic demands. As a result, they are not exported. The alternative crops' prices fluctuate in a downward trend, which, combined with high production costs and low earnings, little or no profits for farmers (Ch. 3). An empirical study conducted by the author surveyed 285 farmers who cultivate one of the five alternative products. The following important results can be concluded from this study: the cultivable land is relatively small as is the yield; the roads are of moderate quality and new roads and bridges are needed; the farmers' organizations are not well enough developed yet and need competent staff and more capital; farmers dispose of insufficient marketing information; and finally, the government subsidizes at present agrarian consulting and production as well as the marketing of alternative products (Ch. 4). But for how long this will continue is uncertain and is with that another risk factor for the farmers. After analyzing the information in the previous chapters and the information acquired through expert surveys, the main marketing problems were identified, namely insufficient product supply in terms of quantity and quality. Determining factors for this deficiency include the questionable cost-effectiveness of this cultivation, the insufficient agrarian consulting, the lack of investment capital, and cocaine's competition. In addition, the transportation and vending infrastructures are lacking, just as much as the marketing information. Finally, the active participation of the farmers' associations in the marketing of the alternative crops is marginal at best (Ch. 5). The author proposes the following solutions for the resolution of the problems in marketing alternative products. In order to improve the supply, the agrarian consulting must be ameliorated, and agricultural micro credit provided. Although road network improvements are essential, they constitute a long-term process. In contrast, the installation of further cable railways on banana plantations for the considerate transport of harvested bananas and packing centres for pineapples and bananas are projects able to be realized in the short-term. To reach the targeted goals it is also crucial to reorganize the farmers' associations by training the leadership, as well as expanding and qualitatively improving the services offered, and increasing member involvement. Institutionalization of marketing information is also indispensable, as is the promotion of market research. Both could be carried out in a centre for market information and market research, equivalent to the "Zentrale Markt- und Preisberichtstelle (ZMP)" (central market and price reporting place) in Germany. Furthermore, a solution of smouldering social conflicts in the tropical areas of Cochabamba, resulting from reduction of cocaine production, securing unimpeded transportation and systematically encouraging private investment, must be guaranteed in this region. Promoting syndicates to participate in the development of the agricultural sector would be another politically strategic measure (Ch. 6).
Author's introductionNon‐human animals constitute an integral part of human society. They figure heavily in our language, food, clothing, family structure, economy, education, entertainment, science, and recreation. The many ways we use animals produce ambivalent and contradictory attitudes toward them. We treat some species of animals as friends and family members (e.g., dogs and cats), while we treat others as commodities (e.g., cows, pigs, and chickens). Our constructions of animals and the moral and legal status we grant them provide rich topics for sociological study.This teaching and learning guide can serve as a resource for those who want to learn more about the field or for those preparing to teach a course on animals and society. The materials have the common theme of examining animals within the context of larger social issues. The guide begins with an annotated list of major works in the area. It then lists useful online resources. Finally, it provides a sample syllabus, concluding with ideas for course projects and assignments.Author recommends:Arnold Arluke and Clinton R. Sanders, Regarding Animals (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1996). Regarding Animals was the first book‐length sociological work on human‐animal relationships. Arluke and Sanders focus on the ambivalent and contradictory ways that we humans view other species. It examines how we cherish some animals as friends and family members, while we consider others as food, pests, and resources. Based on research in animal shelters, veterinary clinics, primate research laboratories, and among guide‐dog trainers, the book provides sociological insight into how we construct animals – and how in the process we construct ourselves.Arnold Arluke and Clinton R. Sanders, Between the Species: A Reader in Human‐Animal Relationships (Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon, 2009).Arluke and Sanders have divided this reader into three units. The first, animal, self, and society, includes topical sections on 'Thinking with Animals', 'Close Relationships with Animals', 'The Darkside', and 'Wild(life) Encounters'. The second unit, which focuses on animals in institutions, includes readings on science, agriculture, entertainment and education, and health and welfare. The third unit is organized around the 'changing status and perception of animals'. Its chapters examine healing, selfhood, and rights. The articles, drawn largely from social science journals, have been edited for readability at the undergraduate level.Clifton Flynn, Social Creatures: A Human and Animal Studies Reader (New York, NY: Lantern, 2008).Flynn's edited volume examines the role of animals in language, as food, and as companions. It delves into issues of animal abuse and grief after pet loss. It contains over 30 chapters, mostly reprints of articles in scholarly journals, representing a range of perspectives. Part I gives an overview of the field of human–animal studies. Part II focuses on studying human‐animal relationships. Part III offers comparative and historical perspectives on those relationships. Animals and culture is the focus of Part IV. Part V examines attitudes toward animals. Part VI offers essays on criminology and deviance. Inequality and interconnected oppression focuses the essays in Part VII. The chapters in Part VIII concern living and working with animals, and Part IX includes readings on animal rights, as both philosophy and social movement. Each chapter offers study questions for study and discussion.Adrian Franklin, Animals & Modern Cultures: A Sociology of Human‐Animal Relations in Modernity (London, UK: Sage, 1999).This book examines the changes in human‐animal relationships over the 20th century. It argues that at the start of the century, animals were regarded most often as resources. Moreover, we drew a distinct boundary between humans and other animals. By the end of the century, our attitudes toward animals had changed, and we began to question the subordination implicit in the human–animal boundary. Franklin highlights companionship with animals, hunting and fishing, the meat industry, and leisure activities involving animals, such as bird watching and wildlife parks. He emphasizes variations by gender, class, ethnicity, and nation.Leslie Irvine, If You Tame Me: Understanding our Connection with Animals (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2004).This book examines our relationships with dogs and cats, arguing that animals have a sense of self. Drawing on research conducted at an animal shelter, in dog parks, and in interviews and observation, the author argues that animals become such important parts of our lives because of the subjective experience they bring to the relationship. Challenging the view that we simply anthropomorphize animals, Irvine offers a model of animal selfhood that explains what makes relationships with animals possible. Offering an alternative to George Herbert Mead's perspective on the self, Irvine argues that interaction with animals reveals complex subjectivity, emotionality, agency, and memory.Linda Kalof and Amy Fitzgerald, The Animals Reader: The Essential Classic and Contemporary Writings (New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007).This edited volume is notable for its diversity in perspectives. It includes readings on ethics, philosophy, sociology, cultural studies, environmental studies, history, and anthropology. It examines questions ranging from 'what is an animal?' to those surrounding the ethics of cloning. Part I examines animals as philosophical subjects. Part II includes essays that suggest that animals are reflexive thinkers. Part III considers the various roles of animals as domesticates, 'pets', and food. The chapters in Part IV focus on animals in sport and spectacle. Part V focuses on animals as symbols. Part VI examines animals as scientific objects. Each chapter offers an introduction and list of further readings.David Nibert, Animal Rights/Human Rights: Entanglements of Oppression and Liberation (Lanham MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002).David Nibert connects oppression based on species, gender, ethnicity, and social class to the institution of capitalism. By modifying Donald Noel's theory of ethnic stratification, Nibert explains the oppression of non‐human animals in all forms, from meat eating to vivisection. He then argues that the systematic oppression of animals led to the oppression of other humans.Online materials Animals and Society Section of the American Sociological Association http://www2.asanet.org/sectionanimals/ This website offers membership information specifically for sociologists interested in human–animal studies. It is especially notable for its online syllabi from courses on animals and society. Animals and Society Institute http://www.animalsandsociety.org/ The Animals and Society Institute includes programs in three areas: Human–animal Studies; AniCare, a program dedicated to animal abuse and other forms of violence; and the Animals' Platform, a set of guidelines for animal protection legislation at the state, local, or national levels. The website's homepage includes a link to a video introducing the institute and its programs. The 'Resources' link leads to useful web and print documents and other web pages, including lists of human–animal studies centers and courses. Animal Studies Bibliography http://ecoculturalgroup.msu.edu/bibliography.htm This extensive, well‐organized bibliography is the project of the Ecological & Cultural Change Studies Group at Michigan State University. It includes works on Animals as Philosophical and Ethical Subjects; Animals as Reflexive Thinkers; Domestication and Predation; Animals as Entertainment and Spectacle; Animals as Symbols and Companions; Animals in Science, Education, and Therapy; and a 'miscellaneous' category. HumaneSpot.org http://www.humanespot.org/node HumaneSpot is the creation of the Humane Research Council. It requires registration as a user, and users must complete a short online application and attest that they are animal advocates, but advocacy in the form of scholarship counts. Once registered, users have access to extensive research on all aspects of animal welfare. Users can also have summarized updates of recent studies delivered by email. The Hoarding of Animals Research Consortium (HARC) http://www.tufts.edu/vet/cfa/hoarding/ The HARC website offers a collection of research on animal hoarding or 'collecting'. The studies address issues of animal welfare, public health, mental health, connections with other forms of abuse, and intervention. Pet‐Abuse.com http://www.pet‐abuse.com/ Alison Gianotto started Pet‐Abuse.com after someone kidnapped one of her cats and set him on fire. The cat died of the subsequent injuries and the abuser was never caught. Despite its name, Pet‐Abuse addresses abuse among many species, not just those commonly kept as pets. The project tracks incidents of cruelty throughout the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Australia, and Spain. The website offers a database that is searchable by location, type of cruelty, gender of offender, and more. It also allows for the creation of real‐time graphic displays of statistics on cruelty cases.Sample syllabusPart I: introduction and overviewWhat is human–animal studies? How can we study animals sociologically? What can the study of animals offer to the field?Reading:Arnold Arluke, 'A Sociology of Sociological Animal Studies,'Society & Animals 10 (2002): 369–374. Leslie Irvine, 'Animals and Sociology,'Sociology Compass 2 (2008):1954–1971. Jennifer Wolch, 'Zoöpolis,' In: Jennifer Wolch and Jody Emel (eds), Animal Geographies: Identity in the Nature Culture Borderlands (London, UK: Verso), 119–138.From Social Creatures:Kenneth J. Shapiro, 'Introduction to Human: Animal Studies'Clifton Bryant, 'The Zoological Connection: Animal‐related Human Behavior'Barbara Noske, 'The Animal Question in Anthropology'Part II: studying human‐animal relationshipsHow can we study our interactions and relationships with animals? What approaches have been used, and what are their strengths and weaknesses?Leslie Irvine, 'The Question of Animal Selves: Implications for Sociological Knowledge and Practice,'Qualitative Sociology Review 3 (2007): 5–21.From Social Creatures:Kenneth J. Shapiro, 'Understanding Dogs through Kinesthetic Empathy, Social Construction, and History'Alan M. Beck and Aaron H. Katcher, 'Future Directions in Human – Animal Bond Research'Clinton R. Sanders, 'Understanding Dogs: Caretakers' Attributions of Mindedness in Canine – Human Relationships'Part III: historical and comparative perspectivesIn this section, we examine how people have regarded animals in other times and places.Reading:Lynda Birke, 'Who – or What – are the Rats (and Mice) in the Laboratory?'Society & Animals 11 (2003): 207–224.From Social CreaturesBarbara Noske, 'Speciesism, Anthropocentrism, and Non‐Western Cultures'Michael Tobias, 'The Anthropology of Conscience'Harriet Ritvo, 'The Emergence of Modern Pet‐keeping'Part IV: animals and cultureThis section focuses on how animals are portrayed in language, advertisements, and other media. It also considers how culture influences our attitudes toward animals.Reading:Rhonda D. Evans and Craig J. Forsyth, 'The Social Milieu of Dogmen and Dogfights,'Deviant Behavior 19 (1998): 51–71.Fred Hawley, 'The Moral and Conceptual Universe of Cockfighters: Symbolism and Rationalization,'Society & Animals 1 (1992): 159–168.Linda Kalof and Amy Fitzgerald, 'Reading the Trophy: Exploring the Display of Dead Animals in Hunting Magazines,'Visual Studies 18 (2003): 112–122.Jennifer E. Lerner and Linda Kalof, 'The Animal Text: Message and Meaning in Television Advertisements,'The Sociological Quarterly 40 (1999): 565–585.From Social Creatures:Andrew Linzey, 'Animal Rights as Religious Vision'Leslie Irvine, 'The Power of Play'Tracey Smith‐Harris, 'There's Not Enough Room to Swing a Dead Cat and There's No Use Flogging a Dead Horse'Part V: attitudes toward other animalsThis part of the course examines how we think about animals, including what research reveals about how our attitudes develop.Reading:Mart Kheel, 'License to Kill: An Ecofeminist Critique of Hunters' Discourse,' In: Carol J. Adams and Josephine Donovan (eds), Animals and Women: Feminist Theoretical Explorations (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995): 85–125.From Social Creatures:Harold Herzog, Nancy S. Betchart, and Robert B. Pittman, 'Gender, Sex‐role Orientation and Attitudes toward Animals'Elizabeth S. Paul and James A. Sarpell, 'Childhood Pet Keeping and Humane Attitudes in Young Adulthood'David Nibert, 'Animal Rights and Human Social Issues'Part VI: criminology and devianceThis section examines animal abuse and neglect, and its possible connections to other forms of violence, particularly that directed at human beings.Reading:Arnold Arluke, 'Animal Abuse as Dirty Play,'Symbolic Interaction 25 (2002): 405–430.From Social Creatures:Frank R. Ascione, 'Children Who Are Cruel to Animals: A Review of Research and Implications for Developmental Psychology'Linda Merz‐Perez, Kathleen M. Heide, and Ira J. Silverman, 'Childhood Cruelty to Animals and Subsequent Violence against Humans'Clifton P. Flynn, 'Women's Best Friend: Pet Abuse and the Role of Companion Animals in the Lives of Battered Women'Gary J. Patronek, 'Hoarding of Animals: An Under‐recognized Public Health Problem in a Difficult‐to‐study Population'Part VII: inequality – interconnected oppressionsThis section considers how our treatment of other animals influences our treatment of others, especially women and people of color.Reading:Isabel Gay Bradshaw, 'Not by Bread Alone: Symbolic Loss, Trauma, and Recovery in Elephant Communities,'Society & Animals 12 (2004): 144–158.Linda Kalof, Amy Fitzgerald, and Lori Baralt, 'Animals, Women, and Weapons: Blurred Sexual Boundaries in the Discourse of Sport Hunting,'Society & Animals 12 (2004): 237–251.From Social Creatures:Marjorie Spiegel, 'An Historical Understanding'Carol J. Adams, 'The Sexual Politics of Meat'David Nibert, 'Humans and Other Animals: Sociology's Moral and Intellectual Challenge'Part VIII: living and working with other animalsWe hold contradictory attitudes toward animals. We love our pets, but we consider some animals as disposable. What do our close living and working relationships with animals reveal about the roles of animals in society?Reading:Leslie Irvine, 'Animal Problems/People Skills: Emotional and Interactional Strategies in Humane Education,'Society & Animals 10 (2002): 63–91.Rik Scarce, 'Socially Constructing Pacific Salmon,'Society & Animals 5 (1997): 115–135.From Social Creatures:Andrew N. Rowan and Alan M. Beck, 'The Health Benefits of Human—Animal Interactions'Rose M. Perrine and Hannah L. Osbourne, 'Personality Characteristics of Dog and Cat Persons'Gerald H. Gosse and Michael J. Barnes, 'Human Grief Resulting from the Death of a Pet'Stephen Frommer and Arnold Arluke, 'Loving Them to Death: Blame‐displacing Strategies of Animal Shelter Workers and Surrenderers'Mary T. Phillips, 'Savages, Drunks, and Lab Animals: The Researcher's Perception of Pain'Part IX: animal rights – philosophy and social movementThis section examines the leading animal rights perspectives. It also considers who animal activists are and how animal rights exists as a social movement.Corwin Kruse, 'Gender, Views of Nature, and Support for Animal Rights,'Society & Animals 7 (1999): 179–197.From Social Creatures:Peter Singer, 'All Animals are Equal'Tom Regan, 'The Case for Animal Rights'Josephine Donovan, 'Animal Rights and Feminist Theory'Lyle Munro, 'Caring about Blood, Flesh, and Pain: Women's Standing in the Animal Protection Movement'Project ideasEssay topicsWrite an essay on each of the following topics: Topic 1: Focus on any species (other than dog or cat) and explore and present the nature of human–animal relations for that species. You should find and evaluate scholarly and popular print and Internet resources regarding this species and its relationships with humans. At least two of your sources should come from articles in scholarly journals.Topic 2: Find current media coverage of an event or issue that applies and extends material in the assigned text. This can involve an individual animal, a group of animals, or an entire species. For example, coverage of the role of livestock in global warming could be approached through several of the readings in the course. You cannot predict when these events will occur, so be continually on the lookout throughout the semester. JournalingTo help you think about the readings and ideas we are discussing, as well as relate the material to your own lives, you must keep a journal throughout the semester. You must have two entries per week. These need not be long; one page for each entry will suffice. However, they must demonstrate that you are thinking about the issues we are studying. The entries are to be analysis, not cute stories of how much you love animals. You must apply the material to your thoughts about and/or your interaction with animals. Each entry should have three parts: a personal reflection, a sociological insight, and an action step.1. Personal reflection (In this section, note any new observations, feelings, epiphanies, or other insights prompted by the course material.) Example: I never knew, or even thought about, the emotional lives of farm animals. Somehow, I have been able to draw a line between pets and other animals. I know many wild animals have emotions. I have seen programs about elephants experiencing grief, for example. However, I always bought into the idea that cows, chickens, and pigs were 'dumb'. I guess we have to think of them that way in order to treat them the way that we do. I was particularly struck by ... 2. Sociological insight (In this section, draw out some of the sociological relevance of the material.) Example: Farm animals have such a huge role in so many institutions. So much of the economy has to do with raising animals, transporting animals, killing them, processing their skin, muscle, organs, coats, and bones. It makes sense that we have commercials promoting 'Beef, it's what's for dinner' and 'Got Milk' ads. If it were 'natural' and necessary to consume animals, we would not need advertising campaigns designed to encourage us to do so. The 'animal industrial complex' depends on a steady supply of consumers. Vegetarians and vegans are very threatening to the status quo. No wonder popular culture makes fun of them.Farm animals also have a huge role in families. We eat animals on most of our holidays and other occasions. In addition, the histories of agricultural families go back ... 3. Action Step(s) (In this section, note at least one and as many as three ways that you will share your new knowledge. Action steps might include taking your cat to the vet, finding out about volunteering at an animal shelter, or becoming vegetarian.) Example: I intend to tell my roommates about the emotional lives of farm animals, and about the animal industrial complex. I will look for information about Farm Sanctuary online and pass it on to my sister.
Background: The southwestern part of Burkina Faso (BF) like the whole country faces severe vulnerability to food and nutrition insecurity, which is characterised by a cyclical up and down, and particularly by a high rate of malnutrition. Dietary patterns represent one of the key factors of food and nutrition security or insecurity, especially malnutrition, and are thus the optimal starting point of investigating food and nutrition security. Earlier studies on food security focus on the production of and access to food but less on food consumption. This has led to a lack of concrete opportunities to capture the complexity of the dietary and culinary patterns to reflect on the fundamental issue of how food insecurity is experienced and perceived by the food insecure people themselves. Objective: Against this constellation, this study investigated household's (hh) practices and experiences of food and nutrition by focussing on their dietary patterns for a better understanding of and therefore to a better policy to reduce vulnerability to food and nutrition insecurity in Dano commune, located in the southwestern part of Burkina Faso. Methods: The data collection involved observations, in-depth unstructured and semi-structured interviews with key informants (n=28) and households (n=133 household), focus group discussions (n=8) and informal discussions, as well as household surveys and food consumption assessment such as 24-hour/seven-day, recalls on dietary intake (n=133 household). Results: Dietary patterns were characterised by a poor quantity and quality of diet. Quantitatively the largest number of households (69%) consumed less than the recommended three daily meals. Whereby 61 % of households had a meal twice, 31% thrice, 4% once a day and 2% had occasionally a daily meal-meaning that they had no meal or less than once a meal a day, but with the tendency of not having a meal. Qualitatively dietary patterns were monotonous with rarely any diversification. Diet consisted predominated of cooked cereal grains or flour-in form of a paste (tô)- accompanied by a sauce. Maize, red sorghum and rice were the most consumed cereals types. Diversity comes from the types of sauces. Sauces are with but not always meat or fish. For seasonings, shea butter and the traditional spice soumbala and/or were the most used in the sauces in the rural area, whereas Maggi and other vegetable oils (mostly groundnut, palm oil) appear in urban sauces. Okra, onion, aubergine, cabbage and sorrel are the most consumed vegetables both as fruit and leaves. Tomato is used fresh and/or as a paste, but mostly fresh. Baobab leaves, generally used in form of dried powder represent also a significant part of the vegetables used by the households in sauces. The common dish on festive days is rice with tomato sauce with meat or poultry, accompanied by tuber stew in some cases. Pasta with tomato sauce is getting more a festive dish in rural Dano. Other food groups, such as dairy products, meat and poultry, eggs, fruits, roots and tubers were irregularly consumed. These dietary patterns invariably lead to low dietary diversity and high malnutrition rates, especially among the most vulnerable population groups that were women in their reproductive age, and children under five years. Furthermore, this study found out that the regular consumption of the local beer Dolo was an influential part of the diet. This was due to the dominant sociocultural and religious meaning of the dolo during funerals and social events. The dietary patterns were determined by economic, local food availability, sociocultural and health-nutritional factors. Economic and local food availability factors were revealed as having the strongest influence on diet. The sources of food were mainly own-production of food, purchase of food and food aid in form of intersocial and institutional food transfer. However, not only food consumption underlined contexts of vulnerability, but food production and access as well. Food production was vulnerable to the existing and increasing climatic variability, increasing plant/crops and livestock diseases and the associated decreasing yields. Additionally, population growth and the resulting lack of land and related social instability, the increasing disinterest of the youth for farming, as well as the low institutional support and the predominance of traditional land rights represented further constraints faced by food producers. Food access was vulnerable to increasing food prices and a limited supply of some food groups (especially roots and tubers), fresh fish and good quality meat. Established coping and/or adaptive strategies to that vulnerable food and nutrition situation existed at both household and institutional level. Households applied petty commodity production and trading (43%), the sale of livestock (31%), the sale of vegetables (16%), consumption of wild plants and fruits (21%) as most coping strategies. Institutions focused on sensibilisation (conscious awareness) on nutritive food and hygienic behaviour; admission and treatment of malnourished children through consumption of local nutritive crops in the health centre, school meals and food aid programmes for the most vulnerable as well as on increasing food production strategies. Conclusion: This study highlights the vulnerabilities of the whole food and nutrition security chain- especially of food consumption- in the study area. The results add to the growing body of research indicating that good food availability and access do not guarantee adequate dietary patterns. Furthermore, the study draws attention - at both the household and institutional level- to the importance and promotion of intensive awareness on the importance and the necessity of adequate dietary patterns, especially for the most vulnerable groups of women in their reproductive age and children under five years. ; Ernährungsgewohnheiten und Ernährungssicherheit in Westafrika - Praktiken aus dem Südwesten Burkina Fasos Hintergrund: Der südwestliche Teil von Burkina Faso (BF) ist wie das gesamte Land einer starken Anfälligkeit gegenüber Ernährungsunsicherheit ausgesetzt, die durch ein zyklisches Auf und Ab und insbesondere durch eine hohe Unterernährungsrate gekennzeichnet ist. Die Ernährungsgewohnheiten stellen einen der Schlüsselfaktoren für die Ernährungssicherheit oder -unsicherheit -insbesondere der Unterernährung- dar und sind somit der optimale Ausgangspunkt für die Untersuchung der Ernährungssicherheit. Frühere Studien zur Ernährungssicherheit konzentrierten sich auf die Erzeugung und den Zugang zu Lebensmitteln, jedoch weniger auf die Nutzung von Nahrungsmitteln. Dies hat zu einem Mangel an konkreten Möglichkeiten geführt, um die Komplexität der Ernährungsmuster zu erfassen, um über die grundlegende Frage nachzudenken, wie Ernährungsunsicherheit von den ernährungsunsicheren Menschen selbst erfahren und wahrgenommen wird. Zielsetzung: Vor diesem Hintergrund untersuchte diese Studie die Praktiken und Erfahrungen von Haushalten (hh) in Bezug auf Ernährung, indem sie sich auf ihre Ernährungsgewohnheiten konzentrierte, um diese besser zu verstehen und politische Entscheidungen zur Verringerung der Anfälligkeit für Ernährungsunsicherheit in Dano kommune, im südwestlichen Teil von Burkina Faso, zu verbessern. Methoden: Die Datenerhebung umfasste Beobachtungen, unstrukturierte und halbstrukturierte Interviews mit Key Informanten (Schlüsselinformanten, n = 28) und Haushalten (n = 133 Haushalt), Fokusgruppendiskussionen (n = 8) und informellen Diskussionen sowie Haushalt Umfragen und die Bewertung der Nahrungsaufnahme durch 24-Stunden- und 7-Tage -Diät-Rückrufe (n = 133 Haushalte). Ergebnisse: Ernährungsgewohnheiten waren durch eine mangelnde quantitative und qualitative Aufnahme an Nahrung gekennzeichnet. Quantitativ nahm die größte Anzahl von Haushalten (69%) weniger als die empfohlenen drei täglichen Mahlzeiten zu sich. Dabei hatten 61% der Haushalte zweimal eine Mahlzeit, 31% dreimal, 4% einmal täglich und 2% gelegentlich eine tägliche Mahlzeit. Qualitativ waren die Ernährungsgewohnheiten monoton mit seltener Diversifizierung. Eine Mahlzeit bestand überwiegend aus gekochten Getreidekörnern oder Mehl in Form von Paste (tô) - begleitet von einer grünen gemüsesoße. Mais, roter Sorghum und Reis waren die am meisten konsumierten Getreidesorten. Vielfalt ergibt sich aus den Saucenarten. Saucen sind häufig, aber nicht immer, mit Fleisch oder Fisch zubereitet. Im ländlichen Raum werden Saucen vorwiegend mit Sheabutter und dem traditionellen Gewürz Soumbala zubereitet, wogegen Maggi und andere Pflanzenöle (meist Erdnussöl oder Palmöl) in Saucen im Stadtgebiet genutzt werden. Okra, Zwiebeln, Auberginen, Kohl und Sauerampfer sind das am meisten konsumierte Gemüse-sowohl die Frucht als auch die Blätter-. Tomaten werden frisch und / oder als Paste verwendet, jedoch meistens frisch. Baobabblätter, die in der Regel in Form von getrocknetem Pulver verwendet werden, stellen auch einen bedeutenden Teil des Gemüses dar, das von den Haushalten in Saucen verwendet wird. An Festtagen wird Reis mit Tomatensauce und Fleisch oder Geflügel, in einigen Fällen auch Knolleneintopf, zubereitet. Teigwaren mit Tomatensauce werden im ländlichen Dano immer festlicher. Andere Lebensmittelgruppen wie Milchprodukte, Fleisch und Geflügel, Eier, Obst, Wurzeln und Knollen wurden unregelmäßig konsumiert. Diese Ernährungsgewohnheiten führen ausnahmslos zu einer niedrigen Ernährungsvielfalt und hohen Unterernährungsraten, insbesondere bei den am stärksten gefährdeten Bevölkerungsgruppen, den Frauen im gebärfähigen Alter und Kindern unter fünf Jahren. Darüber hinaus stellte diese Studie fest, dass Dolo, ein lokales Bier, einen einflussreichen Teil der Ernährung darstellte, aufgrund der zentralen soziokulturellen und religiösen Bedeutung des Dolo während Beerdigungen und gesellschaftlichen Ereignissen. Die Ernährungsgewohnheiten wurden durch ökonomische, lokale Nahrungsmittelverfügbarkeit, soziokulturelle und gesundheitsfördernde Faktoren bestimmt. Dabei spielten die wirtschaftlichen Faktoren und die lokale Nahrungsmittelverfügbarkeit den stärksten Einfluss auf die Ernährung. Nahrungsquellen waren hauptsächlich die Eigenproduktion von Nahrungsmitteln, der Kauf von Nahrungsmitteln und die Nahrungsmittelhilfe in Form von intersozialem und institutionellem Lebensmitteltransfer. Allerdings war nicht nur die Nahrungsaufnahme Verwundbar gegenüber Ernährungsunsicherheit, sondern auch die Produktion von und der Zugang zu Nahrungsmitteln. Die Nahrungsmittelproduktion war anfällig für die bestehende und zunehmende Klimavariabilität, zunehmende Pflanzen- und Viehbestandskrankheiten und die damit verbundenen sinkenden Erträge. Das Bevölkerungswachstum und der daraus resultierende Mangel an Land und die damit verbundene soziale Instabilität, das zunehmende Desinteresse der Jugend an der Landwirtschaft sowie die geringe institutionelle Unterstützung und das Vorherrschen traditioneller Landrechte bildeten weitere Einschränkungen für die Nahrungsmittelproduzenten. Der Zugang zu Nahrungsmitteln war anfällig für steigende Lebensmittelpreise und ein begrenztes Angebot an bestimmten Lebensmittelgruppen (insbesondere Wurzeln und Knollen), frischem Fisch und Fleisch von guter Qualität. Sowohl auf Haushaltsebene als auch auf institutioneller Ebene gab es etablierte Bewältigungs- und / oder Anpassungsstrategien für diese anfällige Nahrungsmittel- und Ernährungssituation. Die privaten Haushalte verwendeten Produktion und Handel von Kleinwaren (43%), Verkauf von Vieh (31%), Verkauf von Gemüse (16%), Konsum von Wildpflanzen und Früchten (21%) als die meist genutzten Bewältigungsstrategien. Institutionen konzentrierten sich auf die Sensibilisierung für den Konsum nahrhafter Lebensmittel und hygienisches Verhalten; die Aufnahme und Behandlung unterernährter Kinder im Gesundheitszentrum, Schulmahlzeiten und Nahrungsmittelhilfeprogramme für die am stärksten gefährdeten Personen wie Witwen und Waisen sowie durch die Förderung von Strategien zur besseren Nahrungsmittelproduktion. Schlussfolgerung: In dieser Studie wurde die Verwundbarkeit der gesamten Säulen der Nahrungssicherheit - insbesondere der Nahrungsaufnahme - im Untersuchungsgebiet aufgezeigt. Die Ergebnisse tragen zu der wachsenden Forschungsmenge bei, die besagt, dass eine gute Verfügbarkeit und ein guter Zugang zu Nahrungsmitteln keine angemessenen Ernährungsgewohnheiten garantieren. Darüber hinaus macht die Studie sowohl auf Haushaltsebene als auch auf institutioneller Ebene auf die Bedeutung und Förderung einer intensiven Sensibilisierung für die Bedeutung und die Notwendigkeit angemessener Ernährungsgewohnheiten aufmerksam, insbesondere für die am stärksten gefährdeten Gruppen wie Frauen im reproduktiven Alter und Kinder unter fünf Jahren.
In einem mehrstufigen Forschungsansatz analysiert diese forstpolitikwissenschaftliche Arbeit die individuellen, betrieblichen und gesellschaftlich-politischen Bewertungs-, Abwägungs- und Entscheidungsprozesse im Verlauf der Verbreitung bleifreier Munition speziell in öffentlichen Forstbetrieben und im Jagdwesen in Deutschland. Die diskursanalytische Betrachtung von drei Kolloquien des Bundesinsitituts für Risikobewertung (BfR) in Berlin in den Jahren 2011, 2013 und 2014 beschreibt die Entwicklung des kontroversen öffentlichen Diskurses in Deutschland. Eine inhaltsanalytische Betrachtung der parlamentarischen Befassung mit der Thematik in Deutschland zeigt, dass es im Verlauf von 10 Jahren – trotz Streitigkeiten um die Gesetzgebungskompetenz zwischen Bund und Ländern – ab 2013 zu ersten politischen Entscheidungen auf Landesebene auch zur Nutzung bleifreier Büchsenmunition kam. Im empirischen Teil der Arbeit wird im Untersuchungsfeld "Mitarbeiter/innen öffentlicher Forstbetriebe in Deutschland" ergründet, ob die Verwendung bleifreier Munition den Mustern der Diffusions- und Adoptionstheorie nach ROGERS folgt. Im Ergebnis aus 1.279 beantworteten Online-Fragebogen zeigt sich eine Nutzungsquote bleifreier Munition durch die befragten Forstangehörigen von 58%. Ein Anteil von 20% hat bleifreie Munition ausprobiert, wobei 22% noch gar keine eigenen Erfahrungen gemacht haben. Bereits fast 2/3 der Befragten unterliegen inzwischen einer Pflicht zur Nutzung bleifreier Munition. Obwohl die Thematik im Bewusstsein der Befragten eine Rolle spielt, wird bleifreie Munition von ihnen nicht als bedeutende Umweltinnovation wahrgenommen oder entspricht nicht den für sie geltenden Kriterien. Durch eine Varianzanalyse können zuvor charakterisierte "Adopter-Typen" voneinander unterschieden werden. Im Gegensatz zum Modell nach ROGERS zeigen sich in der beobachteten Verteilung eine größere Gruppe der Innovatoren (15,9%) und eine kleine Gruppe der frühen Adoptoren (5,3%). Das Mittelfeld ist geringer besetzt und bildet mit früher und später Mehrheit nur einen Anteil von 46,2%, gegenüber einem Anteil von mehr als 2/3 im Modell. Der Anteil der Nachzügler ist fast doppelt so groß wie in der Verteilung nach ROGERS, was eine Beharrlichkeit gegenüber Veränderungen in der Forstbranche und im Jagdwesen im laufenden Adoptions- bzw. Diffusions-Zeitraum von bisher 15 Jahren bestätigt. Acht leitfadengestützten Experten-Interviews mit Leitern von Landesforstbetrieben bzw. Anstalten öffentlichen Rechts sowie den Bundesvorsitzenden eines forstlichen und eines jadlichen Verbandes ergänzen die quantitative Online-Befragung. Die Bewertung bleifreier Munition als Umweltinnovation und deren Bedeutung für die Jagd im Forstbetrieb unterscheidet sich im Wesentlichen durch den eingeschätzten Nutzen bzw. die Wirkung für den Forstbetrieb und die Wahrnehmung einer aktiven oder passiven Vorreiterrolle auch hinsichtlich der Nutzung (bzw. deren Anordnung) bleifreier Munition. Wesentlicher Treiber für eine Handlung ist die individuelle bzw. institutionelle Betroffenheit.:I Abkürzungsverzeichnis i II Abbildungsverzeichnis iii III Tabellenverzeichnis v 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Problemstellung 1 1.2 Zielsetzung und Motivation 5 1.3 Theoretischer Rahmen 7 1.4 Vorgehensweise und Aufbau der Arbeit 9 2 Stand des Wissens 11 2.1 Blei als Gefahr- und Schadstoff in der Umwelt 11 2.1.1 Bleibelastung in Wildfleisch 14 2.1.2 Verbraucherschutz 16 2.1.3 Bleivergiftungen bei Seeadlern 19 2.1 Blei als Bestandteil von Jagdmunition 21 2.2 Bleifreie Jagdmunition 22 2.2.1 Bleifreie Schrotkugeln 22 2.2.2 Bleifreie Büchsengeschosse 23 2.3 Tötungswirkung von Geschossen 25 2.4 Kritik und Widerstände gegen bleifreie Munition 29 2.5 Ausgewählte Forschungsprojekte 37 2.5.1 Verbundprojekt Bleifrei-Monitoring 38 2.5.2 Praxis-Versuche und weitere Untersuchungen 42 2.6 Innovationen in Forstwirtschaft und Jagd 45 2.6.1 Innovationsbereitschaft und -fähigkeit öffentlicher Forstverwaltungen 47 2.6.2 Innovationen in der Forstwirtschaft zum Schutz der Umwelt 49 2.6.3 Beispiele für Innovationen im Jagdbereich 51 3 Theoretischer Hintergrund und Fragestellung 55 3.1 Angewandte Theorien 55 3.1.1 Innovationstheorie 55 3.1.2 Theorie der Umweltinnovationen 63 3.1.3 Diffusions- und Adoptionstheorie 67 3.1.4 Handlungstheorie 73 3.2 Wissenschaftliche Fragestellung und Hypothesen 75 4 Untersuchungsgegenstand und Methoden 77 4.1 Untersuchungseinheit 77 4.2 Erhebungseinheiten 80 4.3 Methoden 88 5 Konzeption und Durchführung der Untersuchung 95 5.1 Diskursanalytische Betrachtung 95 5.2 Online-Befragung 97 5.2.1 Befragungskonzept und Aufbau der Befragung 97 5.2.2 Stichprobenauswahl und Feldzugang 100 5.2.3 Technische Umsetzung, Pretest und Durchführung der Befragung 102 5.3 Leitfadengestützte qualitative Experten-Interviews 107 5.3.1 Konzeption des Interview-Leitfadens 108 5.3.2 Auswahl der Interview-Partner 110 5.3.3 Durchführung der Interviews 113 6 Ergebnisse 115 6.1 Die Verwendung bleifreier Munition 115 6.1.1 Gesetzliche und betriebliche Regelungen in Deutschland 116 6.1.2 Naturschutzorientierte Forstbetriebe 122 6.1.3 Zertifizierte Forstbetriebe 124 6.1.4 Privater Jagdbetrieb 127 6.1.5 Internationale Regelungen für den Jagd- und Forstbetrieb 130 6.2 Positionen, Widerstände und Initiativen 136 6.2.1 Die Fachforen des Bundesinstituts für Risikobewertung (BfR) als ausgewählte öffentliche Diskussionen – Eine diskursanalytische Betrachtung 136 6.2.2 Das Thema Bleifreie Munition in deutschen Parlamenten – eine inhaltsanalytische Übersicht 148 6.3 Zur Diffusion und Adoption bleifreier Munition 159 6.3.1 Ergebnisse der schriftlichen Befragung 159 6.3.2 Ergebnisse der Experten-Interviews 195 7 Diskussion 211 7.1 Überprüfung der Hypothesen 211 7.2 Verbindung der Ergebnisse mit dem theoretischen Rahmen 213 7.3 Grenzen der Untersuchung und Methodenkritik 231 7.4 Empfehlungen für Wissenschaft und Praxis 234 8 Zusammenfassung 247 9 Summary 255 10 Literaturverzeichnis 259 11 Anhang 279 11.1 Anschreiben per Post und per E-Mail 279 11.2 Online-Fragebogen 280 12 Erklärung 287 ; This scientific forestry policy document analyses, in a multilevel approach, the individual, business and social-political evaluation, consideration and decision processes in the development of the distribution of lead-free ammunition, in particular in public forestry organisations and in the hunting sector in Germany. The discourse-analytical contemplation resulting from three seminars of the Bundesinsititut für Risikobewertung (BfR - The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment) in Berlin in 2011, 2013 and 2014 describes the development of the controversial discussion in Germany. A content-analytical contemplation of parliamentary involvement with this theme in Germany shows that in the course of 10 years - in spite of conflicts about legislative powers between federal and provincial (Länder) governments - the first political decisions on provincial level regarding use of lead-free rifle ammunition were taken from 2013 onwards. Spring 2016, over 15 years after the broad debate started, the national government submitted a first draft law to the preliminary parliamentary voting process. In the empirical part of the work, in the research field "Employees of public forestry organisations in Germany" it is ascertained whether the use of lead-free ammunition follows the patterns of Rogers' diffusion and adoption theory. The outcome of 1,279 completed online questionnaires shows that 58% of the people involved in forestry used lead-free ammunition. A proportion of 20% had tried lead-free ammunition, whereby 22% did not have any experience with it at all. Almost 2/3 of the people questioned are meanwhile obliged to use lead-free ammunition. Although the issue does play a role in the awareness of the people questioned, they do not see lead-free ammunitions as an important innovation for the environment, or it does not correspond to the criteria they apply. Previously specified "Adopter types" can be distinguished from another by analysis of variance. Contrary to Rogers' model, the breakdown observed shows a larger group of innovators (15.9%) and a small group of early adopters (5.3%). The midfield is less populated and - together with early and late majorities - only counts for 46.2% as opposed to over 2/3 in the model. The proportion of laggards is almost twice as high as in Rogers' breakdown, which confirms a resistance against change in the forest enterprises and the hunting sector in the current adoption or diffusion time frame of 15 years so far. Eight guideline-based expert interviews with leading figures from provincial forestry companies or public institutions as well as the federal chairmen of a forest and a hunting organisation complete the quantitative online survey. The assessment of lead-free ammunition as innovation for the environment and what it would mean for the hunt in the forest enteprises essentially differs for the use (or obligation to use) lead-free ammunition, due to the estimated use or the way it works for the forestry sector and the perception of an active or passive pioneering role. Being personally or institutionally concerned is the major driving force for action.:I Abkürzungsverzeichnis i II Abbildungsverzeichnis iii III Tabellenverzeichnis v 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Problemstellung 1 1.2 Zielsetzung und Motivation 5 1.3 Theoretischer Rahmen 7 1.4 Vorgehensweise und Aufbau der Arbeit 9 2 Stand des Wissens 11 2.1 Blei als Gefahr- und Schadstoff in der Umwelt 11 2.1.1 Bleibelastung in Wildfleisch 14 2.1.2 Verbraucherschutz 16 2.1.3 Bleivergiftungen bei Seeadlern 19 2.1 Blei als Bestandteil von Jagdmunition 21 2.2 Bleifreie Jagdmunition 22 2.2.1 Bleifreie Schrotkugeln 22 2.2.2 Bleifreie Büchsengeschosse 23 2.3 Tötungswirkung von Geschossen 25 2.4 Kritik und Widerstände gegen bleifreie Munition 29 2.5 Ausgewählte Forschungsprojekte 37 2.5.1 Verbundprojekt Bleifrei-Monitoring 38 2.5.2 Praxis-Versuche und weitere Untersuchungen 42 2.6 Innovationen in Forstwirtschaft und Jagd 45 2.6.1 Innovationsbereitschaft und -fähigkeit öffentlicher Forstverwaltungen 47 2.6.2 Innovationen in der Forstwirtschaft zum Schutz der Umwelt 49 2.6.3 Beispiele für Innovationen im Jagdbereich 51 3 Theoretischer Hintergrund und Fragestellung 55 3.1 Angewandte Theorien 55 3.1.1 Innovationstheorie 55 3.1.2 Theorie der Umweltinnovationen 63 3.1.3 Diffusions- und Adoptionstheorie 67 3.1.4 Handlungstheorie 73 3.2 Wissenschaftliche Fragestellung und Hypothesen 75 4 Untersuchungsgegenstand und Methoden 77 4.1 Untersuchungseinheit 77 4.2 Erhebungseinheiten 80 4.3 Methoden 88 5 Konzeption und Durchführung der Untersuchung 95 5.1 Diskursanalytische Betrachtung 95 5.2 Online-Befragung 97 5.2.1 Befragungskonzept und Aufbau der Befragung 97 5.2.2 Stichprobenauswahl und Feldzugang 100 5.2.3 Technische Umsetzung, Pretest und Durchführung der Befragung 102 5.3 Leitfadengestützte qualitative Experten-Interviews 107 5.3.1 Konzeption des Interview-Leitfadens 108 5.3.2 Auswahl der Interview-Partner 110 5.3.3 Durchführung der Interviews 113 6 Ergebnisse 115 6.1 Die Verwendung bleifreier Munition 115 6.1.1 Gesetzliche und betriebliche Regelungen in Deutschland 116 6.1.2 Naturschutzorientierte Forstbetriebe 122 6.1.3 Zertifizierte Forstbetriebe 124 6.1.4 Privater Jagdbetrieb 127 6.1.5 Internationale Regelungen für den Jagd- und Forstbetrieb 130 6.2 Positionen, Widerstände und Initiativen 136 6.2.1 Die Fachforen des Bundesinstituts für Risikobewertung (BfR) als ausgewählte öffentliche Diskussionen – Eine diskursanalytische Betrachtung 136 6.2.2 Das Thema Bleifreie Munition in deutschen Parlamenten – eine inhaltsanalytische Übersicht 148 6.3 Zur Diffusion und Adoption bleifreier Munition 159 6.3.1 Ergebnisse der schriftlichen Befragung 159 6.3.2 Ergebnisse der Experten-Interviews 195 7 Diskussion 211 7.1 Überprüfung der Hypothesen 211 7.2 Verbindung der Ergebnisse mit dem theoretischen Rahmen 213 7.3 Grenzen der Untersuchung und Methodenkritik 231 7.4 Empfehlungen für Wissenschaft und Praxis 234 8 Zusammenfassung 247 9 Summary 255 10 Literaturverzeichnis 259 11 Anhang 279 11.1 Anschreiben per Post und per E-Mail 279 11.2 Online-Fragebogen 280 12 Erklärung 287
