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With an emphasis on social science applications, this introductory text shows how to perform quantitative analyses using R. Developed from the author s short courses, the book helps readers go from raw data to results in a timely manner. Topics are organized based on the logical order of adequate quantitative analysis. The book is suitable for novices with little analysis or programming experience as well as more experienced researchers transitioning to R

"Ecology is about understanding how organisms interact with other organisms and the environment they inhabit (i.e. fundamental and realised niches). It is easy to imagine an individual organism of any kind as a dot with all sorts of arrows impinging upon it, an arrow can represent abiotic factors (temperature, light, etc.), as well as many arrows for all the other organisms (biotic factors, intra- and inter-specific interactions) that affect it. Ecology aims therefore to determine the magnitude and rate associated with some of the arrows, and which are the most important and why. Each organism also has its own effects on the same list of factors, even if the effects may be small, so we can also imagine arrows going out from the same dot, one to each of the same list of factors (they can be dots too). Again, a challenge is to determine the associated weights and importance for the arrows, some of which are directed toward other organisms. As soon as we consider more than a single organism, even just a few, we immediately have a complex structure of dots and arrows: an ecological network! It is an obvious step to consider ecological systems as ecological networks, and as such to assess how network theory (concepts and methods) might be applied to them. Network theory and the mathematics of graph theory that underlie network analysis provide simple concepts that can applied to systems that are complex both in structure and dynamics. It is those concepts that allow us to provide a sorted set of methods for the quantitative analysis of 10 ecological networks, along with thoughts and advice on how best to proceed. Through the years, the need to take a network analysis framework to study complex system has arisen in many fields (physics, computer science, communication science (transportation, electricity, social), and bio- and ecoinformatics), and there is a challenging diversity of approaches, methods, and measures that should be understood, or at least sorted, before applying them to our own data. The overarching goal of this book is to help ecologists in selecting the appropriate network methods to represent, analyse, and model their ecological system using network theory"--

Foundations for working with stata -- Getting to know stata -- The essentials -- Do files and data management -- Quantitative analysis with stata -- Descriptive statistics -- Relationships between nominal and ordinal variables -- Relationships between different measurement levels -- Relationships between interval-ratio variables -- Enhancing your command repertoire -- Chapter exercise solutions -- Alphabetical command index and glossary -- About the author

An introduction to pH Measurement : estimating the degree of purity of snow; Measuring soil pH; Introduction to ion chromatography -- Introduction to the visible spectrophotometer -- Visible spectrophotometric determination of trace levels of iron in groundwater -- Spectrophotometric determination of phosphorus in eutrophicated surface water -- Determination of anionic surfactants by mini-liquid-liquid extraction (MINI-LLE) in an industrial wastewater effluent using ion pairing with methylene blue -- Comparison of ultraviolet and infrared absorption spectra of chemically similar organic compounds -- Determination of oil and grease and of total petroleum hydrocarbons in wastewater via reversed-phase solid-phase extraction techniques (RP-SPE) and quantitative Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy -- Determination of the degree of hardness in various sources of groundwater using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy -- Determination of lead in drinking water using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAA) : external standard vs. standard addition calibration mode -- A comparison of soil types via a quantitative determination of the chromium content using visible spectrophotometry and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy or inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry -- Data acquisition and instrument control using the Turbochrom chromatography software. an introduction to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) : evaluating those experimental parameters that influence separations -- Identifying the ubiquitous phthalate esters in the environment using HPLC, photodiode array detection, and confirmation by GC-MS -- An introduction to gas chromatography : evaluating experimental parameters that influence gas chromatographic performance -- Screening for the presence of BTEX in wastewater using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and gas chromatography : screening for THMs in chlorine-disinfected drinking water using static headspace (HS) gas chromatography -- Determination of priority pollutant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in gasoline-contaminated groundwater using static headspace (HS) and solid-phase microextraction headspace (SPME-HS) and gas chromatography -- Determination of the herbicide residue Trifluralin in chemically treated lawn soil by gas chromatography using reversed-phase solid-phase extraction (RP-SPE) sample prep techniques -- Determination of priority pollutant semivolatile organochlorine pesticides : a comparison of mini-liquid-liquid and reversed-phase solid-phase extraction techniques -- Determination of priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated soil using RPHPLC-PDA with wavelength programming -- Determination of inorganic anions using ion chromatography (IC) : anion exchange IC with suppressed conductivity detection.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Original Half Title -- Original Title Page -- Original Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Preface -- Introduction -- Part I: The Politics and Economics of Commodity Agreements and Compensatory Financing -- 1 The History and Politics of International Commodity Agreements and Compensatory Financing -- 2 The Economics of Stabilization: A Historical Survey -- Part II: Compensatory Financing: An Economic Evaluation of Current Programmes -- 3 The International Monetary Fund's Compensatory Financing Facility -- 4 Commodity-Related Financial Compensation by the European Community -- 5 Food Security and Compensatory Financing: A Discussion of the International Monetary Fund's Cereal Import Facility -- Part III: Commodity Arrangements: An Economic Evaluation of Current Programmes -- 6 The International Coffee Agreement -- 7 The International Natural Rubber Agreement -- 8 The International Cocoa Agreements -- 9 Commodity Protocols -- 10 A Comparison and Evaluation of the Arrangements -- Appendices -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index.

"This study creates a typology of education systems. It uses empirical analysis to deter-mine six types of education governance on the basis of various factors such as the degree of state involvement or funding sources, and structural differences of average time spent on homework or the degree of support for low achievers. It reveals differences in output among these 'types' as measured by student performance, and relative equality of performance. The typology reflects similarities in governance of education among groups of countries, and indicates that common geography and history may be more of a linking factor than expected in a globalized world." (author's abstract)

"The book studies the process of economic and industrial development in the Republic of China (1912-1949), in the hope of shedding light on how China came to be a comparative economic laggard in the period, especially in comparison to Japan. Backing up by a large amount of industrial statistical data gathered and rigorously analyzed by the author, the book stands out from previous research that has been limited to theoretical inferences and general judgments with scarce empirical evidence. So, far from being a pure historical review of China's industrial development, the book focuses on the internal logic of economic phenomena, especially the relationship among economic variables reflected in economic data, and carries out discussions within the framework of economic development theory. The author uses multivariate statistical analysis to draw comparisons between the industrial development of China and that of Japan, focusing on outbound investment and the importance of this for economic growth. The book will appeal to academics and general readers interested in economic development and the modern economic history of East Asia, development economics, as well as industrial and technological history."

Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- How ethics, morality and identity are treated in this book -- Evolutionary motivations towards pro-social moral norms -- The social brain and moral self-identity -- Situation and transformation in the resolution of social dilemmas -- Intrapersonal identity positivity -- Positive social identity -- A situational model of positive social identity -- A situational analysis of positive social identity -- Conclusion: the distinct importance of positive social identity -- Bibliography -- Appendix 1: Data collected -- Appendix 2: Correlation between indicators of psid pro-social behviour and social resources -- Appendix 3: Equatio

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- List of abbreviations -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- How ethics, morality and identity are treated in this book -- 1 Evolutionary motivations towards pro-social moral norms -- Recognising the evolutionary value of social interdependence -- 2 The social brain and moral self-identity -- Natural selection by morality in animals and humans -- Situation and human social groups -- Reading the situation: an evolved pre-requisite of morality -- Antecedents of the subjective evaluation of dilemmas -- Feeling and thinking about moral dilemmas -- Self-identity and the moral evaluation of situation -- 3 Situation and transformation in the resolution of social dilemmas -- The intrapersonal 'we' in collective behaviour -- Towards strongly reciprocal behaviour -- The 'interdependence situation' framework -- Subjective values for an 'outcome matrix' -- The transformation of the dyadic interdependence situation -- Intra-group situation and perceived interdependence -- Interdependence theory as a theory of optimal distinctiveness -- Inherited heuristics enhancing the value of pro-social outcomes -- Social structure and the interdependence situation -- From cooperative to pro-social outcomes -- The everyday events and the conditions of optimal interdependence -- Situational triggers of biological disposition in the perception of affordances -- Enlarging the analytical model of the symbiosis of interdependence-distinctiveness and social dilemmas -- 4 Intrapersonal identity positivity -- Positive identity: causes and outcomes -- 5 Positive social identity -- Motivations of the individual: the interdependence of social and individual identity -- Transformation: the ethics of an accessible moral and positive identity