L'indagine presentata in questa tesi ha come obiettivo la descrizione della gestione e delle pratiche di traduzione di un'istituzione pubblica ufficialmente bilingue, situata in una regione in cui risiedono comunità linguistiche minoritarie. Si tratta dell'amministrazione della Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano. Lo studio è svolto attraverso l'impiego di una metodologia mista che combina tecniche di ricerca qualitative e quantitative per descrivere tre elementi fondanti di ogni contesto traduttivo: la funzione, il processo e il prodotto (Toury 1995). Abbiamo indagato in primo luogo la funzione della traduzione attraverso l'analisi delle politiche di traduzione dell'Alto Adige svolta da Sandrini (2019), comparandole mediante il suo modello Translation Policy Metrics con le politiche e pratiche di traduzione di alcune istituzioni catalane e basche. Dal confronto è emerso che l'Alto Adige presenta le politiche di traduzione meno avanzate tra le tre regioni. Successivamente, abbiamo costruito un questionario per indagare il processo e le pratiche di traduzione, a cui ha partecipato il 43% del personale dell'amministrazione provinciale (1.276 persone). Dalla sua analisi è emerso che il 67% dei rispondenti traduce testi istituzionali in qualità di traduttore non professionista (Antonini et al. 2017). Infine, abbiamo studiato il prodotto della traduzione considerando la complessità linguistica del linguaggio amministrativo, su un corpus di 45 testi istituzionali. In base agli elementi di maggiore complessità divergenti tra testi in italiano e tedesco, ovvero la subordinazione implicita ed esplicita, abbiamo svolto un approfondimento qualitativo su una selezione di testi. Nell'istituzione provinciale la traduzione e la redazione dei testi emergono come attività strettamente interconnesse, poiché il personale è responsabile di entrambe; si delinea tuttavia con chiarezza la mancanza di una gestione globale e condivisa delle pratiche di traduzione nonché di un sistema di controllo della qualità. A conclusione dell'analisi presentiamo alcune proposte di ottimizzazione delle politiche e pratiche di traduzione istituzionali. ; This dissertation aims to describe translation management and translation practices of a bilingual public institution in a region with officially recognised minority languages, i.e., the administration of South Tyrol, Italy. Combining qualitative and quantitative research methods, we structured our study around three pillars of any translation context: function, process, and product (Toury 1995). We first addressed the function of institutional translation by studying Sandrini's (2019) analysis of translation policies in South Tyrol. We then applied his Translation Policy Metrics model to analyse institutional translation policies and practices in Catalonia and in the Basque Country, comparing them with South Tyrol. This showed us that South Tyrol has the least advanced translation policies among the three regions. Second, we created a survey to assess the translation process and practices in the analysed institution. 43% of the staff (1,276 people) completed the survey and the results reveal that 67% of the respondents had translated texts in the previous year. According to the definition by Antonini et al. (2017), they are non-professional translators. Finally, we studied the translation product on a corpus of bilingual institutional texts and evaluated automatically their linguistic complexity. Based on that, we found that institutional texts in Italian and German diverge mostly on subordination strategies. On this particular trait, we performed a contrastive qualitative analysis and two machine translation experiments. Overall, we concluded that in the provincial institution text drafting and translation are closely related to each other, as the staff is often responsible for these two phases of institutional communication. However, the institution clearly lacks a comprehensive and shared management of translation practices as well as a quality control system. Some suggestions for improving institutional translation management close our dissertation.
Nell'ambito delle teorie dello sviluppo, un filone di studi, originato dai lavori di North (1973) e consolidatosi negli ultimi anni, individua nelle istituzioni, definite come le regole del gioco o i vincoli disegnati dagli uomini per disciplinare i loro rapporti, i fattori fondamentali dello sviluppo economico. Le istituzioni, nel modello elaborato da Acemoglu, Johnson e Robinson (2004), sono il frutto di interazioni dinamiche tra potere politico de jure, determinato dalle istituzioni politiche, e potere politico de facto, determinato dalla distribuzione delle risorse economiche. Sulla base di questa prospettiva teorica, questa tesi propone uno studio di carattere quantitativo sulla qualità istituzionale, la traduzione operativa del concetto di istituzioni, composta dalle tre fondamentali dimensioni di democrazia, efficienza ed efficacia del governo e assenza di corruzione. La prima parte, che analizza sistematicamente pro e contro di ciascuna tipologia di indicatori, è dedicata alla revisione delle misure quantitative di qualità istituzionale, e individua nei Worldwide Governance Indicators la misura più solida e consistente. Questi indici sono quindi utilizzati nella seconda parte, dove si propone un'analisi empirica sulle determinanti della qualità istituzionale. Le stime del modello di regressione cross-country evidenziano che la qualità istituzionale è influenzata da alcuni fattori prevalentemente esogeni come la geografia, la disponibilità di risorse naturali e altre caratteristiche storiche e culturali, insieme ad altri fattori di carattere più endogeno. In quest'ultima categoria, i risultati evidenziano un effetto positivo del livello di sviluppo economico, mentre la disuguaglianza economica mostra un impatto negativo su ciascuna delle tre dimensioni di qualità istituzionale, in particolare sulla corruzione. Questi risultati supportano la prospettiva teorica e suggeriscono che azioni di policy orientate alla riduzione delle disparità sono capaci di generare sviluppo rafforzando la democrazia, migliorando l'efficienza complessiva del sistema economico e riducendo i livelli di corruzione. ; Amongst development theories, following the work of D. North (1973), a branch of studies has recently developed which sees institutions, defined as the rules of the game or humanly devised constraints that shape human interaction, as the fundamental cause of long-run growth. The model constructed by Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson (2004) emphasizes the interaction between de jure political power, influenced by political institutions, and de facto political power, shaped by distribution of resources, in the evolution of institutional paths. Based on this theoretical framework, this thesis adopts a quantitative perspective to investigate institutional quality, which is composed by three main dimensions: democracy, government efficiency and effectiveness and corruption. A survey of available measures of institutional quality is conducted in order to evaluate pro and cons of each kind of indicators. The analysis finds the World Bank's Worldwide Governance Indicators as the most reliable measures of institutional quality, both in terms of internal and external consistency. These indexes are then used for an empirical analysis over the determinants of institutional quality. The estimates of the cross-country regression model show that institutional quality is affected by some exogenous factors, like geography, natural resources endowments and other historic and cultural traits, and more endogenous factors. Amongst the latter, economic development exerts a positive effect on institutional quality, while a negative association, particularly on the corruption side, is shown by economic inequality. Results confirm our hypothesis and suggest that policies aiming at reducing inequality can foster development by strengthening democracy, by improving the overall efficiency of the economic system and by reducing corruption levels.
This contribution deals with some relevant issues concerning the relations among banking & economic development in China. With respect to the prevailing findings of literature on these topics China offers a unique "counterexample" since, although the common quantitative indicators of "financial deepening" are aligned with those of more advanced financial countries, the qualitative ones move away considerably from them. Consequently China contradicts the neoclassical view by which both "financial repression" & state ownership of banks, in a context of weak rule of law, hamper economic development. This theoretical "enigma" can be unfolded by resorting to non conventional analysis of the role of banking in Chinese economy. Non conventional view emphasizes credit policy as a tool to reconcile the conflicting goals of long run economic development & macroeconomic stability. In fact through a tight control of the state owned banks (the "big four") the Chinese policy makers succeeded in funding the obsolete capital-intensive state-owned firms & prevented the collapse of a considerable share of Chinese industry from reversing the high rate of development. Nevertheless in the late nineties the burden of "non performing loans" began to emerge as a worrying problem for Chinese economic policy, the solution of which was immediately perceived as serious financial constraint on economic development. In contrast with prevailing conventional wisdom the opinion of some analysts who argue that the overall economic resources of China are able to adjust financial imbalance & to reduce the menace to its macroeconomic stability & continuity of its economic development reveals a best understanding of potentiality of this country to run a track leading to status of prominent economic power. Tables. Adapted from the source document.
The European Union, in the "Thematic Strategy on the Urban Environment" (2006), has pointed out the importance of identification and monitoring urban environment quality indicators. In this scheme, the quality of 31 urban green areas in Pisa was assessed by monitoring topsoil physical, chemical and biological features and by using the plant bioindicator Taraxacum officinale Web. Results were compared with an extra-urban area (near S.Rossore-Migliarino-Massaciuccoli Natural Park) and with the quantitative limits fixed by Italian Law (DLgs 152/2006). The soils of the green areas of Pisa were mostly sandy, sub-alkaline, and lightly calcareous, with rather high organic matter content. They showed a widespread pollution by hydrocarbons, probably caused by road traffic incomplete combustion and by domestic heating. Only in few sites the total amounts of Cd, Cr and Hg were significantly higher than the minimum value established by the Italian Law. Probably due to the vehicular traffic, pollution by Pb, Cu and Zn was instead widespread. A sequential extraction (BCR method) was performed for determining the forms of heavy metals within the soil matrix. Instead of Zn and Pb, Cr and Cu showed the absence in soil of the labile forms. As far as Cr forms were concerned, the most represented one was the residual, while the anthropogenic addition of the element was found in the oxidizable form. For Cu forms, the most represented was the residual, while reducible and oxidizable forms were enriched by anthropogenic addition of the element. Regarding Pb and Zn forms, the most represented one was the reducible, while the anthropogenic additions of the elements were evenly distributed among the four fractions. Principal component analysis revealed the existence of four different patterns of distribution of the elements, whose differences have been attributed at the origin, each composed of a different number of variables: the first one, consisting of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Sb, Sn, Sr, and Zn, whose main source was fit to identify in the traffic; as to the second factor, consisting of Fe, Mn, and Ni, the main source was identified by pedogenic substrate. Each of the third and the fourth factor was composed of a single element, respectively Cr and Hg, which had a particular distribution, different from that of all other HMs. Even the geostatistical analysis has identified the previous four patterns of distribution of HMs, bringing back, through interpolation techniques, also their coarse spatial distribution; according to this analysis, the central area of the city was identified as the one having the most polluted green areas. Hierarchical clustering analysis identified different groups of areas with different levels of contamination, both from the qualitative and quantitative point of view. Platinoids (Pt, Pd), "new generation" pollutants, released from recently introduced three way catalytic converters, absent in the substrate, showed a beginning of accumulation in a limited number of areas. As to soil biological features, cumulative respiration of monitored areas was evaluated during a 25 day incubation period. Results showed that evolved CO2-C was different among the monitored areas and influenced by soil carbon total content and pollution level. Community level physiological profiling of soil microbial population of the monitored areas was performed by using Biolog Ecoplates. The relative data of AWCD, CMD and H (Shannon-Weaver index of biodiversity) showed a limited variability among the monitored areas. Soil antioxidant capacity was evaluated and showed changes among monitored areas, being correlated with organic carbon content and, in particular, with phenolic substances. Soil enzymatic activities vary among monitored sites and appear to be influenced by organic matter and pollutants' contents. The control site has shown the lowest rate of activities if compared to all the other sites. Positive correlation was detected among all enzymatic activities except for dehydrogenase. In spite of the presence of various pollutants, vegetal bioindicator Taraxacum officinale Web. did not show any alteration in the photosynthetic process with values of Fv/Fm, and FPSII, representing respectively the efficiency of PSII in conducting photochemical events and photochemical yield of PSII, typical of the leaves of healthy plants. Even photosynthetic pigment contents and qNP, representing mechanisms aiming at dissipating excess excitation energy, did not show any alteration among the monitored areas. That trend was confirmed by other parameters, monitored in order to understand if the polluted urban environment is not dangerous for the plant or if vegetal put into repairing actions. On the dissected aboveground and radical portions of the biomarker, antioxidant capacity, phenolic content, heavy metals contents and metal chelating capacity of vegetal tissues did not reveal any differences among the monitored sites, probably showing the dandelion ability in non-absorbing pollutants. We can finally conclude that the degree of pollution of the green areas in the city of Pisa, although present, does not cause major problems to the utilized bioindicators. We need more sensible biomarkers to effectively detect this degree of pollution.
Over the last decades, the public sector has been involved in a series of reforms aimed at improving public services' efficiency and effectiveness; the objective was to provide better services to meet public needs, in a context in which the available resources are even more scarce and insufficient. Small municipalities have greater difficulties in guaranteeing suitable levels of efficiency in the use of the resources and effectiveness in providing services. To solve this problem different policies with the objective to provide services in a shared way have been designed and implemented. The cooperation between municipalities becomes an effective strategy in searching for a greater efficiency of the administrative activity. The research studies the case of the Unions of municipalities in Italy. The Italian legislation in the last few years obliged municipalities with a population less than 5.000 inhabitants to provide services jointly and the Union of Municipalities are one of the main ways to deliver shared services. However, they did not achieve the desired objectives and are still lagging behind. This research aims at understanding how the Unions of Municipalities actually work, what are the main problems and what are the possibilities for their future development. The research has been carried out through a qualitative and quantitative methodology. In the first phase a normative and documental analysis and two focus group, that have involved politicians and technicians of Sardinian Unions of municipalities, have been done. The analysis of the results of the first phase allowed to individualize the relevant variables that have been analyzed in the second phase through a structured questionnaire administered to the Presidents, the Secretaries and the General Managers of all the Unions of municipalities in Italy. The results of the descriptive analyses show what are the motivations that lead to the choice to set up a Union, what problems and benefits have been found and what are the principal causes of resistance. Moreover, the correlations between different variable have been analyzed. The research tried to investigate whether the variables studied influence shared services management. The main problem seems to be the difficulty of the politicians in giving up the control of the resources and their autonomy. Moreover, the law is not clear and it is continuously changing; it makes the providing of shared services even more difficult
Scopo di questo contributo è di ricostruire le origini e gli sviluppi degli studi, sia teorici che applicati, sul linguaggio politico dal 1920 al 1960, a cominciare dagli articoli di alcuni autorevoli formalisti russi pubblicati nel 1924 sulla rivista sovietica Lef. Vengono ripercorse le tappe fondamentali di questo interessante e complesso settore di studi, che vede, soprattutto negli anni Trenta, le prime analisi applicate indirizzate all'esame delle peculiarità stilistiche degli idioletti di tre capi carismatici che hanno fatto la storia del primo Novecento: Lenin, Hitler e Mussolini. Di tali linguaggi sono particolarmente messi in luce quei tratti semantici e retorici che, lessicalizzati da parole d'ordine e slogan ad effetto, hanno reso possibile quel passivo e irrazionale rapporto popolo-capo che ha caratterizzato inquietanti regimi nel secolo scorso. Inoltre sono prese in considerazione le prime teorie novecentesche sulla specificità del discorso politico, del quale si tenta di identificare modi e usi, tenendo conto del comportamento segnico di questa particolare produzione linguistica. A tale riguardo, la teoria predominante è certamente quella della Content analysis, che, a partire dagli anni 1930-1940 in avanti, sarà il punto di riferimento metodologico per intraprendere ricerche, anche quantitative, sulla persuasione politica e sulle strategie comunicative di massa. ; Prispevek skuša rekonstruirati izvor in razvoj tako teoretskega kot aplikativnega proučevanja političnega jezika v obdobju med 1920 in 1960, začenši s članki nekaterih pomembnih ruskih formalistov, ki so bili objavljeni leta 1924 v sovjetski reviji lef. Predstavljene so glavne etape tega zanimivega in kompleksnega raziskovanja, v okviru katerega so se v 30. letih pojavile prve aplikativne analize slogovnih posebnosti idiolektov treh karizmatičnih voditeljev, ki so zaznamovali zgodovino prve polovice 20. stoletja, in sicer Lenina, hitlerja in Mussolinija. Pri obravnavanju jezikov posameznikov je pozornost namenjena posebej tistim semantičnim in retoričnim značilnostim, na osnovi katerih se je prek leksikalizacije gesel s posebnimi učinki in sloganov lahko vzpostavil pasiven in iracionalen odnos med ljudstvom in voditeljem, ki je tipičen za nekatere skrb zbujajoče režime prejšnjega stoletja. V prispevku so nadalje obdelane prve teorije iz 20. stoletja, ki se posvečajo posebnostim političnega diskurza, pri katerem skušajo ugotoviti njegove različne vrste in rabe, upoštevaje znakovno vedênje te specifične jezikovne produkcije. Med temi teorijami je zagotovo najvažnejša content analysis, ki od obdobja 1930–1940 naprej v metodološkem pogledu pomeni referenčno točko za raziskave (tudi kvantitativno naravnane) političnega prepričevanja in strategij množičnega komuniciranja.
Lo scenario internazionale si sta muovendo rapidamente verso la promozione di una scuola inclusiva. In Italia, questa realtà è affrontata da molti anni, ma le trasformazioni e il confronto internazionale hanno sollevato nuove domande e riflessioni critiche. In particolare l'attenzione oggi è posta su quello che, come affermato nel corso della Conferenza internazionale dell'UNESCO (2013), è considerato il fattore chiave dei processi di integrazione e di inclusione: la formazione degli insegnanti. L'attenzione della ricerca pedagogica viene posta sui fattori chiave dei processi di inclusione: la formazione degli insegnanti, lo sviluppo ed il monitoraggio dei contesti educativi nonché la produzione e l'incremento di pratiche didattiche inclusive. L'acceso dibattito aperto ormai da diversi anni sulle tematiche legate al processo inclusivo a livello nazionale, rappresenta lo sfondo dal quale parte e si sviluppa l'idea della ricerca presentata in questo lavoro. I problemi di fondo a cui la ricerca ha cercato di rispondere sono sostanzialmente due: 1. se attraverso l'analisi delle pratiche inclusive è possibile costruire un Repository di "buone pratiche" che permetta ai docenti in servizio e ai futuri docenti in formazione di sviluppare capacità di analisi sul proprio agire inclusivo per capire cosa funziona in educazione ed un ampliamento nell'utilizzo delle stesse; 2. come attraverso la costruzione di un Profilo del Docente Inclusivo sia possibile portare docenti e futuri docenti a riflettere sui valori che determinano un agire educativo realmente inclusivo al fine di realizzare nella scuola una comunità inclusiva che permetta a ciascuno di sentirsi accolto. La ricerca si propone di: − indagare l'evoluzione storica, pedagogica e legislativa del concetto e dell'educazione inclusiva attraverso un'analisi conoscitiva del quadro dell'esistente; − rilevare (attraverso questionari appositamente costruiti) la qualità inclusiva della scuola attraverso dati quantitativi e qualitativi; − creare un Repository delle pratiche inclusive attraverso la raccolta e l'analisi delle pratiche educative realizzate dagli insegnanti delle scuole siciliane, che siano valide esemplificazioni di personalizzazione educativa in funzione dei bisogni educativi degli alunni; − costruire il Profilo del Docente Inclusivo (come già realizzato in altri Paesi europei) al fine di mettere in luce i valori che deve possedere un docente inclusivo. Sollecitati dal dibattito sul tema sviluppatosi nel contesto internazionale, soprattutto nei Paesi anglofoni, negli ultimi vent'anni anni, e nel territorio italiano dove la discussione, iniziata quarant'anni fa, è ancora oggetto di studio e di dibattimento, abbiamo voluto progettare uno studio con lo scopo di dare agli operatori della scuola, attuali e futuri, strumenti volti alla misurazione e alla progettazione di prospettive inclusive, per implementare la loro riflessività in azione. Partendo dal presupposto secondo cui esiste un diritto al rispetto delle differenze personali nell'apprendimento e nel comportamento scolastico che chiede di essere coniugato con l'uguaglianza delle opportunità per tutti, si è voluto vedere come ciò sia possibile nella pratica educativa che volge all'inclusione. L'orientamento della ricerca è quello proprio dell'Evidence Based Education, un orientamento di ricerca basato sull'interrogativo "Cosa funziona in educazione?", fondato sul presupposto che nella ricerca educativa sia necessario esplicitare l'accettazione di alcuni asserti valoriali o scientifici, di metodologie e criteri specifici, così da potersi presentare come visibile, condivisibile e comparabile. L'analisi delle evidenze è una questione molto discussa in ambito educativo, per fare ciò si è avviata una ricerca di tipo esplorativo con un approccio fenomenologico basato sull'evidenza; per l'analisi delle scuole in esame ci si è avvalsi inoltre di un case study. Gli strumenti utilizzati sono costituiti da questionari e schede di osservazione delle pratiche, elaborati sulla base di strumenti rilevati e studiati nella letteratura nazionale e internazionale, che hanno individuato indicatori di struttura e di processo relativi al processo di inclusione, ritenuti utili ai fini del nostro lavoro. Il campione selezionato è non probabilistico ad elementi rappresentativi: questa scelta ha permesso di selezionare scuole eterogenee per storia e conformazione favorendo, peraltro, la riflessione sulla verticalizzazione scolastica. La ricerca è stata pensata per dar modo ai docenti di riflettere sul proprio operato per monitorarlo attraverso strumenti strutturati e per migliorarlo attraverso materiali guida. Le tecniche di rilevazione hanno avuto un carattere quantitativo e qualitativo. L'orientamento quantitativo è stato utilizzato per la misurazione della qualità inclusiva della scuola; ci si è avvalsi dell'approccio qualitativo per individuare all'interno dei materiali raccolti, le unità di senso sia nelle progettazioni delle pratiche didattiche che nelle schede per la costruzione del Profilo del docente inclusivo. Per la procedura di analisi qualitativa dei dati raccolti ci si è avvalsi del software Atlas.ti; mentre per il trattamento dei dati quantitativi è stato utilizzato il software SPSS. Anche se i risultati di questa ricerca non sono generalizzabili, tuttavia, si crede che essi rappresentino, sia un utile punto di partenza e di analisi specifica sullo stato dell'inclusione nelle scuole poste sotto osservazione, sia un valore euristico per un'eventuale successiva verifica o per l'applicazione in altri contesti. Con la metodologia formativa impiegata e gli strumenti proposti gli insegnanti in formazione e in servizio sono stati aiutati a soffermarsi e a ragionare sulla personalizzazione del processo di inclusione, attivando e promuovendo processi di autovalutazione e riflessione che li hanno coinvolti efficacemente. Gli insegnanti in formazione e in servizio hanno da una parte imparato ad applicare concretamente le conoscenze teoriche delle ricerche nazionali ed internazionali sul tema; dall'altro, hanno manifestato un atteggiamento analitico e aperto verso il loro lavoro, mostrando di essere in grado di trarre conclusioni dalle proprie esperienze e osservazioni. Da un'analisi generale degli esiti della ricerca risulta possibile confermare le ipotesi formulate nella fase iniziale. Si è potuto osservare che quanto più un insegnante riflette sull'inclusività e sul proprio modo di agire in relazione ad essa, tanto più la qualità inclusiva della comunità scolastica in cui opera migliora. ; The international backdrop is moving quickly towards the promotion of an inclusive school. In Italy, this reality was faced for many years, but transformations and the international debate caused new questions and critical reflections. Specifically, today the attention is focused on what is considered the key factor of the procedures about integration and inclusion: the teachers' training, like the International Conference of UNESCO (2013) confirmed. The attention of the education research is on the key factors of the inclusive procedures: the teachers' training, the development and the supervision of educational contexts, as well as the production and the increasing of inclusive didactic practices. This debate, already opened for many years, on the topics linked to the inclusive process represents the background from which the idea of this work starts and develops. The principal questions that this research wants to answer are essentially two: 1. if towards the analysis of the inclusive procedures it's possible to build a Repository of "good practices" that allows to the teachers and the future ones to develops analysis ability about their inclusive acting to understand what works in education and an upgrade using that. 2. how towards the building of an Inclusive Teacher Profile it's possible to make teachers and the future ones think about the values that define an educational acting really inclusive to create into the school an inclusive community that makes each one feel welcomed. This research intends to: - examining the historic, educational and legislative development of the concept of the inclusive education towards an analysis of the current scenery; - measuring (towards particular assessment questionnaire) the inclusive quality in the school using quantitative and qualitative data; - building a Repository of inclusive practices towards the gathering and analysis of educational practices realized by teachers from Sicilian schools, valid exemplifications of educational personalization linked to the students' educational needs; - building an Inclusive Teacher Profile (like other European Countries did) to highlight the values that an inclusive teacher must have. Encouraged by the debate about this topic developed in the international context, above all in the anglo-saxon countries, in the last twenty years, and in the Italian scenery where the discussion, begun forty years ago, is still studied and debated, this work wanted to plan a research with the aim to give to school professionals, current and future, tools to measure and design inclusive perspectives, to implement their job. Beginning from the premise that there is a right to respect for personal differences in learning and scholastic behavior that asks to be linked with equality of the opportunities for everyone, this work wanted to see how it's possible in the inclusive educational practice. The orientation of this research is the proper one of Evidence Based Education, based on the question "What works in education?", that affirms it's important to make explicit its values and scientific ideas, its methodologies and specific criteria, to represent itself visible, sharable and comparable. The analysis of evidences is a question much discussed in the educational field, for this reason we started a kind of explorative research with a phenomenological approach based on the evidence; for the analysis of the examined school we also used the case study. The tools we used are the questionnaires and the observation form for the practices, developed on tools identified in national and international literature, that identified indexes of structure and process related to the inclusive process, really useful for this work. The selected sample is non-probability with representative elements: this choice permitted to select heterogeneous schools, facilitating the reflection on the scholastic verticalization. This research has the aim to make teachers reflect on their own job to supervise it towards organized tools and to improve it with guide elements. The collection of data techniques had a quantitative and qualitative character. The quantitative orientation was used for measuring of inclusive quality of school; the research used a qualitative approach to identify all the elements useful to create the Inclusive Teacher Profile. For the qualitative analysis of gathered data, it was used the Atlas.ti software; while for the treatment of the quantitative data it was used the SPSS software. Even though the results of this research aren't generalizable, however, we think that they represent an useful start point and way of analysis for condition of inclusion in schools under observation, as well as an heuristic value for a potential following assessment or for the application in other contexts. Teachers in training and in service were helped to rest and to think over the personalization of the inclusion process, promoting the self-assessment and the reflection that interested them efficiently. Teachers in training and in service learnt to apply actually the theoretical knowing of the national and international researches about this topic; as well as they showed an analytic and opened attitude to their job, showing to be able to draw conclusions from personal experiences and observations. From a general analysis of the results of this research, it's possible to confirm the initial hypothesis. We can observe that if a teacher reflects on inclusion and their way of acting in relation with that, the inclusive quality of scholastic community will improve.
Recentemente si sta assistendo ad una democratizzazione delle organizzazioni culturali, sempre più accessibili ad un ampio pubblico, più pertinenti e interessate ai bisogni e alle preoccupazioni dei cittadini e della società civile. Nel contesto di tale cambiamento, avvertito anche a livello normativo attraverso una serie di testi legislativi internazionali, si sviluppano le istituzioni culturali partecipative, non incentrate "su" qualcosa o pensate "per" qualcuno, ma create e gestite "con" i visitatori, che possono creare, condividere e connettersi tra loro tramite i contenuti offerti. All'interno di questo framework e dopo aver delineato le caratteristiche dei musei partecipativi, il presente lavoro illustrerà una mappatura dei musei archeologici presenti sul territorio nazionale e un'analisi quantitativa e tipologica dei progetti partecipativi da essi attuati. L'obiettivo ultimo del contributo è di analizzare, anche tramite un approccio comparativo con casi di studio internazionali, in quale misura i musei archeologici italiani abbiano raggiunto gli standard di partecipazione del pubblico e attraverso quali forme. Recently we are witnessing a democratization of cultural organizations, increasingly accessible to a wider public, more relevant and interested in the needs and concerns of citizens and civil society. In the context of this change, also felt at the regulatory level through a series of international legislative texts, participatory cultural institutions are developing, not centred "on" something or designed "for" someone, but created and managed "with" visitors, who they can create, share and connect with each other through the content offered. Within this framework and after outlining the characteristics of participatory museums, this work will illustrate a mapping of the archaeological museums present on the national territory and a quantitative and typological analysis of the participatory projects they have implemented. The ultimate goal of the contribution is to analyse, also through a comparative approach with international case studies, to what extent Italian archaeological museums have reached the standards of public participation and through which forms.
La ricerca si concentra sull'applicazione del concetto di super-diversità nel particolare contesto della città di Roma, focalizzandosi in modo particolare sulle implicazioni riguardanti la diversità nelle relazioni sociali. A questo scopo, la prima parte rielabora alcuni aspetti teorici al fine di combinare il quadro relativo alla super-diversità con una prospettiva intersezionale e applicarlo ad un contesto non tradizionalmente multiculturale e di immigrazione relativamente recente. La seconda ha invece come oggetto la creazione di un indice quantitativo per l'individuazione di contesti di potenziale super-diversità tramite la combinazione di vari indicatori sulla base dei dati relativi ai quartieri romani. Infine, il terzo capitolo presenta uno studio di campo in uno specifico quartiere romano, il Quadraro, selezionato sulla base dell'indice sopra citato. Tale studio è stato condotto attraverso un'analisi esplorativa delle reti sociali di un campione di abitanti al fine di approfondire la natura delle relazioni sociali fra diversi gruppi in un contesto di super-diversità emergente. The research aims to apply the framework of super-diversity in Rome, especially considering its implications for the study of diversity in social relations within this context. In this regard, the first chapter try to develop a theoretical framework, which allows to combine super-diversity with an intersectional perspective and apply it in a non-multicultural context with relatively recent immigration flows. Starting from these assumptions, in the second section we propose a quantitative index for the identification of emerging super-diversity contexts in Rome by using neighbourhoods as reference units. Finally, the last chapter concerns a fieldwork study in Quadraro neighbourhood, selected on the basis of the above-mentioned index. For that purpose, we set an explorative social networks analysis on a sample of inhabitants in order to deepen the nature of diversity in social relations within an emerging super-diversity context.
Following the first wave of the pandemic, which forced schools of all levels to implement Distance Learning, with the resumption of the new school year (2020/2021) we moved to the now well-known "Integrated Digital Didactics" (DDI). With this in mind, it is essential that educational research be oriented to identify with scientific methodology the aspects that have characterized Distance Learning in order to help define innovative teaching strategies and policies to be implemented during and after the emergency period. With these intentions, the Italian Society of Educational Research (SIRD) conducted a national study entitled "A comparison of distance learning methods adopted in Italian schools during the COVID-19 emergency period". The study involved the completion of a questionnaire constructed upon ten thematic areas, intended for teachers throughout the country and to which more than 16,000 responded. The educational challenges do not end with the immediate crisis. With this paper, starting from a cross-sectional analysis of quantitative and qualitative data conducted on the Lazio unit of analysis, we aim to identify those aspects that could, potentially, become elements of quality in our school system in the future. ; A seguito della prima ondata della pandemia, che ha costretto le scuole di ogni ordine e grado ad attivare la Didattica a Distanza (DAD), con la ripresa del nuovo anno scolastico (2020/2021) si è passati all'ormai nota Didattica Digitale Integrata (DDI). In questa prospettiva, risulta fondamentale che la ricerca educativa si orienti ad inquadrare con metodologia scientifica gli aspetti che hanno caratterizzato la DAD al fine di con- tribuire a definire strategie didattiche e politiche innovative da attuare durante e dopo il periodo emergenziale. Con queste intenzioni è stata condotta la ricerca nazionale della Società Italiana di Ricerca Didattica (SIRD) "Per un confronto sulle modalità di didattica a distanza adottate nelle scuole italiane nel periodo di emergenza COVID-19". La ricerca ha previsto la compilazione di un questionario costruito sulla base di dieci aree tematiche, destinato a docenti di tutto il territorio nazionale e al quale hanno risposto più di 16.000 insegnanti. Le sfide educative non finiscono con la crisi immediata: con il presente contributo si intende aprire una riflessione – a partire da un approfondimento trasversale sui dati quantitativi e qualitativi condotto sull'unità di analisi del Lazio – volta a identificare quegli aspetti che, potenzialmente, potranno diventare in futuro elementi di qualità del nostro sistema scolastico.
The focus of this thesis is the soil erosion mitigation with the relative effects on the economic of landscape. Its aim is to implement a transdisciplinary approach to provide an economic valuation methodology with quantitative variables that effectively represent landscape bio-physical components and individuals' perception of them. In this short presentation it is provided the basic concepts and a general overview of the novelty and the main phases of the valuation procedure to introduce the reader to the thesis' topic. The starting point is to define the good that is intended to be valued, and in the case of landscape this is not so straightforward. In fact, many definitions have been used depending on the objectives of the specific study, until the European Landscape Convention (ELC) in 2000 has made its great contribution towards a unifying definition, in view of a more integrated approach to landscape analysis and planning. The ELC definition of landscape is the one I have referred to in the developments of the research ideas and work. Landscape as an integrating concept, as it is put forward by the ELC, in fact, paves the way to integration of disciplines and researchers involved in landscape analysis and to a wider adoption of a holistic approach to such analysis. In particular, for environmental economists or, even more, landscape economists, this is a crucial stage of economic methodologies development and their effective use in landscape planning. All these concepts will be fully introduced and discussed in the thesis. The concern for soil erosion degradation and the call for a more active intervention for its protection have stimulated a wide scientific and political debate that have culminated in some major changes in the public and political attitude, and in the researchers' approach to soil erosion mitigation and its effects on landscape. Policy makers ask scientists to better inform landscape planners so that society's demand for a more efficient management of this scarce resource can be met with limited financial resources. Landscape economists can provide a fundamental contribution in terms of knowledge of people's preferences and monetary values. Agronomists suggest efficient planning procedures for mitigating the effects of soil erosion. However, some issues need to be tackled for economic methodologies to be fully integrated in the decision making process. In particular, economic models must be able to properly represent landscapes together with people's perception of landscapes. This means that, on the one hand, there is a need for landscape economic valuation; on the other hand, the methodologies adopted to meet this demand need to resolve some issues. These are the political and methodological motivations that support the work of this thesis and will be further discussed in the third section of this chapter. To tackle some of the landscape economic valuation issues, this thesis introduces some elements of novelty related to the transdisciplinary approach implemented: this thesis proposes an intensive integration of concepts and methodologies from agronomic and landscape disciplines to improve the valuation of landscape in stated preference (SP) methods, by using the actual landscape frames in the alternative scenarios of the valuation models.
Rita Cannas presents a PhD thesis in Economics (Geo-Economic curriculum) which is titled "Public Policies for Seasonality in Tourism from a Territorial Perspective. Case Studies in Scotland and Sardinia". The specific area of the research is public policies for contrasting seasonality in tourism in peripheral areas. Seasonality has seen such as a problem in terms of social and economics patterns especially for those local communities which are situated in peripheral areas. The research explores what, how and for who, public policies, that have been in place in Scotland and Sardinia over the last 10-5 years, are working and what kind of results these have produced. The research has empirical and theoretical implications for studying tourism seasonality. It aims to highlight the local supply patterns of the phenomenon investigated, and to improve knowledge about the strategies and the policies that have been adopted in the two territorial contexts (Scotland and Sardinia) for contrasting or modifying seasonality in tourism. The type of subject and the research questions have suggested the adoption of an interpretative theoretical perspective and a qualitative methodological approach, although a set of quantitative secondary data is also required for understanding main tourism's characteristics and for analyzing the specificity of seasonality. Interview with key actors of the local system in Scotland and Sardinia is the method chosen to collect primary data. In total the researcher has done 20 interviews in deep. Case studies are chosen both as unity of analysis and research strategy. The main findings of the research show a different and complex scenario about quality and quantity of public policies and strategies in tourism in the two case studies. The role of local resources is quite strategic on delivering tourism services and on counteracting seasonality. Events, festival are the main demand-side strategies. From a supply-side the principles policies are focused on quality of services, technology, high skills, sustainability. Partnership between public and private sector seems to be a fundamental way to work in order to attain changes and outcomes. The research has a strong research design, provides coherent results, and it has been done paying attention to the validation of the whole process.
Human biomonitoring (HBM) is an ideal tool for evaluating toxicant exposure in health risk assessment. Chemical substances or their metabolites related to environmental pollutants can be detected as biomarkers of exposure using a wide variety of biological fluids. Individual exposure to aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (benzene, toluene, and o-xylene –"BTX") were analysed with a liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (μHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantitative detection of the BTX exposure biomarker SPMA, SBMA and o-MBMA in human urine. Urinary S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA) is a biomarker proposed by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) for assessing occupational exposure to benzene (Biological Exposure Index of 25 microg/g creatinine). Urinary S-benzylmercapturic (SBMA) and o-methyl S-benzyl mercapturic acid (o-MBMA) are specific toluene and o-xylene metabolites of glutathione detoxicant pathways, proposed as reliable biomarkers of exposure. To this aim a pre-treatment of the urine with solid phase extraction (SPE) and an evaporation step were necessary to concentrate the mercapturic acids before instrumental analysis. A liquid chromatography separation was carried out with a reversed phase capillary column (Synergi 4u Max-RP) using a binary gradient composed of an acquous solution of formic acid 0.07% v/v and methanol. The mercapturic acids were determinated by negative-ion-mass spectrometry and the data were corrected using isotope-labelled analogs as internal standards. The analytical method follows U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidance and was applied to assess exposure to BTX in a group of 396 traffic wardens. The association between biomarker results and individual factors, such as age, sex and tobacco smoke were also investigated. The present work also included improvements in the methods used by modifying various chromatographic parameters and experimental procedures. A partial validation was conducted to evaluate LOD, precision, accuracy, recovery as well as matrix effects. Higher sensitivity will be possible in future biological monitoring programmes, allowing evaluation of very low level of BTX human exposure. Keywords: Human biomonitoring, aromatic hydrocarbons, biomarker of exposure, HPLC-MS/MS.
This dissertation proposes a study, from a critical and diachronic perspective, of the Xiandai hanyu cidian 现代汉语词典 (hereinafter XHC), a monolingual dictionary of standard modern Chinese (putonghua 普通话) which plays a central role within the lexicographical field of the People's Republic of China. The compilation of the dictionary is entrusted to the Institute of Linguistics belonging to the Chinese Academy of Sciences and, since its foundation in 1977, to the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, which are both research institutions placed under direct control of the State Council. Officially published for the first time in 1978, and now in its seventh edition (2016), the XHC was conceived by the political leadership as a tool for promoting the standardisation and the popularisation of the common language, within the broader project for language reform in the 1950s. This research adopts the theoretical framework of critical lexicography, and it is based on the premise that a dictionary can be analysed as a form of discourse and, specifically, as a form of lexicographical discourse, which is also to be understood as being historically specific (Benson 2001). According to this perspective, the contents of language dictionaries and, therefore, their lexicographical discourse, should be considered in relation to the extra-textual reality where their compilation and their fruition take place. They can be seen both as products of their extra-textual reality and as tools playing an active role in the reception, construction, and consolidation, as well as in the dissemination of those meanings that are considered as correct and acceptable by the dominant ideology (Fairclough 1989; Fishman 1995; Hornscheidt 2008, Rodríguez Barcia 2012). The objective of the analysis is to verify whether and to what extent the lexicographical discourse constructed by the XHC reflects and interacts with its extra-textual, ideological, and, therefore, political and social context. The research intends to fill a gap in the critical literature on this dictionary, in which the studies investigating the relationship between lexicographical discourse and ideological elements are, at the present day, still very limited (Lee 2014; Hu H., Hai X. and Hao J. 2019). This dissertation is divided into two main parts: the first consists of the first, the second and the third chapters and the second includes the fourth and the fifth chapters. The first chapter centres upon the definition of the theoretical framework of the study and, specifically, on the relationship between language and ideology, as well as between lexicography and ideology. The second chapter aims firstly at reconstructing the history of the XHC and, subsequently, describing its formal and lexicographical features. The third chapter is dedicated to an evaluation of the state of the art of the research on the dictionary. The fourth chapter presents the methodology constructed and followed for the selection of the dictionary entries taken into analysis. The selection has been carried out through the use of the software AntConc for the analysis of a corpus specifically built for this study. This corpus comprises reports on the work of the government, usually presented to the National People's Congress by the Prime Minister of the People's Republic of China, and reports presented by political leaders to the National Congress of the Chinese Communist party (1964-2017). The analysis and the selection of the words (and, therefore, of the dictionary entries) from the political corpus was guided by the definition of both qualitative criteria (morphological and semantic features) and quantitative criteria (number of occurrences). Finally, the fifth chapter is devoted to the analysis, in a critical, ideological, and diachronic perspective, of the definitions of the selected entries, which were collected through the consultation of successive editions of the XHC. More precisely, the case study examines all the editions of the dictionary, from the first to the seventh (1978, 1983, 1996, 2002, 2005, 2012, 2016), together with the so-called 'trial edition' (shiyongben 试用本), printed in 1973, and the 'supplement edition' (bubian 补编) published in 1989. A specific section is dedicated to each entry, discussing both the nature of the definitions, including the lexicographical examples, and their evolution in a diachronic perspective, thus evaluating the ways in which the definitions construct the meaning of each entry in relation to the ideological, political, and social context of the dictionary. The final part of the dissertation provides some concluding remarks that retrace the results of the critical analysis. The closing section mainly discusses how the lexicographical discourse defined by the selected entries of the XHC interacts with its context of compilation and the degree to which it reflects the official formulations and meanings of the Chinese leadership regarding some specific concepts. Finally, a broader discussion about the critical approach adopted for this research will also be offered.
Dottorato di ricerca in Politica agraria ; Il presente lavoro intende proporre una lettura alternativa dei risultati del processo di riforma della PAC attraverso una corretta definizione del ruolo della Commissione. Lo scopo è quello di individuare gli strumenti che la Commissione utilizza durante il processo decisionale al fine di strutturare una riforma che, da un lato salvaguardi le sue prerogative, e dall'altro non sia oggetto di modificazioni una volta presentata al Consiglio dei ministri agricoli per la ratifica. La valutazione strategica del ruolo della Commissione nella riforma della PAC è basata sulla logica dei two level games e sull'uso esteso del concetto di win-set. Per raggiungere gli scopi dell'analisi si ricorre un caso studio sulla riforma dell'OCM zucchero varata nel 2005. Attraverso l'analisi documentale vengono determinare in maniera molto specifica le posizioni degli Stati membri, le preferenze della Commissione e tutti gli eventi che si sono succeduti dalla presentazione delle prime linee guida per la riforma dell'OCM zucchero nel 2003 al compromesso raggiunto dal Consiglio dei Ministri nel 2005. L'obiettivo è quello di comparare l'evoluzione dei singoli argomenti negoziali in ogni stadio della procedura e valutarne l'evoluzione in relazione alla posizione degli Stati membri e delle prerogative dalle Commissione. Dal caso studio sono individuate le ipotesi che definiscono sia il ruolo della Commissione che la natura degli strumenti. A partire da queste ipotesi prende le mosse il tentativo di formalizzare gli elementi emersi attraverso il caso studio. Il modello è complementare al caso studio e viene costruito con lo scopo di mettere in luce aspetti che dalla semplice analisi documentale non riescono ad emergere, dall'altro di poter valutare se l'impianto teorico costruito per definire le posizioni degli Stati membri e della Commissione ha una logica coerente con quanto emerso dall'analisi documentale. I risultati ottenuti dal caso studio sono interessanti e contribuiscono alla comprensione delle dinamiche che si sviluppano tra Stati membri e Commissione, i risultati del modello sono anch'essi interessanti anche se, l'impostazione data alla formalizzazione la rende un forse troppo rigida per gli scopi della nostra analisi. ; The work we present propose an application of the two level game logic to the CAP definition context. The analysis is based on a case study on the 2005 sugar CMO reform and aims at pointing out the role of the European Commission in steering the negotiation toward its preferred solution. Moreover we aim at pointing out and define the instrument which the Commission use during this process. The case study is based on the analysis of the largest number of document possible on the negotiation carried out during the sugar CMO reform. Once we obtained results from the case study we formulate some general hypothesis on the role of the Commission and the instruments used during the reform process to move member States position towards its preferences. The hypothesis are then gathered into a formal model which represents an attempt to replicate the logic emerged from the case study. The formal model aims at checking the correct nature of our assumptions in relation to the logic of two level game and point out the quantitative effects of the work of the Commission on the relative gains the participant get from the negotiation. The results we obtained from the case study are rather interesting, and represents a contribution to the understanding of the role of the Commission. Form the model we obtain also some valuable results but the same nature of the model proved too be a bit rigid for the purposes of our analysis.
