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"A growing body of empirical evidence shows that some financial aid programs increase college enrollment. Puzzlingly, there is little compelling evidence that Pell Grants and Stafford Loans, the primary federal student aid programs, are effective in achieving this goal. In this paper, we provide an in-depth review of this evidence, which taken as a whole suggests that complexity and uncertainty in the federal aid system undermine its efficacy. We document complexity in the aid system, comparing it in particular to complexity in the tax system. We build on our previous work by showing that complexity in the aid process does little to improve the targeting of both student loans and grants, for both dependent and independent students. We conclude that the current targeting of aid can be reproduced with a much simpler aid process. While we show that the targeting benefits of complexity are small, we further document that the costs are large. We offer new estimates of the compliance costs faced by applicants and the administrative costs borne by the government and colleges. These costs total at least $4 billion per year. The perspective of behavioral economics suggests that the true cost is even higher, since complexity and uncertainty may discourage the target population from applying for student aid"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site

The big landlords of eastern Germany have loomed large in the country's history, but the absence of official statistics on landownership has left their position and identity confined to folklore, without satisfactory quantification. This study, making extensive use of primary sources from the seven 'core provinces' of eastern Germany-the so-called 'East Elbian' region-establishes answers to questions pivotal to our understanding of pre-war Germany: who were the biggest landowners, both by area and by the tax assessment of their land? Which social groups held land? How much land did they own an

Previous Eurofound research has identified four key dimensions of industrial relations: industrial democracy, industrial competitiveness, social justice, and quality of work and employment. This report seeks to build a set of indicators to measure country performance in industrial relations in terms of these four dimensions and to develop a typology of industrial relations systems, enabling a cross-country analysis of trends. The report focuses particularly on industrial democracy, seen in this context as the core dimension of industrial relations and the most desirable model of work and employment governance.

Introduction -- pt. I. Building core skills for visual analysis -- Information visualization -- Prerequisites for enlightening analysis -- Thinking with our eyes -- Analytical interaction and navigation -- Analytical techniques and practices -- Analytical patterns -- pt. II. Honing skills for diverse types of visual analysis -- Time-series analysis -- Part-to-whole and ranking analysis -- Deviation analysis -- Distribution analysis -- Correlation analysis -- Multivariate analysis -- pt. III. Further thoughts and hopes -- Promising trends in information visualization -- Wisdom in the age of information

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of illustrations -- About the author -- About the book -- 1. Introduction -- Criteria for statistical testing -- Types of data -- Data sets used as example studies -- Missing data -- 2. Statistical significance and contingency tables -- Statistical significance -- Contingency tables -- How to report contingency tables -- 3. Factor analysis: Exploratory -- Exploratory factor analysis -- Discovering latent factors -- Factor analysis for data reduction -- Calculating and using latent factors in future analysis -- Missing values -- How to report factor analysis -- 4. Correlation and linear regression -- Scatter diagram -- Correlation -- Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (Spearman's rho) -- Kendall's Tau correlation (τ) -- Correlations between two variables of different scales -- How to report correlations -- Calculating correlation with Stata and SPSS -- Linear regression -- Multicollinearity -- Multivariate linear regression -- Linear regression sample size conditions -- How to report linear regression -- 5. Factor analysis: Confirmatory -- Constructing First Order CFA Models -- More complex CFA models -- Uncovering structures in questionnaires -- Longitudinal measurement invariance -- How to report confirmatory factor analysis -- 6. Regression: Logistic -- Simple logistic regression -- Multivariable analysis -- Complex multinomial models -- How to report logistic regression -- 7. Making choices: Discrete choice theory -- Stated and revealed preference -- A simple consumer choice model -- Multinomial logistic regression model with socio-economic factors -- Ordered logit choice model -- The range of discrete choice models -- How to calculate ordered and ordinal regression -- 8. Item response theory -- Item response model -- Differential item testing.

In contrast to hierarchical leadership within intra-organizational contexts, leaders of inter-organizational networks have to lead across organizational boundaries without hierarchical fiat or directive authority. The central research question of Susanne Ruckdaschel is how leadership behavior of network managers can influence network performance. Hereby, relational leadership in the form of empowering leadership is regarded as decisive criterion. Her study focuses on the interplay between network leaders and network companies. The perspectives of both the network managers and the network membe