Suchergebnisse

"This book provides a quantitative treatment of the science of ecotoxicology. The first chapters consider fundamental concepts and definitions essential to understanding the fate and effects of toxicants at various levels of ecological organization as covered in the remaining chapters. Scientific ecotoxicology and associated topics are defined. The historical perspective, rationale, and characteristics are outlined for the strong inferential and quantitative approach advocated in this book. The general measurement process is discussed, and methodologies for defining and controlling variance, which could otherwise exclude valid conclusions regarding ecotoxicological endeavors, are considered.Ecotoxicological concepts at increasing levels of ecological organization are discussed in the second part of the book. Quantitative methods used to measure toxicant effects are outlined in this section. The final chapter summarizes the book with a brief discussion of ecotoxicological assessment. Numerous figures and tables accompany text, with many statistical tables found in the appendix for quick reference. Although the book primarily focuses on aquatic systems, with appropriate modification the concepts and methods can be applied to terrestrial systems"--

This article argues that the socio-history of quantification is not a simple sub-do-main of STS. On the contrary, it can provide tools for investigating a wide range of social situations from a new and interesting perspective. We begin by providing a new definition of quantification. Next we consider the way numbers permeate society to its very core, forming rich veins of data for social science research. From this process, referred to here as "quantitative marbling," three distinct cate-gories emerge: data veins produced by governments, those produced by social ac-tivists (often contesting the former), and lastly, those produced by non-govern-mental global networks. We conclude by suggesting that social processes aiming to free certain social aggregates of quantitative analysis are also worthy of attention.

Alle angehenden Sozialwissenschaftlerinnen und Sozialwissenschaftler benötigen grundlegende Kenntnisse und praxisorientierte Übung in den Methoden quantitativer Sozialforschung. Dieses anwendungsorientierte Lehrbuch führt in den erforderlichen Schritten in die Grundfragen empirischer Sozialforschung ein und erläutert den Forschungsprozess in allen Phasen seiner Entwicklung. Im Zentrum stehen vielfältige Beispiele aus der sozialwissenschaftlichen Praxis und die Analyse und Übersetzung von Daten mit SPSS. Dr. Dr. Jürgen Raithel ist wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am ISS (Institut für Sozialarbeit und Sozialpädagogik) in Frankfurt am Main.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Editor and Contributors -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Entering the 'Third World': A Glance Backwards -- 1.1.1 The Limits of Qualitative Analysis -- 1.1.2 The Subject of Semiotic Analysis -- 1.2 Quantitative Research Strategies in Semiotic Analysis -- 1.2.1 Empirical Validation of Qualitative Analyses -- 1.2.2 Mathematical and Experimental Validation of Models and Hypotheses -- 1.2.2.1 Jean Petitot and the Naturalization of Meaning -- 1.2.2.2 Alessandro Sarti and the Neurological Validity of Semiotic Models -- 1.2.3 Instrumented Analysis of Texts and Corpora -- 1.2.3.1 FranÃois Rastier's Definition of an Autonomous Empirical Dimension Proper to Semiotics -- 1.2.3.2 Franco Moretti's Distant Reading -- 1.2.3.3 Lev Manovich's Cultural Analytics -- 1.3 Quantifying Meaningfulness -- 1.3.1 Beyond Immanence: Mathematical and Experimental Validation -- 1.3.2 Within Immanence: Instrumented Analysis of Texts and Corpora -- References -- Beyond Immanence—Mathematical and Experimental Research -- 2 The Formalization of Elementary Semiotic Structures -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Elementary Structures as 'Intelligent Equations' -- 2.2.1 Conflicts and Bifurcations -- 2.2.2 Elements and Interactions -- 2.2.3 Universal Unfoldings: Towards a Solution to the Problem of Solutions -- 2.3 Elementary Structures as Schemas -- 2.3.1 Semiotic Square and the Hysteresis Cycle -- 2.3.2 The Paths in the External Space as 'Solutions' -- 2.3.3 Making the Schema More Complex -- 2.3.4 Variants and Homotopy Classes -- 2.4 Semantic Paradigms and Actantial Syntax -- 2.4.1 Externalization and Internalization: Slow and Fast Systems -- 2.4.2 The Integrated Semantic–Syntactic Schemas and the Problem of Conversion -- 2.5 Claude Lévi-Strauss' Canonical Formula of Myth -- 2.6 Further Developments and Openings -- Bibliography

part Part I Research Design and Study Outcomes -- chapter 1 Lawrence W. Sherman and Richard A. Berk (1984), 'The Specific Deterrent Effects of Arrest for Domestic Assault', American Sociological Review, 49, pp. 261-72 -- chapter 2 Richard A. Berk, Heather Ladd, Heidi Graziano and Jong-Ho Baek (2003), 'A Randomized Experiment Testing Inmate Classification Systems', Criminology and Public Policy, 2, pp. 215-42 -- chapter 3 David Weisburd, Cynthia M. Lum and Anthony Petrosino (2001), 'Does Research Design Affect Study Outcomes in Criminal Justice?', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 578, pp. 50-70 -- chapter 4 Mark W. Lipsey and David B. Wilson (1993), 'The Efficacy of Psychological, Educational, and Behavioral Treatment: Confirmation from Meta-Analysis', American Psychologist, 48, pp. 1181-209 -- part Part II Quantitative Issues in Sampling -- chapter 5 Robert Brame and Raymond Paternoster (2003), 'Missing Data Problems in Criminological Research: Two Case Studies', Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 19, pp. 55-78 -- chapter 6 David Weisburd with Anthony Petrosino and Gail Mason (1993), 'Design Sensitivity in Criminal Justice Experiments', Crime and Justice, 17, pp. 337-79 -- chapter 7 Douglas A. Smith and Raymond Paternoster (1990), 'Formal Processing and Future Delinquency: Deviance Amplification as Selection Artifact', Law and Society Review, 24, pp. 1109-131 -- part Part III Issues in Measurement -- chapter 8 John I. Kitsuse and Aaron V. Cicourel (1963), 'A Note on the Uses of Official Statistics', Social Problems, 11, pp. 131-39 -- chapter 9 Albert D. Biderman and Albert J. Reiss Jr (1967), 'On Exploring the -- chapter 10 Michael R. Geerken (1994), 'Rap Sheets in Criminological Research: Considerations and Caveats', Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 10, pp. 3-21 -- chapter 11 Julie Horney and Ineke Haen Marshall (1992), 'An Experimental Comparison of Two Self-Report Methods for Measuring Lambda', Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 29, pp. 102-21 -- chapter 12 Janet L. Lauritsen (1998), 'The Age-Crime Debate: Assessing the Limits of Longitudinal Self-Report Data', Social Forces, 77, pp. 127-54 -- chapter 13 David P. Farrington, Rolf Loeber, Magda Stouthamer-Loeber, Welmoet B. van Kammen and Laura Schmidt (1996), 'Self-reported Delinquency and a Combined Delinquency Seriousness Scale Based on Boys, Mothers, and Teachers: Concurrent and Predictive Validity for African-Americans and Caucasians', Criminology, 34, pp. 493-517 -- part Part IV Descriptive Analysis of Quantitative Data -- chapter 14 Michael D. Maltz (1998), 'Visualizing Homicide: A Research Note', Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 14, pp. 397-410 -- chapter 15 David M. Kennedy, Anthony A. Braga and Anne M. Piehl (1998), 'The (Un)known Universe: Mapping Gangs and Gang Violence in Boston', in Crime Mapping and Crime Prevention, D. Weisburd and T. McEwen (eds), Crime Prevention Studies, 7, pp. 219-62 -- chapter 16 Arnold Barnett, Alfred Blumstein and David P. Farrington (1989), 'A Prospective Test of a Criminal Career Model', Criminology, 27, pp. 373-88 -- chapter 17 Kenneth C. Land and Daniel S. Nagin (1996), 'Micro-Models of Criminal Careers: A Synthesis of the Criminal Careers and Life Course Approaches via Semiparametric Mixed Poisson Regression Models, with Empirical Applications', Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 12, pp. 163-91 -- chapter 18 Shawn D. Bushway, Terence P. Thornberry and Marvin D. Krohn (2003), 'Desistance as a Developmental Process: A Comparison of Static and Dynamic Approaches', Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 19, pp. 129-53 -- chapter 19 David Weisburd, Shawn Bushway, Cynthia Lum and Sue-Ming Yang (2004), 'Trajectories of Crime at Places: A Longitudinal Study of Street Segments in the City of Seattle', Criminology, 42, pp. 283-321 -- part Part V Causal Modelling -- chapter 20 Ian Ayres and Steven D. Levitt (1998), 'Measuring Positive Externalities from Unobservable Victim Precaution: An Empirical Analysis of Lojack', Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113, pp. 43-77 -- chapter 21 David McDowall, Colin Loftin and Brian Wiersema (1992), 'A Comparative Study of the Preventive Effects of Mandatory Sentencing Laws for Gun Crimes', Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 83, pp. 378-94 -- chapter 22 David F. Greenberg (2001), 'Time Series Analysis of Crime Rates', Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 17, pp. 291-327 -- chapter 23 D. Wayne Osgood (2000), 'Poisson-Based Regression Analysis of Aggregate Crime Rates', Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 16, pp. 21-43.

Der Sammelband enthaelt einen einleitenden Beitrag, in dem grundsaetzlich auf den Einsatz quantifizierender Methoden in der Geschichtswissenschaft eingegangen wird, und weitere Aufsaetze, in denen die Anwendung verschiedener quantitativer Methoden auf jeweils konkrete Fragestellungen demonstriert wird. Die Analyse kirchlich-administrativer Daten mittels der quantifizierenden historischen Demographie, die Erstellung eines Schichtenmodells fuer die Wandlungen in der Sozialstruktur einer raeumlich geschlossenen Gesellschaft in der Uebergangsphase zum Industriezeitalter, die historisch-empirische Elitenforschung am Beispiel der Reichstagskandidaten, die zyklenhafte Entwicklung der deutschen Wirtschaft im 19. Jahrhundert, die quantitative Inhaltsanalyse am Beispiel der handelspolitischen Petitionen an die Frankfurter Nationalversammlung und die quantitative Analyse innerstaedtischer Standortmuster mit Hilfe stochastischer Modelle bilden die jeweiligen thematischen und methodischen Schwerpunkte. (KS)

Das Lehrbuch in zweiter, völlig überarbeiteter Auflage bietet eine kompakte und praxisorientierte Einführung in die empirische Forschung. Ausgehend vom Ablauf und der Logik quantitativen Arbeitens in den Sozialwissenschaften wird das konkrete Vorgehen bei Forschungsprojekten systematisch und anschaulich dargestellt. Mit einer Vielzahl von Beispielen bietet das Werk wichtige Hinweise und Tipps für die Planung und praktische Durchführung von sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschungsvorhaben. Auf diese Weise werden für Einsteiger*innen ebenso wie für Fortgeschrittene die methodischen und forschungspraktischen Zusammenhänge nachvollziehbar beschrieben und erklärt. Neben wichtigen Aspekten wie dem Forschungsdesign, der Operationalisierung und der Fragebogenkonstruktion wird auf das für Forscher*innen in der Praxis besonders relevante Feld der Sekundäranalyse und Sekundärdaten eingegangen.