Suchergebnisse

AbstractWe study how agents adapt their behaviour to variations of incentives in dynamic contests. We investigate a real dynamic contest with large stakes: professional tennis matches. Situations in which balls bounce very close to the court's lines are used as the setting of a quasi-experiment providing random variations in winning probability. We find evidence of a momentum effect for men whereby winning a point has a positive causal impact on the probability to win the next one. This behaviour is compatible with a reaction to the asymmetry of incentives between leaders and followers. We do not find momentum for women.

Scholars who work with time series quasi‐experiments have identified "publicity" as a problem in the interpretation of such research designs. The present study utilizes three examples of the role of publicity in three social interventions: the Romanian abortion restriction of 1966; the British breathalyzer crackdown; and, the 1978 Georgia Status Offender Act. The authors conclude that publicity is most likely to be a problem in internal validity when (1) the intervention is not truly abrupt and (2) a broad "policy" is evaluated as opposed to a "program."

West Papua was granted Special Autonomy status in 2008 as mandated by Government Regulation No.1/2008. Special Autonomy Law has granted more or less than 30 percent of education Special Autonomy Funds for West Papua. Thus, this study evaluates the impact of Special Autonomy Law on education attainment in Indonesia. We use panel data sets of 33 regions in Indonesia that covers the period of 2001 to 2018. We employ quasi-experiment analysis, specifically the Difference-in-difference (DID) analysis in evaluating before and after effect of Special Autonomy Law in West Papua. We further develop fixed-effect model (FEM) panel data analysis in understanding the impact of Special Autonomy Law on education by controlling socioeconomic and demographic variables. DID analysis in this study suggests that Special Autonomy Law appears to worsen education attainment in West Papua. This study further found that despite positive and significant effect of education spending share on education attainment, it appears that the realization of education spending in West Papua is relatively low. Keywords: Special Autonomy Law, Education Attainment, Education Spending Share, DID, FEM

Only a limited number of effectiveness studies have been performed to study the benefits of efficacious behavior problems prevention programs for children when implemented through national health service systems. This study uses a quasi-experimental design to test the effectiveness of the school-based PATHS prevention program (Providing Alternative THinking Strategies) when implemented through Dutch municipal health services by health promotion professionals. A sample of 1,294 children was followed for two years: 674 children attending nine schools providing PATHS and 620 children in nine comparison schools. We hypothesized finding an intervention effect of PATHS in terms of a significant reduction in teacher- and student-rated externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors, and a significant improvement in teacher-, student-, and peer-rated social skills and emotional skills. In fact, the results show low levels of program implementation and no intervention effects on problem behavior or social and emotional skills, suggesting that it is hard to reproduce positive intervention effects where an efficacious social-emotional prevention program is implemented through a national health service. More research is needed on the specific conditions required to implement efficacious programs effectively. Adapted from the source document.

The paper assesses the influence of electoral rules on vote choice and election outcomes using a quasi-experiment conducted during a recent Canadian provincial election. Respondents were invited to vote under three voting systems (first past the post, alternative voting and proportional representation) and to answer a short questionnaire. We examine how the distribution of votes and seats is affected, and we ascertain how much of the total difference is due to psychological and mechanical effects. We find that a PR system would have increased legislative fractionalization by the equivalent of one effective party and that the mechanical effect is much more important than the psychological effect. As for AV, its mechanical and psychological effects act in opposite directions. [Copyright Elsevier Ltd.]

The paper assesses the influence of electoral rules on vote choice and election outcomes using a quasi-experiment conducted during a recent Canadian provincial election. Respondents were invited to vote under three voting systems (first past the post, alternative voting and proportional representation) and to answer a short questionnaire. We examine how the distribution of votes and seats is affected, and we ascertain how much of the total difference is due to psychological and mechanical effects. We find that a PR system would have increased legislative fractionalization by the equivalent of one effective party and that the mechanical effect is much more important than the psychological effect. As for AV, its mechanical and psychological effects act in opposite directions. [Copyright Elsevier Ltd.]

Cybersecurity is a national priority in this big data era. Because of negative externalities and the resulting lack of economic incentives, companies often underinvest in security controls, despite government and industry recommendations. Although many existing studies on security have explored technical solutions, only a few have looked at the economic motivations. To fill the gap, we propose an approach to increase the incentives of organizations to address security problems. Specifically, we utilize and process existing security vulnerability data, derive explicit security performance information, and disclose the information as feedback to organizations and the public. We regularly release information on the organizations with the worst security behaviors, imposing reputation loss on them. The information is also used by organizations for self-evaluation in comparison to others. Therefore, additional incentives are solicited out of reputation concern and social comparison. To test the effectiveness of our approach, we conducted a field quasi-experiment for outgoing spam for 1,718 autonomous systems in eight countries and published SpamRankings.net, the website we created to release information. We found that the treatment group subject to information disclosure reduced outgoing spam approximately by 16%. We also found that the more observed outgoing spam from the top spammer, the less likely an organization would be to reduce its own outgoing spam, consistent with the prediction by social comparison theory. Our results suggest that social information and social comparison can be effectively leveraged to encourage desirable behavior. Our study contributes to both information architecture design and public policy by suggesting how information can be used as intervention to impose economic incentives.

We report empirical evidence from the first field experiments to be conducted in Germany with program and control groups between 1999 and 2002. The evaluated program called ?Targeted Negative Income Tax (TNIT)? is a time-restricted employee subsidy for means-tested welfare recipients. We focus on a unique data set on welfare recipients in Mannheim and estimate the treatment effect of TNIT on participation probability. The average treatment effect is significant and lies between 6.6 and 6.8 percentage points. Since January 1st, 2005, TNIT can be offered to all means-tested long-term unemployed people in Germany by public case managers.

This paper investigates tax-planning behaviour by means of inter-company finance and the effectiveness of government countermeasures via thin-capitalization rules. A simple theoretical model which considers the financing decision of a multinational company is used to obtain empirical implications. The empirical analysis, based on German inbound investment data from 1996 to 2004, confirms a significant impact of tax-rate differentials on the use of inter-company debt. The effectiveness of the German thin-capitalization rule is tested by using legal amendments as natural experiments. The results suggest that thin-capitalization rules induce significantly lower internal borrowing. Hence, tax planning via internal finance is effectively limited by thin-capitalization rules.

International audience ; This paper investigates tax-planning behaviour by means of inter-company finance and the effectiveness of government countermeasures via thin-capitalization rules. A simple theoretical model which considers the financing decision of a multinational company is used to obtain empirical implications. The empirical analysis, based on German inbound investment data from 1996 to 2004, confirms a significant impact of tax-rate differentials on the use of inter-company debt. The effectiveness of the German thin-capitalization rule is tested by using legal amendments as natural experiments. The results suggest that thin-capitalization rules induce significantly lower internal borrowing. Hence, tax planning via internal finance is effectively limited by thin-capitalization rules.

AbstractThis article empirically investigates the impact of offensive patent insurance on corporate innovation based on China's patent insurance policy. We find that offensive patent insurance promotes corporate innovation. The result is robust to a battery of sensitivity tests and is more prominent for firms located in regions with more efficiency in handling patent infringement cases, for small enterprises, for firms located in regions with better implementation of the insurance policy, and for firms with less complex technologies. In addition, we observe that offensive patent insurance promotes corporate innovation by stimulating corporate Research and Development (R&D) investment. Furthermore, we find that offensive patent insurance promotes radical innovation and incremental innovation and has an insignificant negative effect on appearance innovation, suggesting that offensive patent insurance leads enterprises to invest more resources in the development of innovations with higher market value. Our study suggests that offensive patent insurance is an important tool to promote corporate innovation.

Objective: This research project aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a destigmatized group intervention in promoting hope of recovery for adults with mental illness. Methods: A quasi-experimental research method was adopted. In addition to treatment as usual (TAU), the treatment group ( n = 36) participated in a 10-session destigmatized group intervention, which was based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), while the control group ( n = 42) received TAU. Standardized assessment tools were used for outcome assessment at the pretreatment and posttreatment periods. Results: The 2 × 2 repeated measures analysis of covariance demonstrated that participants who participated in the destigmatized group intervention experienced significantly fewer self-stigma and more hope of recovery. Additionally, multiple linear regression showed that the reduction of self-stigma predicted the promotion of hope of recovery. Conclusions: This study supports the effectiveness of the destigmatized group intervention, suggesting the importance of reducing self-stigma for facilitating recovery for adults with mental illness.

China launched a massive poverty alleviation program in the 1990s that focused on nationally designated poverty counties. By injecting earmarked transfers with clear spending mandates, the central government hoped for major investments in productive capacities in the poverty counties so they could develop sustainably. Comparing fiscal data of county governments through a regression discontinuity approach, we show that the opposite was true. Poverty county officials failed to make extra investments in production-oriented areas while diversion of central transfers for administrative consumption was rampant. This article develops a better empirical strategy to challenge some earlier findings. Theoretically, this article offers a different case of elite capture under a non-democratic regime. Our focus on poverty regions also reveals the importance of maintaining bureaucratic support in local politics. It complements the popular notion that Chinese local officials are mostly geared toward growth.