The paper attempts to highlight the development of events in the parish of Apytalaukis which was founded by Petras Šiukšta, the owner of Apytalaukis estate in 1635. It discusses the problems of coalition rights, the status and interest of church, daily quarrels, rapports with tsarist government, religious, public and cultural life in the rectory. The research is based on different material, such as books of inventory, dockets and inscriptions about judicial proceedings, mail and correspondence, etc. It is highly probable that the historical details about the parish of Apylaukis will help to reveal general situation of Catholic Church in Lithuania during the tsarist regime.
The paper attempts to highlight the development of events in the parish of Apytalaukis which was founded by Petras Šiukšta, the owner of Apytalaukis estate in 1635. It discusses the problems of coalition rights, the status and interest of church, daily quarrels, rapports with tsarist government, religious, public and cultural life in the rectory. The research is based on different material, such as books of inventory, dockets and inscriptions about judicial proceedings, mail and correspondence, etc. It is highly probable that the historical details about the parish of Apylaukis will help to reveal general situation of Catholic Church in Lithuania during the tsarist regime.
The paper attempts to highlight the development of events in the parish of Apytalaukis which was founded by Petras Šiukšta, the owner of Apytalaukis estate in 1635. It discusses the problems of coalition rights, the status and interest of church, daily quarrels, rapports with tsarist government, religious, public and cultural life in the rectory. The research is based on different material, such as books of inventory, dockets and inscriptions about judicial proceedings, mail and correspondence, etc. It is highly probable that the historical details about the parish of Apylaukis will help to reveal general situation of Catholic Church in Lithuania during the tsarist regime.
The Master's Thesis consists of four major parts. The first part introduces the description of crime victim. It includes the description of crime victim, analysis of the rapport between the crime victim and casualty. The second part includes the analysis of factors impacting people to believe various myths and stereotypes about the victims of crime and their negative influence on understanding the victimization is analyzed. The third part includes the analysis of legal status of crime victims, complex domestic and international analysis of legislation, tackling the problems of compensation. The fourth part is about restorative justice and its positive influence on solving some of the problems crime victims have to endure.
The Master's Thesis consists of four major parts. The first part introduces the description of crime victim. It includes the description of crime victim, analysis of the rapport between the crime victim and casualty. The second part includes the analysis of factors impacting people to believe various myths and stereotypes about the victims of crime and their negative influence on understanding the victimization is analyzed. The third part includes the analysis of legal status of crime victims, complex domestic and international analysis of legislation, tackling the problems of compensation. The fourth part is about restorative justice and its positive influence on solving some of the problems crime victims have to endure.
Summary The purpose of Master's Thesis is to tackle the problems of the crime victim and his or her victimization. This thesis includes a definition of crime victim, it's victimologic characteristics, complex analysis of legislation, fine-tuning the legal status of crime victims, analysis of victimization and victimity, problems of victimization, possibilities of victimologic prevention protecting the interests of crime victims, in order to prevent a further victimization process. The goal of this Thesis – to make complex analysis of theoretical basis of crime victim, and determine the best and possible ways of solving the most tender victimization problems of the crime victims in a complex way. Legal status of crime victims, their social security is closely related to the active rules of law, their effective application, implementation of determined goals, quality of control of legal relations. As the new criminal law entered into force, the problems of crime victims are solved in both qualitatively and quantitatively more progressive legal and social means. De jure ensures the possibilities to the crime victim to equivalently participate in the process, receive necessary legal help and support, although de facto the legal status of crime victims did not significantly change, i.e. only minimal sufficient support is actually provided so far. This Thesis consists of three parts. The first part introduces the description of crime victim. It includes the description of crime victim, analysis of the rapport between the crime victim and casualty. With reference to the statistical data of victimologic research, crime and victimization in Lithuania is reviewed, with complex analysis of legal status of crime victims. The second part includes the analysis of factors impacting people to become crime victims, i.e. the question of victimization and victimity is analyzed. The fact everyone has some potential to become a crime victim in relevant circumstances must be highlighted. The third part includes the analysis of victimization problems, tackling the problems of private prosecution, interviews of crime victims, the questions of reproducible justice, i.e. discretionary rights of a victim or criminal to solve a conflict by means of reconsidering, damage indemnity to crime victims. The third part includes complex analysis of victimization problems, offering available solutions, priority tendencies of impact. The main concepts used in the Thesis: crime victim, victimization, victimity, mediation.
Summary The purpose of Master's Thesis is to tackle the problems of the crime victim and his or her victimization. This thesis includes a definition of crime victim, it's victimologic characteristics, complex analysis of legislation, fine-tuning the legal status of crime victims, analysis of victimization and victimity, problems of victimization, possibilities of victimologic prevention protecting the interests of crime victims, in order to prevent a further victimization process. The goal of this Thesis – to make complex analysis of theoretical basis of crime victim, and determine the best and possible ways of solving the most tender victimization problems of the crime victims in a complex way. Legal status of crime victims, their social security is closely related to the active rules of law, their effective application, implementation of determined goals, quality of control of legal relations. As the new criminal law entered into force, the problems of crime victims are solved in both qualitatively and quantitatively more progressive legal and social means. De jure ensures the possibilities to the crime victim to equivalently participate in the process, receive necessary legal help and support, although de facto the legal status of crime victims did not significantly change, i.e. only minimal sufficient support is actually provided so far. This Thesis consists of three parts. The first part introduces the description of crime victim. It includes the description of crime victim, analysis of the rapport between the crime victim and casualty. With reference to the statistical data of victimologic research, crime and victimization in Lithuania is reviewed, with complex analysis of legal status of crime victims. The second part includes the analysis of factors impacting people to become crime victims, i.e. the question of victimization and victimity is analyzed. The fact everyone has some potential to become a crime victim in relevant circumstances must be highlighted. The third part includes the analysis of victimization problems, tackling the problems of private prosecution, interviews of crime victims, the questions of reproducible justice, i.e. discretionary rights of a victim or criminal to solve a conflict by means of reconsidering, damage indemnity to crime victims. The third part includes complex analysis of victimization problems, offering available solutions, priority tendencies of impact. The main concepts used in the Thesis: crime victim, victimization, victimity, mediation.
Summary The purpose of Master's Thesis is to tackle the problems of the crime victim and his or her victimization. This thesis includes a definition of crime victim, it's victimologic characteristics, complex analysis of legislation, fine-tuning the legal status of crime victims, analysis of victimization and victimity, problems of victimization, possibilities of victimologic prevention protecting the interests of crime victims, in order to prevent a further victimization process. The goal of this Thesis – to make complex analysis of theoretical basis of crime victim, and determine the best and possible ways of solving the most tender victimization problems of the crime victims in a complex way. Legal status of crime victims, their social security is closely related to the active rules of law, their effective application, implementation of determined goals, quality of control of legal relations. As the new criminal law entered into force, the problems of crime victims are solved in both qualitatively and quantitatively more progressive legal and social means. De jure ensures the possibilities to the crime victim to equivalently participate in the process, receive necessary legal help and support, although de facto the legal status of crime victims did not significantly change, i.e. only minimal sufficient support is actually provided so far. This Thesis consists of three parts. The first part introduces the description of crime victim. It includes the description of crime victim, analysis of the rapport between the crime victim and casualty. With reference to the statistical data of victimologic research, crime and victimization in Lithuania is reviewed, with complex analysis of legal status of crime victims. The second part includes the analysis of factors impacting people to become crime victims, i.e. the question of victimization and victimity is analyzed. The fact everyone has some potential to become a crime victim in relevant circumstances must be highlighted. The third part includes the analysis of victimization problems, tackling the problems of private prosecution, interviews of crime victims, the questions of reproducible justice, i.e. discretionary rights of a victim or criminal to solve a conflict by means of reconsidering, damage indemnity to crime victims. The third part includes complex analysis of victimization problems, offering available solutions, priority tendencies of impact. The main concepts used in the Thesis: crime victim, victimization, victimity, mediation.
Summary The purpose of Master's Thesis is to tackle the problems of the crime victim and his or her victimization. This thesis includes a definition of crime victim, it's victimologic characteristics, complex analysis of legislation, fine-tuning the legal status of crime victims, analysis of victimization and victimity, problems of victimization, possibilities of victimologic prevention protecting the interests of crime victims, in order to prevent a further victimization process. The goal of this Thesis – to make complex analysis of theoretical basis of crime victim, and determine the best and possible ways of solving the most tender victimization problems of the crime victims in a complex way. Legal status of crime victims, their social security is closely related to the active rules of law, their effective application, implementation of determined goals, quality of control of legal relations. As the new criminal law entered into force, the problems of crime victims are solved in both qualitatively and quantitatively more progressive legal and social means. De jure ensures the possibilities to the crime victim to equivalently participate in the process, receive necessary legal help and support, although de facto the legal status of crime victims did not significantly change, i.e. only minimal sufficient support is actually provided so far. This Thesis consists of three parts. The first part introduces the description of crime victim. It includes the description of crime victim, analysis of the rapport between the crime victim and casualty. With reference to the statistical data of victimologic research, crime and victimization in Lithuania is reviewed, with complex analysis of legal status of crime victims. The second part includes the analysis of factors impacting people to become crime victims, i.e. the question of victimization and victimity is analyzed. The fact everyone has some potential to become a crime victim in relevant circumstances must be highlighted. The third part includes the analysis of victimization problems, tackling the problems of private prosecution, interviews of crime victims, the questions of reproducible justice, i.e. discretionary rights of a victim or criminal to solve a conflict by means of reconsidering, damage indemnity to crime victims. The third part includes complex analysis of victimization problems, offering available solutions, priority tendencies of impact. The main concepts used in the Thesis: crime victim, victimization, victimity, mediation.
The article describes the metaphysical principle of Thomas Aquinas' political philosophy, which most adequately translates into the concept of authority. This principle involves the intentional rapport between the human consciousness and the world as created by God, i.e. with the reality per se. Authority is a concept harbouring the metaphysical essence, and means a divine capacity of bringing beings into existence. Intentional human consciousness, which in the ethical context is commonly called conscience, is capable of perceiving the God-created reality in a way that the meanings necessary for attaining the order in a political state are figured out naturally. Thus, the highest institute of political authority, according to Thomas Aquinas, consists of the very reality as realized by humans. Following the concise familiarization with the Thomas Aquinas' concept of politics, the article sets out the details on how this metaphysical principal helps creating a certain political system. First off, a formal concept of the common good is constructed, which is embodied with the concrete content while taking into consideration the actual situation of each and all of the citizens within the world. The article deals with the complex problem of the relationship between the individual and the society, which Thomas Aquinas proposes to solve dynamically. When the common good is identified as a goal of the state, a certain form of governing evolves, along with its executive authority of the political power. The article analyses what original form of governance is proposed by Aquinas and what criterion should be set for power legitimacy. The article particularly emphasizes the problem of human freedom. Presented are the concept of freedom as well as a solution for the problem between this concept and political authority. Human conscience is perceived as an ultimate stance resolving the laws adopted by the authority within political governance. The article is concluded by the analysis of interrelationship between the Thomas Aquinas' three types of law – the eternal, natural, and human ones. Of central position within the political process is the human nature, the concept of which is dealt with great consideration. The article contrasts the principles of Thomas Aquinas' political philosophy with the assumptions of political philosophy of the modern times. The latter is based on a certain conception of a subjective and by nature conflict-predisposed human consciousness; therefore, the sole resort in modern times is ascribed to the general pact, by which political authority is converted into a contract instance, instead of the natural one. At the same time, Aquinian metaphysics restores for humans their live contact with the reality, which itself serves the last and most serviceable source of political determination.
The article describes the metaphysical principle of Thomas Aquinas' political philosophy, which most adequately translates into the concept of authority. This principle involves the intentional rapport between the human consciousness and the world as created by God, i.e. with the reality per se. Authority is a concept harbouring the metaphysical essence, and means a divine capacity of bringing beings into existence. Intentional human consciousness, which in the ethical context is commonly called conscience, is capable of perceiving the God-created reality in a way that the meanings necessary for attaining the order in a political state are figured out naturally. Thus, the highest institute of political authority, according to Thomas Aquinas, consists of the very reality as realized by humans. Following the concise familiarization with the Thomas Aquinas' concept of politics, the article sets out the details on how this metaphysical principal helps creating a certain political system. First off, a formal concept of the common good is constructed, which is embodied with the concrete content while taking into consideration the actual situation of each and all of the citizens within the world. The article deals with the complex problem of the relationship between the individual and the society, which Thomas Aquinas proposes to solve dynamically. When the common good is identified as a goal of the state, a certain form of governing evolves, along with its executive authority of the political power. The article analyses what original form of governance is proposed by Aquinas and what criterion should be set for power legitimacy. The article particularly emphasizes the problem of human freedom. Presented are the concept of freedom as well as a solution for the problem between this concept and political authority. Human conscience is perceived as an ultimate stance resolving the laws adopted by the authority within political governance. The article is concluded by the analysis of interrelationship between the Thomas Aquinas' three types of law – the eternal, natural, and human ones. Of central position within the political process is the human nature, the concept of which is dealt with great consideration. The article contrasts the principles of Thomas Aquinas' political philosophy with the assumptions of political philosophy of the modern times. The latter is based on a certain conception of a subjective and by nature conflict-predisposed human consciousness; therefore, the sole resort in modern times is ascribed to the general pact, by which political authority is converted into a contract instance, instead of the natural one. At the same time, Aquinian metaphysics restores for humans their live contact with the reality, which itself serves the last and most serviceable source of political determination.
The article "Perception of the progress announced by general education schools: a community approach" presents School's progress and its dissemination from the viewpoint of general education school community. Thus, for almost three decades, Lithuania has been developing its own educational system after the Restoration of its Independence. The Restoration of the Independent State of Lithuania on March 11, 1990, prompted a systemic reform of all areas of education. This transformation of education in Lithuania was stimulated by internal (factors that existed in the system of education itself) and sociocultural (factors from other socio-cultural areas of life). According to the national rapports Lithuanian education had to model and develop a new concept of education goals, objectives, structures, curriculum, methods, strategies, which Western European countries had been developing for decades, constantly changing, refining, reforming. The article addresses the scientific problem that the There is a lack of research, concerning the general education school community's approach towards student›s education results, as a significant sign of progress. National goal for 2020 is that all general education schools would announce their progress report but according to studies changes are too slow. This is why aim of research is to analyze general education school community attitude to school's progress announcements. The object of the research is the attitude of general education school communities to the announcement of school progress 2018 m. The current study (Perception of the progress announced by general education schools: a community approach) is development (described in more detail) part of the research "The Conception of School Community of General Education School Progress in terms of the Good School Concept" (from V. Targamadzė, G. Žibėnienė and J. Česnavičienė). The article presents a quality research – a interview performed in 2018, which involved representatives of general education school management and teachers, as well as 7-12 grade gymnasium students and their parents. With the help of purposeful sampling there were chosen comprehensive schools that delegated one parent each who had a child studying in grades 7-12 and were acquainted with the school activities. The criteria applied for the selection of comprehensive schools were as follows: comprehensive schools had to be from different regions of the country: schools in a city; schools in a big town; schools in a town and in a village; comprehensive schools according to different founders: state and public institutions. When analyzing the perception of the progress announced by general education schools, we must remember, the fact that a school is an organization operating in a complex and changing social environment and involving many different society groups, such as school administration, teachers, students, parents and other society. Based on the idea already found in the Good School Concept (2015) that the education in Lithuania is founded on close collaboration between the family, school and society. The research methods were used: analysis of academic literature and educational documents, structured interviews. To analyze the interview, the content analysis was adapted, (Bitinas, Rupšienė, Žydžiūnaitė, 2008,) which allowed to make conclusions based on the analyzed text. The qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the interview data, which allowed to draw conclusions based on the analyzed text. This method of analysis was based on systematic analytical steps: multiple readings of records, systematic interpretation of distinguished categories and subcategories and their justification based on the evidence from the transcribed texts – the confirmatory statements. According to the qualitative research methodology, the confirmatory statements are extracts from answers provided by the participants which cannot be changed by the researcher; therefore, they are quoted exactly as given by the participants. The initial interview data was handled in such a way as to ensure that it was impossible to identify the persons involved in the study. The research was organized, data analysis was carried out and presented based on the principles of qualitative research ethics: insuring the respect for individual privacy, confidentiality and anonymity, with goodwill and justice. While analyzing legal documents concerning education, it was revealed that there is no clear obligation for general education schools to publish the progress of their schools. Legislation (Good School Concept, 2015; State Strategy for Education 2013–2022) identifies the announcement of the progress of general education schools as an aspiration to achieve educational progress as one of the features of a modern, good school.
The article "Perception of the progress announced by general education schools: a community approach" presents School's progress and its dissemination from the viewpoint of general education school community. Thus, for almost three decades, Lithuania has been developing its own educational system after the Restoration of its Independence. The Restoration of the Independent State of Lithuania on March 11, 1990, prompted a systemic reform of all areas of education. This transformation of education in Lithuania was stimulated by internal (factors that existed in the system of education itself) and sociocultural (factors from other socio-cultural areas of life). According to the national rapports Lithuanian education had to model and develop a new concept of education goals, objectives, structures, curriculum, methods, strategies, which Western European countries had been developing for decades, constantly changing, refining, reforming. The article addresses the scientific problem that the There is a lack of research, concerning the general education school community's approach towards student›s education results, as a significant sign of progress. National goal for 2020 is that all general education schools would announce their progress report but according to studies changes are too slow. This is why aim of research is to analyze general education school community attitude to school's progress announcements. The object of the research is the attitude of general education school communities to the announcement of school progress 2018 m. The current study (Perception of the progress announced by general education schools: a community approach) is development (described in more detail) part of the research "The Conception of School Community of General Education School Progress in terms of the Good School Concept" (from V. Targamadzė, G. Žibėnienė and J. Česnavičienė). The article presents a quality research – a interview performed in 2018, which involved representatives of general education school management and teachers, as well as 7-12 grade gymnasium students and their parents. With the help of purposeful sampling there were chosen comprehensive schools that delegated one parent each who had a child studying in grades 7-12 and were acquainted with the school activities. The criteria applied for the selection of comprehensive schools were as follows: comprehensive schools had to be from different regions of the country: schools in a city; schools in a big town; schools in a town and in a village; comprehensive schools according to different founders: state and public institutions. When analyzing the perception of the progress announced by general education schools, we must remember, the fact that a school is an organization operating in a complex and changing social environment and involving many different society groups, such as school administration, teachers, students, parents and other society. Based on the idea already found in the Good School Concept (2015) that the education in Lithuania is founded on close collaboration between the family, school and society. The research methods were used: analysis of academic literature and educational documents, structured interviews. To analyze the interview, the content analysis was adapted, (Bitinas, Rupšienė, Žydžiūnaitė, 2008,) which allowed to make conclusions based on the analyzed text. The qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the interview data, which allowed to draw conclusions based on the analyzed text. This method of analysis was based on systematic analytical steps: multiple readings of records, systematic interpretation of distinguished categories and subcategories and their justification based on the evidence from the transcribed texts – the confirmatory statements. According to the qualitative research methodology, the confirmatory statements are extracts from answers provided by the participants which cannot be changed by the researcher; therefore, they are quoted exactly as given by the participants. The initial interview data was handled in such a way as to ensure that it was impossible to identify the persons involved in the study. The research was organized, data analysis was carried out and presented based on the principles of qualitative research ethics: insuring the respect for individual privacy, confidentiality and anonymity, with goodwill and justice. While analyzing legal documents concerning education, it was revealed that there is no clear obligation for general education schools to publish the progress of their schools. Legislation (Good School Concept, 2015; State Strategy for Education 2013–2022) identifies the announcement of the progress of general education schools as an aspiration to achieve educational progress as one of the features of a modern, good school.
