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'Roots of Realism' edited by Benjamin Frankel and 'Realism: Restatements and Renewal' edited by Benjamin Frankel are reviewed. A review is presented of two books edited by Benjamin Frankel: 1. Roots of Realism and 2. Realism: Restatements and Renewal.

Buzan reviews 'Realism: Restatements and Renewal,' edited by Benjamin Frankel, and 'Roots of Realism' edited by Benjamin Frankel.

The author deals with neoclassical realism, the approach which emerged within
the realist school of thought about international relations during the
nineties of the last century. The goal of the paper is to consider the
establishment and development of the approach during this decade and later in
the 21st century, in order to show that it improved the realist school of
thought and thus responded to the challenge that the end of the Cold War
posed to it. This improvement consists of an integration of systemic level of
analysis, on which neorealism insists, with unit level, from which classical
realism and other IR schools of thought start. The author illustrates the
application of neoclassical realism on the research of the topics relevant
for the 21st century through the examples of several significant titles
within the approach, but also citing his own application of the approach.

Kenneth Waltz's Theory of International Politics is a modern classic, and deserves to be read the way classic texts ought to be read, i.e. in context and in its own terms. Recovering the context in this case is difficult because of the changes in the discourse since 1979, but one difference between the contemporary and the current reception of the text does seem clear — Waltzian structural realism (or neorealism) is now, but was not then, seen as breaking with the traditions of classical realism. How is this discontinuity to be understood? Part of the answer lies in the rhetoric employed by participants in this debate, but, more substantively, there is a genuine disagreement between neorealism and classical realism over the role played by human nature in international relations. Waltzian neorealism appears, contrary to the tradition, to reject any major role for human nature, describing theories that emphasise this notion as `reductionist'; however, on closer examination, the picture is less clear-cut. Waltz's account of human nature can be related quite closely to the major strands in the realist genealogy, but at a tangent to them. Interestingly, and perhaps unexpectedly, it is also compatible with at least some of the findings of contemporary evolutionary psychology.

In Continental Realism Paul Ennis tackles the rise of realist metaphysics in contemporary continental philosophy. Pitted against the dominant antirealist and transcendental continental hegemony Ennis argues that continental thinking must establish an alliance between metaphysics, speculation, and realism if we are to truly get back to the things themselves

International relations scholars have tended to focus on realism's common features rather than exploring potential differences. Realists do share certain assumptions and are often treated as a group, but such a broad grouping obscures systematic divisions within realist theory. Recently, some analysts have argued that it is necessary to differentiate within realism. This article builds on this line of argument. The potential, and need, to divide realism on the basis of divergent assumptions has so far been overlooked. In this article I argue that realism can be split into two competing branches by revealing latent divisions regarding a series of assumptions about state behavior. The first branch is Kenneth Waltz's well-known neorealist theory; a second branch, termed here "postclassical realism," has yet to be delineated as a major alternative but corresponds with a number of realist analyses that cohere with one another and are incompatible with Waltzian neorealism.

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1. VR101: Confused about virtual reality? What is it? Here's a guide for complete beginners. -- 2. Virtual Realism: Between the future shock of network idealists and the naïve realism of the Unabomber runs a middle path. It is the peaceful road of virtual realism. Ten signposts mark the way. -- 3. The Art of Virtual Reality: Artists teach us how to marry technology with spirit. PlaceHolder and the Virtual Dervish provide lessons in virtual realism. What do you learn from spending six hours in a headmounted display? Here's a report. -- 4. Interactive Design: Tunnel Or Spiral? Since the 1960s, artists-from Glenn Gould to Jim Morrison-prepared us for digital interaction. The same artists now help us understand how to build holistic virtual worlds. -- 5. InfoEcology: Survival dictates that we integrate information systems with planetary ecology. Virtual Reality is already cleaning nuclear waste sites left by the Cold War. One engineering project adds photogrammetry to virtual realism. -- 6. Nature and Cyberspace: Does nature end where cyberspace begins? Or can we put nature into cyberspace? The author looks at the puzzle through some personal life history. -- 7. AWS and UFOs: Why do alien intruders populate so many nightmares? What brings them to us? Consider these visitors our future selves, summoning us from the not-too-distant technological future. -- Notes on Artists and Works -- Chapter Notes -- Vocabulary of Virtual Realism -- Suggested Reading -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z -- Illustrations.

Covariant Realism
Hermeneutic phenomenology of science implies a particular version of realism. It approaches scientific entities in a twofold perspective: in their relation to other parts of the theory (as elements in a theoretical "language"), and in relation to the lifeworld as mediated by laboratory practices; as "fulfilled" in laboratory situations that "produce" worldly objects. The question then arises of the relation between the two perspectives; as Ginev has pointed out, there is danger of a theoretical essentialism which is implied when the mathematical projection is conceived as operationalized by experiment. Ginev's proposal to avoid this involves the concept of "inscription." This paper proposes another approach, covariant realism, which draws from Heidegger's notion of formal indication and which makes explicit the temporality of theoretical objects in the flow of the research process. Formal indication does not so much describe phenomena as call them to our attention in a way that we can activate ourselves (as in laboratory contexts); it characterizes phenomena which are understood to be provisionally grasped, already interpreted, and anticipated as able to show themselves differently in different contexts. The value of this approach suggests deeper possibilities for hermeneutic phenomenology of science than have hitherto been explored.

Chapter 1: Introduction SECTION ONE: REALIST RESEARCH PROGRAMS Chapter 2: Classical Realism: The twentieth century, Edward Hallett Carr, "The Beginnings of a Science" and "The Realist Critique" Hans J. Morgenthau, "The Moral Blindness of Scientific Man" Hans J. Morgenthau, "A Realist Theory of International Politics" John H. Herz, "Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma," Arnold Wolfers, "The Pole of Power and the Pole of Indifference," Chapter 3: Balance of Power Theory Ernst B. Haas, "The Balance of Power: Prescription, Concept, or Propaganda," Edward Vose Gulick, "Aims" Robert Jervis, "Feedback" Jack S. Levy and William R. Thompson, "Balancing on Land and Sea: Do States Ally against the Leading Global Power?" Chapter 4: Neorealism, Kenneth Waltz, "Political Structures" and "Anarchic Orders and Balances of Power" Kenneth Waltz, "Realist Thought and Neorealist Theory," Kenneth Waltz, "The Origins of War in Neorealist Theory," Chapter 5: Defensive Structural Realism, Robert Jervis, "Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma," Stephen M. Walt, "Alliance Formation and the Balance of World Power," Charles L. Glaser, "Realists as Optimists: Cooperation as Self-Help." Stephen Van Evera, "Introduction" Evan Braden Montgomery, "Breaking Out of the Security Dilemma: Realism, Reassurance, and the Problem of Uncertainty," Chapter 6: Offensive Structural Realism, John J. Mearsheimer, "Anarchy and the Struggle for Power" Glenn H. Snyder, "Mearsheimer's World-Offensive Realism and the Struggle for Security," Christopher Layne, "The 'Poster Child for Offensive Realism:' America as Global Hegemon," Chapter 7: Rise and Fall Realism, Robert Gilpin, "The Nature of International Political Change" and "Hegemonic War and International Change" A.F.K. Organski, "Power Transition," Jack Levy, "Declining Power and the Preventive Motive for War," Dale Copeland, "Neorealism and the Myth of Bipolar Stability: Toward a New Dynamic Realist Theory of Major War," Chapter 8: Neoclassical Realism, Charles Glaser, "The Necessary and Natural Evolution of Structural Realism," Jeffrey W. Taliaferro , Steven E. Lobell, and Norrin M. Ripsman, "Introduction: Neoclassical Realism, The State, and Foreign Policy" Thomas J. Christensen and Jack Snyder, "Chain Gangs and Passed Bucks: Predicting Alliance Patterns in Multipolarity," Randall L. Schweller, "Unanswered Threats: A Neoclassical Realist Theory of Underbalancing," Colin Dueck, "Neoclassical Realism and the National Interest: Presidents, Domestic Politics, and Major Military Interventions," SECTION TWO: CRITIQUES AND RESPONSES, Chapter 9: The Liberal Critique, Andrew Moravcsik, "Taking Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International Politics," Brian C. Rathbun, "Is Anybody Not an (International Relations) Liberal?" John M. Owen, "How Liberalism Produces Democratic Peace," Christopher Layne, "Kant or Cant: the Myth of Democratic Peace," Chapter 10: The Institutionalist Critique, David A. Baldwin, "Neoliberalism, Neorealism, and World Politics," Robert O. Keohane and Lisa L. Martin, "Institutional Theory as a Research Program," Joseph M. Grieco, "Anarchy and the Limits of Cooperation: A Realist Critique of the Newest Liberal Institutionalism," John Mearsheimer, "The False Promise of International Institutions," Chapter 11: The Constructivist/English School Critique, Alexander Wendt, "Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," Michael C. Desch, "Culture Clash: Assessing the Importance of Ideas in Security Studies," Richard Little, "The English School vs. American Realism: A Meeting of Minds or Divided by a Common Language?" Dale Copeland, "A Realist Critique of the English School,"