The regulatory and legal framework, a review of internationally coordinated standards and recommendations, delicts and responsibilities in the sphere of utilization, recycling and processing of wastes are considered. The ecological and legal issues of utilization and processing waste according to the experience of foreign countries and the European Approach to use of waste were studied. Legal advice on advancing the use of waste in the Republic of Uzbekistan was given.
The authors studied the state and trends of the international market processing of municipal solid waste in the Asia - Pacific region, using the methods of content analysis and field studies. The paper shows the structure of the market, discusses the technology of solid domestic waste, used in AsiaPacific countries with different income levels, as well as in developed and developing countries. The research results can be interesting for operators of the industry as well as government agencies as an information base for the development of waste treatment at the level of the Russian regions. ; С использованием методов контент-анализа и полевых исследований рассматриваются состояние и тенденции развития рынка переработки твердых бытовых отходов в странах Азиатско-Тихоокеанского региона. Показаны структура рынка, технологии обращения с твердыми бытовыми отходами, а также практики управления твердыми бытовыми отходами в развитых и развивающихся странах АТР. Результаты исследований могут представлять интерес для операторов данной отрасли и государственных органов в качестве информационной базы, необходимой для разработки системы обращения с бытовыми отходами в регионах России.
The article discusses the features and factors that determine the direction of integrated use of secondary building resources (SBR) in modern conditions. The author formulates the basic methodological approach to the integrated management of SBR which consists in the fact that management of recycling should begin not at the stage of formation and collection but at all stages of construction products life cycle. It is concluded that in the design of new facilities it is necessary to consider in advance the issues of environmental safety in disassembly, technology and methods of production of construction and demolition works (CDmW), the effectiveness of further processing and use of SBR. To develop efficient SBR use the author proposes the creation of integrated regional recycling of construction waste. The strategic goal may be the establishment of an industry of secondary construction resources recycling.
В статье на основе анализа мирового опыта в области современных стратегий переработки, утилизации и обезвреживания отходов определены направления совершенствования этих процессов. Установлено, что основным направлением является использование принципов круговой экономики, выделены направления ее развития, к которым в первую очередь следует отнести создание замкнутого хозяйственного цикла, что позволит достичь резкого сокращения потребления первичного сырья и обеспечит максимально возможное использование отходов. Отмечается, что особое значение в настоящее время уделяется вопросу переработки бытовых отходов. Подчеркивается, что в России в настоящее время разработана система законодательных и организационных мер, позволяющих решить эту проблему. Автор приходит к выводу, что зарубежный и отечественный опыт показывает, что реализация подходов круговой экономики на региональном и межрегиональном уровне наиболее полно осуществляется в кластерных структурах. ; The article is based on the analysis of world experience in the field of modern strategies for recycling, utilization and neutralization of waste and identifies ways to improve these processes. It is established that the main focus is on the use of the principles of the circular economy, areas of its development are highlighted. The creation of a closed economic cycle is particularly important area for the development of circular economy. It allows to achieve a sharp reduction in the consumption of primary raw materials and ensure maximum use of waste. It is noted that particular importance is currently being paid to the issue of household waste recycling. It is pointed out that in Russia, a system of legislative and organizational measures has been developed to solve this problem. The author comes to the conclusion that foreign and domestic experience shows that the implementation of circular economy approaches at the regional and interregional level is most fully implemented in cluster structures.
The object of this master thesis is a process of forming new ecological policy and waste management system of collecting, recycling and utilization of municipal waste in Ukraine. The main purpose of the theses is to determine features and problems of the functioning of the waste management system in Ukraine in light of the country's obligations resulted from signing of the Association Agreement between European Union (EU) and Ukraine in 2014. The main objectives of the theses are to research world's best practices in waste management, to analyze recycling processes of the system and waste recycling hierarchy options, to research laws and regulations of the EU and Ukraine in waste management to focus on main principles; to make an analyses of the empirical data received from expert interviews to summarize specifics and problems of the whole waste management system. The following methods were used such as analyses of the scientific literature and statistical data as well as laws and regulations and qualitative methods of analyses of expert interviews with state employee of the ecological body and employees of non-government organizations. The following conclusion was made that current ecological policy of Ukraine in regards with waste management system needs a correction in areas of implementation of European ecological standards. Ukraine is in a state of deep structural reforms under a heavy burden of different ecological problems. Current status of the waste management system and its functioning mechanisms do not allow handling constantly increasing volume of waste to make it economically beneficial and to be effective in ecological sense. Utility tariffs for waste management do not cover a fraction of the cost to collect, transport and recycle waste. Collection of waste products is not well coordinated, the lack of a clear division of areas of responsibility between collectors, carriers and those responsible for recycling leads to their demotivation in the qualitative results of each stage of waste treatment, which as a result leads to a small percentage of secondary material resources extracted from waste. In the regions, the problem of collection leads to unauthorized landfills. There is a communications problem between central government, local authorities and general public, when legislation norms and requirements are adopted and then an understanding comes in that neither conditions nor infrastructure readiness can handle these legislation initiatives. General public is not well informed on basics of the ecological policy which is only done by non-government organizations, which is definitely not enough. Low utility rates for waste disposal do not meet the basic principle of the environmental policy on minimizing landfills disposal volumes. The lack of a unified system of accounting for transported and disposed wastes and criteria may be a reason for obtaining the distorted data necessary for further quality planning. The prevention and minimization of waste generation is not considered at the legislative level as apriority principle of environmental policy in the field of waste management. Lack of funding and worn out infrastructure does not allow implementing new recycling technologies in full. Copy and paste approach of the EU ecological legislation does not help to resolve problems in Ukraine. Cohesion policy and integration practices of the EU and Ukraine require thorough planning and precise implementation with performance indicators. Ecological integration must be executed in a framework of current legislation considering current local conditions and practices, the infrastructure status, recommendations of non-government organizations and donors as well as EU experience in implementing such a policy. During five years since Ukraine signed Association Agreement with the EU and its member-states a significant progress was made in coherence policy of the waste management system; however dynamics of positive changes are quit low. The Government in cooperation with NGOs, donors and general public is in a good position to develop ecological norms and requirements and successfully implement it to create mechanisms of stimulus and rationale for all actors of the waste management system in line with EU policy guidelines. The author believes that the results of the study could give useful guidelines to students, researchers, people involved in governance, legislation, management and public policy and whose, whom personal and professional interests lie in the area of ecology, environmental protection and waste management.
The object of this master thesis is a process of forming new ecological policy and waste management system of collecting, recycling and utilization of municipal waste in Ukraine. The main purpose of the theses is to determine features and problems of the functioning of the waste management system in Ukraine in light of the country's obligations resulted from signing of the Association Agreement between European Union (EU) and Ukraine in 2014. The main objectives of the theses are to research world's best practices in waste management, to analyze recycling processes of the system and waste recycling hierarchy options, to research laws and regulations of the EU and Ukraine in waste management to focus on main principles; to make an analyses of the empirical data received from expert interviews to summarize specifics and problems of the whole waste management system. The following methods were used such as analyses of the scientific literature and statistical data as well as laws and regulations and qualitative methods of analyses of expert interviews with state employee of the ecological body and employees of non-government organizations. The following conclusion was made that current ecological policy of Ukraine in regards with waste management system needs a correction in areas of implementation of European ecological standards. Ukraine is in a state of deep structural reforms under a heavy burden of different ecological problems. Current status of the waste management system and its functioning mechanisms do not allow handling constantly increasing volume of waste to make it economically beneficial and to be effective in ecological sense. Utility tariffs for waste management do not cover a fraction of the cost to collect, transport and recycle waste. Collection of waste products is not well coordinated, the lack of a clear division of areas of responsibility between collectors, carriers and those responsible for recycling leads to their demotivation in the qualitative results of each stage of waste treatment, which as a result leads to a small percentage of secondary material resources extracted from waste. In the regions, the problem of collection leads to unauthorized landfills. There is a communications problem between central government, local authorities and general public, when legislation norms and requirements are adopted and then an understanding comes in that neither conditions nor infrastructure readiness can handle these legislation initiatives. General public is not well informed on basics of the ecological policy which is only done by non-government organizations, which is definitely not enough. Low utility rates for waste disposal do not meet the basic principle of the environmental policy on minimizing landfills disposal volumes. The lack of a unified system of accounting for transported and disposed wastes and criteria may be a reason for obtaining the distorted data necessary for further quality planning. The prevention and minimization of waste generation is not considered at the legislative level as apriority principle of environmental policy in the field of waste management. Lack of funding and worn out infrastructure does not allow implementing new recycling technologies in full. Copy and paste approach of the EU ecological legislation does not help to resolve problems in Ukraine. Cohesion policy and integration practices of the EU and Ukraine require thorough planning and precise implementation with performance indicators. Ecological integration must be executed in a framework of current legislation considering current local conditions and practices, the infrastructure status, recommendations of non-government organizations and donors as well as EU experience in implementing such a policy. During five years since Ukraine signed Association Agreement with the EU and its member-states a significant progress was made in coherence policy of the waste management system; however dynamics of positive changes are quit low. The Government in cooperation with NGOs, donors and general public is in a good position to develop ecological norms and requirements and successfully implement it to create mechanisms of stimulus and rationale for all actors of the waste management system in line with EU policy guidelines. The author believes that the results of the study could give useful guidelines to students, researchers, people involved in governance, legislation, management and public policy and whose, whom personal and professional interests lie in the area of ecology, environmental protection and waste management.
Проведен сравнительный экономический анализ технологий регенерации металлокерамических сплавов. Показана принципиальная возможность использования ударно-волновой обработки, как фактора, стимулирующего процессы разрушения порошковых изделий любой конфигурации, с целью получения высококачественного порошка для дальнейшей формовки, спекания и производства инструмента различного назначения, предложена экологически чистая технология переработки сверхтвёрдых материалов, металлокерамических составляющих устаревшей военной техники и различных видов боеприпасов. Промышленные испытания партий породоразрушающего инструмента, волок-заготовок для волочения труб из цветных металлов и оправок-заготовок при оценке их эффективности подтвердили высокое качество и целесообразность разработанной технологии. Продукция конкурентоспособна на мировом рынке. В качестве методики исследования в настоящей работе рассмотрен анализ существующих методов регенерации отходов вольфрамом кобальтовых твердых сплавов: пиро- и гидрометаллургический, химический (хлорный, цинковый), термохимический и с применением энергии взрыва бризантных взрывчатых веществ. Металлокерамические твердые сплавы относятся к гетерогенным смесям, в среде которых есть поверхности, на которых происходят разрывы любых микроскопических параметров. Добыча полезных ископаемых и образующиеся при этом отходы являются одним из главных источников загрязнения окружающей среды. Промышленное освоение разработанной технологии позволяет решить проблемы: утилизацию лома сверхтвердых материалов и сплавов с их последующим восстановлением и соответственно значительной экономией стратегического сырья; использование новой технологии с исключением употребления малоэффективных способов переработки дефицитного сырья и выпуск продукции мирового уровня качества; постепенный отказ от импорта в сторону твердосплавного металлокерамического инструмента; уменьшение, а затем и отказ от экспорта за пределы Украины лома стратегических материалов и сплавов, с переходом к экспорту готовых изделий – порошков и инструмента, что значительно увеличит валютные поступления в страну. ; A comparative economic analysis of the regeneration technology of metal-ceramic alloys was carried out. The principal possibility of using shock-wave processing as a factor stimulating the destruction of powder products of any configuration in order to obtain high-quality powder for further molding, sintering and production of tools for various purposes is shown, an environmentally friendly technology for processing super hard materials, metal-ceramic components of obsolete military equipment different types of ammunition. Industrial tests of batches of rock-destroying tools, die-blanks for drawing pipes from non-ferrous metals and mandrels-blanks in assessing their effectiveness confirmed the high quality and feasibility of the developed technology. Products are competitive in the global market. Mining and the resulting waste are one of the main sources of environmental pollution. As an investigation method in this paper, an analysis of existing methods of regeneration of tungsten wastes from cobalt hard alloys is considered: pyro-and hydrometallurgical, chemical (chlorine, zinc), thermochemical and using explosive energy of brizzate explosives. Metal-ceramic solid alloys refer to heterogeneous mixtures, in the medium of which there are surfaces in which there are gaps in any microscopic para meters. Extraction of minerals and formed at the same time waste is one of the main sources of pollution of the environment. Industrial development of the technology allows us to solve the problem: recycling of scrap materials and super hard alloys and their subsequent rehabilitation and respectively-timely significant savings of strategic raw materials; the use of new technology with the exception of use of ineffective processing methods of scarce raw materials and production of world-class quality products; the phasing out of import in the direction of the carbide cermet tool; decrease, and then the rejection of exports from Ukraine scrap of strategic materials and alloys, with the transition to the export of finished products – powders and tools that will significantly increase the foreign exchange offenses in the country.
Региональные экологические проблемы: экологический мониторинг и менеджмент ; Анализируется разработка необходимых документов в области обращения с отходами производства в учреждении образования, которые необходимы в соответствии с законодательством Республики Беларусь. Основные проблемы, которые были выявлены для создания системы обращения с отходами – идентификация отходов, определение организаций-переработчиков и мест временного хранения, назначение ответственных, определение транспортной единицы по каждому виду отходов = In the work the development of all necessary documents in the field of waste management in the educational institution was analyzed. These documents are necessary in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Belarus. The main problems that have been identified for the creation of waste management system are: waste identification, the definition of organizations for recycling and temporary storage sites, the designation of responsible persons, and the definition of the transport unit for each type of waste
Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Сравнительное правоведение" ; Законодательство ряда стран мира, регулирующее обращение с радиоактивными отходами, представляет значительный интерес и для Республики Беларусь. В статье предпринята попытка проанализировать законодательство Финляндии и США по вопросам охраны окружающей среды в области хранения и утилизации радиоактивных отходов. Автор рассматривает возможности создания специального органа, ведающего вопросами утилизации, поиска и учреждения мест захоронения радиоактивных отходов, что может позволить Республике Беларусь избежать ошибок других стран. = Legislation of several countries of the world which regulates radioactive waste handling is of considerable interest, especially, for the Republic of Belarus. The author tries to analyze the legislation of Finland and the USA on issues relating to environmental protection in the area of storing and utilisation radioactive waste. The author considers a possibility to establish a special body, which would be responsible for recycling issues, the search and setting up radioactive burial ground; it would permit the republic to avoid other states' mistakes.
УПРАВЛЕНИЕ СТРУКТУРОЙ ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ ВТОРИЧНЫМИ МАТЕРИАЛАМИ В МЕСТАХ ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЯ / В. Н. Ардатьев // Сборник научных работ серии «Экономика». Вып. 23. – Донецк : ГОУ ВПО «ДОНАУИГС», 2021. – С.137-145. Управление отходами на местном уровне играет ключевую роль в способности общества эффективно использовать ресурсы и добиваться прогресса в защите окружающей среды. Органы государственного управления и предприятия по переработке отходов заинтересованы в повышении эффективности управленияисточниками вторичного сырья, путем содействия предотвращению образования отходов и достижению более высоких уровней использования вторичных материалов. Ключевые слова: экология, вторичное сырье, управление, коммуникации, система контроля, переработки отходов. SECONDARY MATERIALS PROCESSING STRUCTURE MANAGEMENT AT THE SITES OF OCCURRENCE / V. N. Ardatev // Collection of scientific works of the series "Economics". Issue 23. - Donetsk: GOU VPO "DONAUIGS", 2021. – Р.137-145. Local waste management plays a key role in a society's ability to use resources efficiently and make progress in protecting the environment.Governments and recycling companies have a stake in improving the management of recycled sources by promoting waste prevention and achieving higher levels of recycled material use. Keywords: ecology, secondary raw materials, management,communications, control system, waste processing.
The research aims at the establishment of main principles, priorities and directions of the environmental industrial policy development in the Russian Federation. Environmental industrial policy is considered as a part of the industrial policy aimed at the formation of highly technological competitive national industry providing for the transfer of the economy from the export of raw materials to the innovation type of development. The international experience of the implementation of industrial policies is analysed; it is shown that re-industrialisation leads to strengthening the role of the state regulation and planning both in developed and developing countries. Peculiarities of the international approaches to forming "green" industrial policy are considered. Main principles of the environmental industrial policy development in the Russian Federation are formulated as follows: (1) industrial modernisation providing for the resource efficiency enhancement and the reduction of the negative environmental impact and (2) recycling of waste (its return to the economic cycle). It is emphasised that the environmental industrial policy priorities reflect foremost national purposes and strategic objectives of the Russian Federation development.
At present the use of organic waste for energy production has become a significant part of the world energy industry. Thereby both the problem of energy supply and waste disposal are solved. In connection with the large volumes of annually formed resource, the ability to provide inexpensive logistics and the demand for ener gy at the level of local consumption the task of recycling agricultural waste is of particular interest. The paper presents a methodology for assessing the crop waste energy potential, taking into account the type of crops, the energy content and specific features of their processing to produce thermal energy. The regions of the Russian Federation leading in the production of cereals, sunflower and corn, i. e. Stavropol Territory, Krasnodar Territory and Rostov Region, were chosen as study areas, both due to the significant energy potential and the available experience of producing energy from wastes in the South of Russia. The quantities of thermal energy that can be obtained from the waste of these crops are determined (the totals for all crops are 14 600 000, 30 500 000 and 29 100 000 million Gcal/year for the regions, respectively), as well as the share of heat supply coverage in the residential sector of the regions (124, 120 and 160%, respectively). The cluster analysis methods allowed identifying groups of districts that are self-sufficient in terms of the local energy resource, as well as potential "donors" of fuel from waste. The results are displayed on charts and a series of maps.
The article was initially intended as a review of Carolyn Steel's book Hungry City: How Food Shapes Our Lives. However, the author's foreword on the reasons and variations of the sociological interest in food turned the review into the reflections on the ways of (or a kind of) sociological analysis of food's role in the contemporary consumer society, a role that cannot be simply reduced to a "fuel" necessary for the trouble-free operation of man as a biological creature. There are several clearly-defined contexts of the scientific analysis of food that can be of interest and importance for sociologists. These contexts include the macroeconomic approach (such as various interpretations of food security from the social-economic to the (geo)political, such as the Russian state's politicized discourse of import substitution that ignores the population's real food practices and access to food); the gender-economic approach (a 'feminized' version of economic history); the culinary-ideological approach (when the recipes of the usual cookbook or the model of public catering development hide the ideological didactic instructions on the mandatory way of life, i.e., "political dietology"); and the historical-cultural-anthropological approach (the attempts to reconstruct the social-cultural codes of food and its role in the epoch-making events of the past). Such wide boundaries of today's scientific interpretations of food allowed the presentation of the Hungry City as an almost ideal example of the sociological analysis of the social life of food in all its diverse manifestations (such as the production and transportation of food, urbanization and food markets, the transformations of home kitchens' design, the development of the public catering system, social meanings of the joint meal-and-wastes recycling, social justice and utopias), even though the book focuses on only the culinary culture of England.
