Suchergebnisse

Saggio sulle democrazie in transizione a partire dal volume di ELVIN GJEVORI, "Democratisation and Institutional Reform in Albania".

The Jobs Act (L. 10 December 2014, n. 183) represents the last Italian labor market reform, aimed at creating new stable employment through the adoption of the new form of open-ended contracts ("contratto a tutele crescenti") as the privileged form of recruitment. This goal is based on the idea that the structural rigidities of the labor market, such as the employment protection systems, the high firing costs and the strong trade union powers, are the main source of the mismatching between labor demand and supply and the persistent unemployment registered since the 90's. For this reason, over the past 20 years, the implemented policy (Treu Law, Biagi Law and Fornero Reform) has been addressed to remove this kind of rigidities, following the guidelines outlined by the flexicurity regimes used in northern Europe. However, they have not achieved the goal for which they were designed, but they have rather produce a dualist labor market with an increasing share of precarious workers, without reducing the unemployment rate. Indeed, as shown by Blanchard et al., the success of the flexicurity model in the Nordic countries reflects underlying factors, like the degree of trust between firms and workers, that may not be easily replicable in other countries as Italy. The Jobs Act tries to stimulate the long-term employment by simplifying the procedure to establish a working relationship and redefine the dismissals regime through the reduction of the cases of reinstatement and the decrease of the firing costs for the firms. At the same time, the Italian government introduced with the Budget Law (Legge di Stabilità, L. 23 December 2014, n. 190) temporary incentives lasting three years targeting those firms hiring workers according to the new labor-market regime. Employing the data collected by Italian National Institute of Statistics in February 2015 and 2016, I estimate through the pscore matching method the average effect of the treatment on the treated, i.e. the average effect of the reform -the treatment- on those firms who have applied it -the treated-, by comparing with the untreated. Estimation results show that an increase in the probability of being hired with a fixed-term contract after the introduction of the Jobs Act reform. Particularly, the 31,1 % of firms who took advantage of the reform have hired a worker with a fixed-term contract. The reasons behind these results could be several. First of all, the reform has also introduced some measures (such as vouchers as a method of payment and the abrogation of some substantial requirements to use fixed-term contracts) which contribute having fewer constraints and fewer costs for the adoption of those contracts. Secondly, we have found a significant impact of the incentives from Budget Law on the new hires. Namely the result of the cross-firm evidence is that the incentives are associated with an increase, on average, of 43,4 percentage points in the probability of hiring. Indeed these monetary incentives are exploitable not only by the firms which hire workers with an open-ended contract, but also by the firms which hire with a fixed-term contract that has to be transformed in an open-ended one in the future, considering the possibility that after those three years the workers could be easily fired given the extremely cheap dismissal conditions. The evidence provided by this study casts some doubts about the effectiveness of the measures based on the flexibilization of the Italian labor market on the long-term employment, given that the precariousness emerged in the last 20 years after the first flexibility reforms seems not decreased at all after the Jobs Act. Nevertheless, given the limited information set provided by the dataset in use, one should take the results of the analysis as a sort of starting point for further research in different direction, both obtaining a more informative dataset and applying other treatment models.

The recent approval of the new Law that will govern the Brazilian Upper Secondary Education entailed a series of questions about its procedural strategy and about the very feasibility of its implementation. Issued as a Provisional Executive Order, it was quickly assessed and approved by the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, excluding from the discussion the social sectors focused on education. The necessary communication processes, understood as dialogical processes – crucial to discussing a matter possibly affecting the practices of the whole level of basic education – were not pursued, resulting in a Law debated solely in ministerial offices and in the National Congress offices of government leaders. ; A recente aprovação da nova Lei que regerá o Ensino Médio brasileiro trouxe consigo uma série de indagações acerca da estratégia como foi encaminhada e da própria factibilidade quanto à sua implantação. Nascida como Medida Provisória, conheceu rápido trâmite na Câmara e no Senado, deixando à margem a participação dos setores sociais voltados ao tema da educação. Os necessários processos de comunicação, compreendidos como trânsitos dialógicos – decisivos para o tratamento de matéria com o alcance de uma mudança de rota em ciclo do ensino básico –, deixaram de ser acionados, resultando em uma Lei cujos interlocutores foram os gabinetes ministeriais e as salas de lideranças governistas do Congresso Nacional.

Il presente elaborato si prefigge l'obiettivo di verificare la reale e concreta applicazione delle disposizioni derivanti dall'ordinamento comunitario, all'interno della realtà portuale italiana, che, consapevole del fatto che i porti costituiscono forti infrastrutture nonché fonte di ricchezza per il paese, avverte l'esigenza di modificare fermamente il regime amministrativo dei propri porti. Le profonde innovazioni introdotte nel sistema portuale italiano a seguito della riforma del 1994, attraverso l'introduzione di assetti istituzionali ed organizzativi, hanno favorito la crescita dei traffici marittimi del paese. In ragione dei significativi mutamenti che hanno segnato la realtà economica mondiale negli ultimi anni, in cui si è assistito, al fenomeno della c.d. globalizzazione economica, che spinge verso la delocalizzazione produttiva e verso l'apertura di nuovi mercati di consumo, particolare attenzione è stata posta alle esigenze nascenti all'interno del sistema portuale, di apportare delle significative modifiche alla Legge 84/1994, per affrontare le nuove sfide poste dalla competizione comunitaria ed internazionale, e migliorare l'efficienza delle attività produttive ed uniformare l'impianto normativo. Nello specifico è stato esaminato il testo unificato della recente proposta di legge di riforma del settore portuale, le cui novità maggiormente rilevanti si sviluppano essenzialmente su tre livelli: la governance dei porti, la programmazione e la pianificazione delle aree, le attività economiche ed i servizi portuali. In maniera precisa e dettagliata, si è proceduto all'analisi dei servizi portuali tecnico-nautici, prestando attenzione alle prospettive di liberalizzazione del settore ed al principio di uniformità in materia tariffaria, al fine di rendere detti servizi funzionali e trasparenti. Infine, l'attenzione è stata posta alla realtà portuale a livello comunitario, esaminando le recenti disposizioni emanate dalle istituzioni comunitarie, al fine di verificare il miglior funzionamento dei porti marittimi e lo sviluppo della rete transeuropea di trasporto. ; The main research interest aims to study the the impact of the European principles and rules in the Italian port system with particular reference to the new Italian trends and developments in ports' legislation. Recently, the economic global situation had changed. In fact, the globalized economy lead to the outsourcing of the production processes and to the creation of new markets. For this reason, Italian Government felt the urgency to modify the Italian ports law, that is law no. 84/1994, in order to make Port Authorities more competitive in a international perspective. In particular has been analyzed the so called "unified text", that is a new project of law which reforms the Italian ports' system. Specifically, the most important novelties of the ports legislation reform are: the ports' governance matter; the planning of the port areas; the economical activities and the port services. The research also analyzes the analysis of technical-nautical port services, the prospects for liberalization and the principle of uniformity with regard to tariffs , in order to make these services functional and transparent. Finally, particular attention was paid to examining the recent regulations issued by the Community institutions , in order to ensure the best operation of seaports and the development of trans-European network transport.

Institutional reforms have long been a central focus of the European economic policy debate, and the labor market in particular has been subject to never definitive reforms in the past 20 years, mainly aimed at fostering wage moderation and flexible labor contracts. The employment effects of labor market institutions have been widely analyzed, but the focus on this aspect has overshadowed an equally important but scantily investigated element: their possible dynamic impact on innovation and productivity growth. This paper is a critical survey of the literature which may help shed light on this issue. Growth theory as well as the results of the empirical growth literature teach us that the main drivers of long run productivity growth in advanced countries are innovation, research and development, human capital accumulation. Reforms which enhance labor market flexibility can in principle affect these growth drivers through different channels, but the sign of the effects on productivity growth is ambiguous. Existing empirical evidence shows that wage and numerical flexibility have negative effects on research and development, innovation and firm sponsored training, suggesting that the dynamic effects of labor flexibility are negative. This suggests that the tradeoff between labor market flexibility and productivity growth which has been detected both within many European countries and across European countries is not just a temporary, static, short run effect linked to the employment effect of flexibility enhancing reforms, but may also reflect a more worrying permanent, dynamic, long run phenomenon. ; Quello delle riforme istituzionali è un tema da lungo tempo centrale nel dibattito Europeo di politica economica, e il mercato del lavoro in particolare è stato soggetto, negli ultimi 20 anni, a riforme mai definitive, principalmente rivolte a promuovere la moderazione salariale e la flessibilità dei contratti di lavoro. Gli effetti occupazionali delle istituzioni del mercato del lavoro sono stati ampiamente analizzati, ma la focalizzazione su questo punto ha messo in secondo piano un aspetto ugualmente importante ma scarsamente indagato: i loro possibili effetti dinamici sull'innovazione e sulla crescita della produttività. Il presente lavoro è una rassegna critica della letteratura che può aiutare a far luce su questo aspetto. La teoria della crescita, e i risultati della relativa letteratura empirica ci insegnano che i principali motori della crescita della produttività nel lungo periodo per le economie avanzate sono l'innovazione, la ricerca e sviluppo, l'accumulazione di capitale umano. Le riforme che aumentano la flessibilità del mercato del lavoro possono in linea di principio influenzare questi motori di crescita attraverso diversi canali, ma la direzione degli effetti sulla crescita della produttività è ambigua. L'evidenza empiria esistente mostra che la flessibilità salariale e numerica tendono ad avere effetti negativi sulla ricerca e sviluppo, sull'innovazione e sull'investimento in formazione da parte delle imprese, e dunque che gli effetti dinamici della flessibilità del lavoro sulla crescita tendono ad essere negativi. Questo suggerisce il trade off tra flessibilità del mercato del lavoro e crescita della produttività che è stata riscontrata sia all'interno di vari Paesi Europei che su dati longitudinali per vari paesi Europei non è solo un effetto statico di breve periodo legato all'impatto occupazionale delle riforme pro-flessibilità, ma potrebbe riflettere un più preoccupante fenomeno dinamico, permanente, di lungo periodo.

This work aimed to characterize the mental health care network in a small city in the state of Paraná. This is a qualitative and exploratory research, which used the semi-structured interview as data collection technique. The group of the research subjects consisted of a municipal Health Department management representative and workers linked to primary, ambulatory and hospital care. From the data obtained, we dealt with some of the challenges that arise in the path of care models construction consistent with the guidelines of psychosocial care. We were able to observe that instead of a network, there are some care centers in the city, which do not always present themselves articulately. The care was focused on the binominal ambulatory-hospital and the assistance offered had a markedly medicinal character, grounded in biomedical perspective. We noticed the existence of a doctor-centered model to the detriment of a user-centered practice. This way, we point to a mismatch on the Reform trajectory in the Brazilian scenario, because if on the one hand there were a lot of advances in some cities and states, in others places the Reform does not seem to have a significant impact towards the consolidation of a new care model.