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The New Economic Policy (NEP) has scripted Malaysia's development for 50 years, with the 30% Bumiputera equity target as the main protagonist. The NEP's imprint remains deep; its legacy endures long beyond the initial 1971-1990 timeline. While followed by a raft of other long-term plans, the NEP reigns supreme, its successors consigned to historical footnotes. The draft of the Shared Prosperity Vision (SPV) 2030, Malaysia's next grand plan, makes the most substantive reference to the NEP, while cursorily acknowledging the National Development Plan (1991-2000) and the National Vision Policy (2001-2010). Bumiputeras have steadily progressed toward policy targets in education and employment, but the persistence of Bumiputera equity holdings below the 30% threshold, according to the official estimations, is continuously reiterated as the NEP's defining – but elusive – quest (Lee 2019). Perpetuation of this target is problematic, from historical, empirical and strategic perspectives. In 1971, the NEP originally aspired to a complex mix(?) of Bumiputera development objectives, but 30% equity ownership was placed on a pedestal from the mid-1970s. This has allowed quick gains and political patronage to prevail over longer gestation pursuits focused on building capability and competitiveness. In recent years, policy emphasis has principally shifted toward productivity-driven, bottom-up Bumiputera enterprise development, deepening the disconnect between these broad priorities and the narrow 30% target. Empirical flaws also mar the target setting and progress monitoring processes. A sub-target within the overall 30% has been surpassed, without acknowledgement. The official accounts, which include foreign ownership and opaque nominee companies while excluding Malaysian government ownership, have continuously provided a partial picture that demands more clarity and completeness. From strategic standpoints, persisting with a single macro equity target detracts from the more crucial attention needed in dynamic and competitive Bumiputera enterprise. This calls for a thorough policy revisit of priorities and targets, and a reset that coherently and effectively aligns policy actions with those priorities and targets.

The COVID-19 pandemic has intensified traditional vulnerabilities amongst small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) such as low levels of savings, assets, and inventories and consequently created a unique set of policy challenges associated with SMEs. These challenges are heightened as developing economies such as Sri Lanka attempt to manage the impact within a narrow fiscal space. Sri Lanka's policy responses geared towards SMEs, therefore, need to contend with the immediate impacts of COVID-19 on the sector as well as broader issues that inhibit Sri Lanka's growth trajectory, especially in terms of vulnerability to global disruptions.

Despite formal adhesion by countries in the Sahel to regional and international standards promoting governance, human rights and the rule of law, weak state institutions, poor human rights track-records, as well as poor governance and corruption remain widespread and have built up to erupt in the political and security crisis that unfolded in Mali. Strengthening human rights and the rule of law by renewing the commitment made by countries in the region to democratic, governance and human rights frameworks, has the potential to bring sustainable peace back to Mali while preventing escalation in the neighbouring countries. Beyond the complete ratification and effective implementation of these various instruments, efforts must be pursued to improve democratic practices; strengthen ineffective national institutions; and support human rights monitoring mechanisms established at national and regional levels. Moreover, comprehensive transitional justice processes must be implemented in countries emerging from crisis, with a view to addressing past human rights abuses.

This book addresses the complexity of urbanization, impacts of climate change and climate change adaptation for the metropolitan region of Santiago de Chile, with a special focus on the most pressing issues of natural hazards, water and energy supply. The book exemplifies a conceptual approach for the development of adaptation measures, their evaluation and implementation in a decision support framework at the science-policy interface. It builds on scientific analyses of social and natural scientists, a participatory process with local authorities and a mutual learning network between large agglomerations in Latin America. The book is written for scholars of urban management, climate change, planning, governance and hazard research, as well as practitioners in local, regional and international organizations concerned with climate change, climate change impacts, and adaptation in metropolitan regions. While the regional focus is on Latin America the concepts and lessons learned are applicable and relevant to megacities around the world.

In Italia l'insieme dei cambiamenti socio-economici e tecnologici recenti hanno contribuito ad una profonda trasformazione dei comportamenti d'acquisto e delle pratiche di consumo tradizionali. Questa si manifesta in modo evidente anche nello spazio, con una pluralità di dinamiche sovrapposte e, a volte, interrelate che marcano il territorio contemporaneo. Fra le altre negli ultimi anni è emersa la dismissione commerciale come fenomeno pervasivo che si presenta, in modo differenziato, sia all'interno dei tessuti densi delle città che negli ambiti extraurbani. In questo quadro, gli enti locali manifestano l'esigenza di un supporto tecnico per la prefigurazione di politiche e strumenti orientati alla costruzione di linee guida e indirizzi qualitativi per l'azione pubblica, sia alla scala regionale che comunale per il rilancio dell'attrattività urbana. L'obiettivo dell'intervento è la presentazione degli esiti di un lavoro di ricerca effettuato per il territorio della regione Lombardia, orientato al riconoscimento degli ambiti urbani potenzialmente soggetti a fragilità commerciale attraverso la definizione di indicatori territoriali atti a realizzare affondi analitici e monitorare le dinamiche in corso. Nelle conclusioni si rilancia il possibile ruolo degli indicatori e, in generale, della produzione di spatial knowledge come elemento di supporto e di rafforzamento per le azioni ed i progetti sviluppati dagli attori pubblici che, in questo caso, sono legati alla rivitalizzazione del commercio come elemento rafforzativo e qualificante della rigenerazione urbana

This article examines the external and internal dimensions of post-conflict reconstruction in Sierra Leone. The United Nations, bilateral donors such as the United Kingdom, and transnational non-governmental organizations and aid agencies have been instrumental in providing much-needed external assistance to Sierra Leone during the latter stages of its civil war and in the immediate post-war period. Although foreign aid is a welcome source of external support for reconstruction efforts, it is finite like any other resource. Reconstruction must also address intangible issues such as corruption as well as the healing of society through the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court for Sierra Leone. Diamond exports hold potential as an internal source to spur economic growth and reconstruction. However, as the article illustrates, many obstacles remain, ranging from governance weaknesses in terms of capacity and domestic regulatory schemes on diamonds to the existence of illicit mining and smuggling of diamonds to regional instability.

Diese Veröffentlichung stellt eine von sechs Analysen sektorenübergreifender Herausforderungen für Wasser-Governance dar, die als Teil des STEER-Forschungsprojekts durchgeführt wurden und deren Resultate in separaten Analysen und Stellungnahmen vorliegen.Südafrikas Wassergesetzgebung ist international anerkannt für ihre ambitionierte Umsetzung des integrierten Wasserressourcenmanagements (IWRM). IWRM ist ein Konzept, das entwickelt wurde, um komplexe Herausforderungen im Bereich Wasser anzugehen, indem es die Beziehungen zwischen Land und Wasser berücksichtigt und den Wissensstand für andere Wasser nutzende Sektoren und Akteur*innen erweitert. Die Beteiligung von und Koordination zwischen Interessensvertreter*innen, Schlüsselaspekte des IWRM, stehen im Gegensatz zu einem hierarchischen Führungsstil, wie er von den meisten Regierungen praktiziert wird. Wir sehen drei Herausforderungen bei der Umsetzung von IWRM in Südafrika: Erstens, ein duales Governance-System: Die Landschaft der für das Einzugsgebietsmanagement relevanten südafrikanischen Organisationen besteht aus Organisationen des westlichen Governance- und des traditionellen Governance-Systems. Das westliche Governance-System umfasst Organisationen wie das Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS), das mit der Bewirtschaftung der Wasserressourcen beauftragt ist, und das Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs, das sich mit der traditionellen Führung in verschiedenen Fragen einschließlich des Landmanagements abstimmt. Gegenwärtig arbeiten diese Organisationen in Land-Wasser-Fragen nicht im erforderlichen Maße zusammen. Zweitens, eine mangelnde Umsetzung der Wassergesetzgebung: Das südafrikanische Wassergesetz von 1998 sieht Behörden für Einzugsgebietsmanagement (Catchment Management Agencies, CMAs) als Netzwerk-Governance-Strukturen vor, die dieEinzugsgebiete auf lokaler Ebene bewirtschaften und alle Wassernutzer*innen einbeziehen sollen. Doch nach über 20 Jahren sind diese Strukturen nicht umgesetzt worden. Dies ist auf einen Konflikt von Governance-Stilen zwischen den Stakeholder integrierenden CMAs und dem expertengesteuerten, hierarchischen DWS zurückzuführen. Drittens, Konflikt zwischen Governance-Stilen: In Ermangelung einer CMA haben sich im uMngeni-Einzugsgebiet mehrere informelle oder nicht gesetzlich verankerte Netzwerk-Governance-Strukturen entwickelt (z.B. Foren für Einzugsgebietsmanagement und die uMngeni Ecological Infrastructure Partnership). In einigen Fällen befinden sich Repräsentant*innen dieser Strukturen und Regierungsvertreter*innen im Konflikt über unterschiedliche Ansätze des Wissensmanagements und der Entscheidungsfindung; diese Unterschiede wurzeln in ihrem jeweiligen Governance-Stil. In den vergangenen Jahren hat das DWS einen Prozess zur Erarbeitung der formal notwendigen Strategie des Einzugsgebietsmanagements eingeleitet, der von den Stakeholdern verlangt, sich zu beteiligen und ihre Bedürfnisse zu formulieren. Dieser Prozess könnte zu einem vermittelnden Instrument für Konflikte zwischen den Akteur*innen werden.Wir machen folgende Vorschläge:1. Um IWRM umzusetzen ist die Integration der traditionellen Führungsebene in Planungsprozesse auf kulturell sensible Weise von entscheidender Bedeutung.2. Netzwerkstrukturen – von der Regierung gestaltet oder selbst organisiert – können das zur Umsetzung von IWRM erforderliche Sozialkapital auf lokaler und regionaler Ebene schaffen.3. Um zwischen vorhandenem hierarchischen und Netzwerk-Governance-Wissen zu vermitteln, sollten Managementstrategien auf einem hybriden Governance-Stil beruhen.

This study seeks (1) to explore local government strategies in selecting personnel for strategic positions; (2) studying the role of the RPA (Regional Personnel Agency) in carrying out the Decency and Appropriateness Test of personnel applying for the "Position Auction"; (3) studying the role of the Sekwilda in conducting the fit and proper test; (4) searching for the fit and proper test models according to local characteristics. The agenda for improving Indonesia's public sector becomes a necessity if it is linked to developments and current demands, such as good governance, professionalism, transparency, accountability, ethical and moral enforcement in the delivery of public services (Milakovich and Gordon, 2007 in Nurprojo, 2014). The improvement of the Indonesian bureaucracy through the enactment of the State Civil Apparatus Law is expected to be able to realize a better Indonesian bureaucracy through the performance of professional civil servants based on competence and competition by establishing a merit system in State Civil Apparatus management. This study uses a qualitative paradigm by relying on researchers as data collectors through in-depth interviews and participatory observation. In-depth interviews were conducted with local elites (Head of the Regional Personnel Agency, Staff of the Regional Personnel Agency, Members of the Regional People's Representative Council, Members of the Selection Committee, Non-Governmental Organizations, the media and intellectuals) who were concerned with local governance. This is done to determine the implementation of the propriety test and due diligence in the context of filling strategic positions in the regions.

The Handbook provides an authoritative overview of the MLG literature. . . it has the potential to be widely used as a source of reference. The book is systematically structured, and most chapters are of high quality. . .' Achim Hurrelmann, Environment and Planning C 'The editors have produced an authoritative and comprehensive guide to multi-level governance. The book ranges across the domestic context, supraregionalism and global governance all filtered through a sophisticated analytical framework and attention to policy detail. There is no better place to go than this book for a guide to the topic. An outstanding accomplishment.' David Held, London School of Economics, UK Scholarship of multi-level governance has developed into one of the most innovative themes of research in political science and public policy. This accessible Handbook presents a thorough review of the wide-ranging literature, encompassing various theoretical and conceptual approaches to multi-level governance and their application to policy-making in domestic, regional and global contexts. The importance of multi-level governance in specific policy areas is highlighted, and the contributors an international group of highly renowned scholars report on the ways in which their field of specialization is or may be affected by multi-level governance and how developments could affect its conceptualization. European integration is considered from its unique standpoint as the key catalyst in the development of multi-level approaches, and the use of multi-level governance in other parts of the world, at both domestic and regional levels, is also considered in detail before focus is shifted towards global governance. The Handbook concludes with a presentation of six policy fields and instruments affected by multi-level governance, including: social policy, environmental policy, economic policy, international taxation, standard-setting and policing. This comprehensive Handbook takes stock of the vast array of multi-level governance theory and research ...

The Handbook provides an authoritative overview of the MLG literature. . . it has the potential to be widely used as a source of reference. The book is systematically structured, and most chapters are of high quality. . .' Achim Hurrelmann, Environment and Planning C 'The editors have produced an authoritative and comprehensive guide to multi-level governance. The book ranges across the domestic context, supraregionalism and global governance all filtered through a sophisticated analytical framework and attention to policy detail. There is no better place to go than this book for a guide to the topic. An outstanding accomplishment.' David Held, London School of Economics, UK Scholarship of multi-level governance has developed into one of the most innovative themes of research in political science and public policy. This accessible Handbook presents a thorough review of the wide-ranging literature, encompassing various theoretical and conceptual approaches to multi-level governance and their application to policy-making in domestic, regional and global contexts. The importance of multi-level governance in specific policy areas is highlighted, and the contributors an international group of highly renowned scholars report on the ways in which their field of specialization is or may be affected by multi-level governance and how developments could affect its conceptualization. European integration is considered from its unique standpoint as the key catalyst in the development of multi-level approaches, and the use of multi-level governance in other parts of the world, at both domestic and regional levels, is also considered in detail before focus is shifted towards global governance. The Handbook concludes with a presentation of six policy fields and instruments affected by multi-level governance, including: social policy, environmental policy, economic policy, international taxation, standard-setting and policing. This comprehensive Handbook takes stock of the vast array of multi-level governance theory and research ...

One of existing from Democracy ground is management General Election here in after referred to as General Election. General Election Management its reality is materialization from political rights people and at one blow represent the political rights delegation to proxy those who run the governance. Research applying of Democracy ground pursuant to law 32 Year 2004 at direct execution directly regional leader election must started applied by this direct execution directly regional leader election committee, people given a break to have a finger in the pie every step directly regional leader election. Still be needed by efforts in order to society mobilization till society own the understanding concerning direct essence regional leader election and their involvement in it and also participate for awareness by their self as political maturity form with the type of autonomous participation.

The Organization of African Unity, recognised for its promotion of solidarity and sovereignty across Africa, just turned 60. Today, the African Union continues the OAU's spirit and mission. Sixty years of pan-African cooperation have been defined by tremendous challenges and underappreciated achievements - but, above all, they have demonstrated a continued appreciation for multilateralism.
Colonial legacies meant that nascent African states with often arbitrarily drawn borders and limited territorial control had the difficult task of achieving full decolonisation, ensuring inter-state peace, and integrating into the international system. Despite being dealt a bad hand, the early OAU played a crucial role in the strides made by the African community towards achieving these ends.
Over time, the need for African solutions and African agency in dealing with new developments and challenges has become undeniable. Efforts to make the OAU fit for purpose ultimately led to the establishment of the more authoritative and sophisticated AU at the turn of the new millennium. This concluded a remarkable institutional transformation and ushered in a new era of cooperation.
Today's AU is a natural ally for promoting norms and goals shared by the European Union and others, including democracy and good governance, human rights, economic development, peace and security, and environmental protection. With its inclusive membership and history of representation, a strong AU can play an important role in achieving progress and serve as Africa's voice on the world stage.
The African-European partnership is crucial for dealing with many issues of mutual concern, but should not be taken for granted. For the partnership to be sustainable and effective in the long run, it is important for policymakers in Europe to recognise their own hand in the challenges Africa faces, and to respect African agency, support African-led solutions, and to accept cooperation as equals.

1. Cities and the financial crisis / Ray Brescia -- 2. Assessing metropolitan resiliency : laying the foundation for urban sustainability / John Travis Marshall -- 3. Avoiding Atlantis : protecting urban cultural heritage from disaster / Ryan Rowbetty -- 4. Moving to safety? Opportunities to reduce vulnerability through relocation and resettlement policy / Marla Nelson and Renia Ehrenfeucht -- 5. Developing the sustainable city : Curitiba, Brazil, as a case study / Hannah-Ruth Gustafsson and Elizabeth A. Kelly -- 6. Exploring options for urban sustainability in an era of scarce water resources : a possible ban on lawns / Sarah B. Schindler -- 7. Think global, pay local / Ray Brescia -- 8. Cities and immigration reform : national policy from the bottom up / John DeStefano, Jr. -- 9. Can charter schools save cities? Social capital and urban public education / John A. Lovett -- 10. Cities seeking justice : local government litigation in the public interest / Kathleen S. Morris -- 11. Strategic code compliance enforcement : a prescription for resilient communities / Kermit J. Lind -- 12. Renegotiating the constituent's role in urban governance : participatory budgeting in New York City / Celina Su -- 13. Financing urban transportation infrastructure : old and new approaches for funding urban regeneration and resiliency : the Atlanta example / M. Becht Neel and Julian Conrad Juergensmeyer.