Suchergebnisse

In the last decade there has been a process of rolling-back Europeanization efforts in the EU's new member states (NMS), a process intensified by the global crisis. This de-Europeanization and de-democratization process in the NMS has become a significant part of a more general polycrisis in the EU. The backslide of democracy in the NMS as a topical issue has usually been analysed in terms of macro-politics, formal-legal state institutions, party systems, and macroeconomics. The most significant decline of democratization, however, is evident in the public's decreasing participation in politics and in the eroding trust. This decline in systemic trust in political elites in the NMS has been largely neglected by analysts. Therefore, this paper concentrates on this relatively overlooked dimension of declining trust and social capital in the NMS. This analysis employs the concepts of governance, trust, and social capital to balance the usual formalistic top-down approach with a bottom-up approach that better illustrates the divergence between East-Central Europe and the Baltic states' sub-regional development.

One of the fundamental questions in the presence of Coronavirus Diseases 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic crisis and in general of new pandemic diseases is to design effective policy responses to reduce the impact in the initial phase of diffusion, when appropriate therapies and drugs lack. This study analyses a main case study given by Italy, one of the first European countries to be damaged of the impact of COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, this study focuses on health policy responses to the pandemic crisis across selected Italian regions that were the first areas to experience a rapid increase in confirmed cases and deaths of COVID-19. The analysis of early regional health policies, from January to July 2020 (during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic), reveals that some regions have managed pandemic crisis with appropriate health policy responses based on: a) a timely and widespread testing of individuals, b) effective units of epidemiological investigation in a pervasive contact-tracing system to detect and isolate all infected people. This health policy response has reduced total deaths and negative effects of COVID-19 on health of people during the first pandemic wave, when are not available pharmaceutical interventions, such as vaccines and other antiviral drugs. This evidence in the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic provides important lessons to design an effective public health policy to constraint future pandemic waves driven by new variants and new viral agents, when appropriate drugs are not ready.

PurposeThe international awareness of corporate social responsibility (CSR) issues and the socio‐political context of emerging countries are increasing the pressure on businesses, including multinational corporations, to take another look at their societal role. In a context of state failure (immature institutions), paying taxes can guarantee neither the peaceful management of company operations nor the sustainable development of local communities. Moreover, multinationals have experienced that making resources and opportunities available to local communities is not enough. The Niger Delta in Nigeria is, in this regard, a textbook case that demonstrates the challenge of achieving sustainable development in the context of acute inequalities. This paper seeks to address these issues.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on fieldwork – quantitative and qualitative surveys – carried out in Nigeria for the past seven years, the paper builds on initiatives and approaches undertaken by Total, Agip and NPDC/Shell, consistent with their understanding of their role in society.FindingsInequalities and imbalances (income, gender, inter‐regional, sector‐based) ferment frustrations and nurture insecurity and violence in the Niger Delta, therefore hindering sustainable development. As far as the relationship between oil companies and communities is concerned, the authors argue that oil multinationals have to foster an approach that targets the reduction of those exceptional inequalities for which they are partly responsible, as revealed with the "double effect" principle.Originality/valueWhereas CSR has been so far mainly studied as a management issue, this paper brings broader views and analyzes ethical, cultural and economic dynamics that underlie the acceptability of companies in their environment, in the specific context of the Niger Delta.

Stadtregionale Diskurse über Organisationsformen bieten kaum Anhaltspunkte, um kooperative Prozesse kontextspezifisch zu analysieren und anzuleiten. Dieses Defizit können Design-Kriterien überwinden. Der vorliegende Beitrag operationalisiert ein vorgeschlagenes Kriterien-Set unter Rückgriff auf die Diskurse über Collaborative Governance und Flächenmanagement. Anschließend werden mit den Kriterien ein laufender Prozess zur Entwicklung eines Wohnbauflächen-Entwicklungskonzepts in der Stadtregion Leipzig analysiert und die Kriterien vor dem Hintergrund dieses Anwendungsbeispiels reflektiert. Damit wird der Frage nachgegangen, wie eine kooperative Steuerung der Siedlungsentwicklung in Stadtregionen ausgestaltet werden sollte. Wichtige Anhaltspunkte für die Ausgestaltung von Kooperationen sind die bewusste Auswahl der zu beteiligenden Akteure und die Entwicklung von gegenseitigem Vertrauen zwischen ihnen, die gemeinsame Festlegung von Spielregeln für die Zusammenarbeit, die Bestimmung des Wesens der sich herausbildenden Institution, eine Zukunftsorientierung der Zusammenarbeit und die Entwicklung eines gemeinsamen Verständnisses der zu verbessernden Situation.

The impact of globalization & regionalization processes upon India's federal political system is investigated. After providing an overview of India's economic & political development following Indian independence, several aspects of the nation's political system are examined including the structure of the "parliamentary federal" system, the role of intergovernmental agencies, & the process of enacting constitutional amendments. The extent to which India has established regional & international economic & political relations is then discussed. It is asserted that global & regional integration processes have engendered economic liberalization & initiated innovations within federal institutions; however, it is stressed that global forces, not regional nations, have had a stronger influence upon India's economic & political systems. In addition, it is maintained that Harvey Lazar et al.'s (2003) cyberwave & shared governance scenarios for the future direction of global governance would facilitate the further federalization of India's political system & contribute to combating decentralization processes. 3 Tables, 59 References. J. W. Parker

For national governments to meet their international climate change obligations they need to develop and implement plans that involve coordinating the actions of local, regional and national level actors from across multiple sectors. When this occurs, it can lead to the formation of a policy implementation network. Surprisingly, there is a limited understanding of the characteristics of the members of such networks, the structure of the multi-level and cross-sectoral ties among them, and about how they relate to how these networks are governed. This paper initiates the development of such knowledge by calculating a variety of network statistics to analyse the policy implementation network formed to carry out Ireland's signature climate policy-The Climate Action Plan 2019. Results show that national level actors dominate, and that cross-level and cross-sectoral collaboration are limited. The plan is governed by a network administrative organisation (NAO), with the Department of the Taoiseach (Irish Prime Minister) filling the role. How the network is structured and governed increases the likelihood that the network will be stable, have a unity of purpose and be able to meet its objectives. However, the dominance of national-level actors and its centralized structure are likely to make it challenging for the NAO to gain the support of local-level actors. This paper's methodological approach can be applied in other contexts to understand inter-actor relations and how these affect the responsibilities, challenges and opportunities of the actors involved in the implementation of a national environmental policy. ; Peer reviewed

The Turkish economy has traditionally been characterized by high volatility with periods of significant growth followed inevitably by deep recessions. This volatility has been essentially due to a problem of political governance. The last crisis of 2001 provided the necessary impetus for reforming governance structures. The economy responded positively & Turkey has entered a period of sustained growth. In the long term, economic growth in Turkey will be fueled by the openness of the economy, positive demographic factors & productivity levels which compare favorably with the countries of Central & Eastern Europe. The main challenge will, however, be one of structural transformation addressing the dual structure of the economy & reducing the weight of agriculture. The role of the EU will be essential as an anchor helping to consolidate the reforms & to pave the way for a sustainable & high growth pattern. The EU will also benefit from a Turkey that has become a regional engine of growth. Adapted from the source document.

The general endangered status of indigenous languages worldwide is a reality that demands quick action from authorities belonging to different governmental spheres to safeguard their use, protection and further development for the next generations. In view of the complexity of this issue, which stretches itself over public sectors such as health and education, public and private actors have sought to join forces to guarantee the promotion of indigenous languages. Hence, this thesis aims to understand how the existence of different actors within a multi-governance system can enable the promotion of the Northern Sámi language in the Norwegian municipalities of Guovdageaidnu/Kautokeino and Gáivuotna/Kåfjord. This work was mainly guided by two main theoretical approahces: the governance network theory, allowing the comprehension of the actors that take part into a system in which they interact with one another through the formation of networks and are affected by external factors in each municipality. Besides this, the concept of multi-governance was also used, in order to place these local dynamics into a broader arrangement that depends not only on the local sphere, but also on regional and national actors. In methodological terms, this is a comparative case study led mainly by qualitative data from semi-structured interviews and document analysis. The investigation found similarities in terms of the type of actors involved in each of the local governance networks, as well as a general common goal in terms of the use and promotion of the Northern Sámi language. The networks are also comparable in size, density and governance mode, in view of the preponderance of the Sámi Parliament as a coordination and major funder, and the role of the municipalities as providers of public services and funds to other institutions in these systems. Despite the more prominent status of the Northern Sámi language in Kautokeino than in Kåfjord, where it is mainly restricted to language courses, Norwegian and Northern Sámi are not fully equal languages, but Kautokeino is still closer to this status. Moreover, in the governance system towards the promotion of indigenous languages, external dimensions such as ethnicity, identity and demographics matter when public service provision and the implementation of policies are to be put forward in contexts dominated by societal conflicts or different ethnical groups.

The issue of sovereignty has historically figured prominently in Latin American political discourse. From Simón Bolívar to Benito Juárez in the nineteenth century, to Juan Domingo Perón and Salvador Allende in the twentieth, to Fidel Castro and Hugo Chávez today, sovereignty and its corollary, the non-intervention principle, have been prominent among the region's watchwords. In the late 1950s a Mexican diplomat declared that 'intransigent non-intervention' was the 'cornerstone of the Inter-American system'. Sometimes imbued with racialist elements, as in José E. Rodó's claim that Latin America had 'an inheritance of race, a great ethnic tradition to maintain', or in the recent claim by a Venezuelan general that the Latin American defence of sovereignty is 'part of the legacy which our aboriginal ancestors have passed on to us through chromosomes', the discourse on sovereignty and non-intervention has become a Latin American trademark.

In the middle of an ecological and socio-economic imbalance context, strategies and policies are designed at different institutional levels. The objective is to move towards a model of sustainable development. Studying the metabolism allows us to know, partially, the way a territory works according to different flows of materials and energy. However, this knowledge about the ecological consequences of a territory, is hardly set in relation to major societal issues and different roles involved during these exchanges. Working towards a global rebalancing, is a question of ensuring compliance with the principles of fairness, justice and freedom answering the basic needs of actors. The construction of a collective interest appears as an answer to define and to implement sustainability policies, which are territorial and global issues. One of the hypothesis is that the modes of interaction of cooperative behaviors help and promote the construction of the collective interest. The purpose of this work is to try to understand how a metabolism study could be mobilized to participate in a process of territorial sustainable construction. The research is based on the work in the field accomplished all over "ANR Villes Durables Confluent Project" as well as on alimentary supply chain ; Dans un contexte de déséquilibres écologiques et socio-économiques, des stratégies et politiques sont conçues à différentes échelles institutionnelles pour tendre vers un modèle de développement soutenable. Une étude de métabolisme permet, par la mesure de certains flux de matières et d'énergie, d'appréhender le fonctionnement d'un territoire d'un point de vue physique. Cependant, cette connaissance sur les conséquences écologiques d'un territoire est difficilement mise en lien avec les grandes questions sociétales et les jeux d'acteurs impliqués dans ces échanges. Afin de tendre vers un rééquilibrage global, il est donc question de garantir le respect des principes d'équité, de justice et de liberté dans les réponses apportées aux besoins ...

The current world disaster phenomenon has had an impact on the countryIndonesia. This can be seen from the paralysis of the community's economy both in the fieldgovernment and private. With the Covid-19 Virus that resultedparalysis on every front that requires the government to shift allocationsexisting funds both at the central and regional levels. This research aims to seechanges in village fund budget allocations for the prevention of Covid-19 in sub-districtsMoyo Hulu. The village that is the object of observation in Moyo Hulu sub-district is the villageSemamung, Pernek village, and Leseng village. The type of research used inThis research is a qualitative research, using an interpretive paradigm.The results of this study indicate that budget planning has been carried out based on principlesgood governance, namely transparent and accountable Village Fund Management so farrunning effectively, can be seen concrete evidence, namely in the form of developmentinfrastructure, community empowerment. Changes in Village funds due to Covid-19 toohas complied with the regulations that overshadow it. ; Fenomena bencana dunia yang terjadi saat ini telah memberikan dampak bagi negaraIndonesia. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari lumpuhnya perekonomian masyarakat baik dibidangpemerintahan maupun swasta. Dengan adanya Virus Covid-19 yang mengakibatkankelumpuhan di setiap lini yang mengharuskan pemerintah untuk menggeserkan alokasidana yang ada baik di pusat maupun di daerah.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihatperubahan alokasi anggaran dana desa terhadap pencegahan Covid-19 di kecamatanMoyo Hulu. Desa yang menjadi objek pengamatan di kecamatan Moyo Hulu, yaitu desaSemamung, desa Pernek, dan desa Leseng. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalampenelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif, dengan menggunakan paradigma interpretif.Hasil penelitian ini bahwa perencanaan anggaran telah dilaksanakan berdasarkan prinsipgood governance yaitu transparan dan akuntabel Pengelolaan Dana desa selama ini telahberjalan dengan efektif, dapat dilihat bukti nyata, yaitu berupa pembangunaninfrastruktur, pemberdayaan masyarakat. Perubahan dana Desa akibat Covid-19 jugatelah sesuai peraturan yang menaunginya.

ASEAN, India, Australia : towards closer engagement in a new Asia -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- List of A bbreviations -- Introduction Robin Jeffrey -- Part I: Emerging Regional Security -- 1. Emerging Regional Security Architecture: An Australian Perspective by William T. Tow and Brendan Taylor -- 2. Emerging East Asian Regional Architecture: ASEAN Perspectives by Chin Kin Wah -- 3. India in the Emerging Asian Architecture: Prospects for Security Cooperation with ASEAN and Australia by C. Raja Mohan -- 4. ASEAN, Australia, and India in Asia's Regional Order by Deepak Nair -- Part II: Energy Security -- 5. Regional Energy Security: A Challenging Objective? by Stuart Harris -- 6. Energy Security: An ASEAN Perspective by Elspeth Thomson -- 7. India's Perspectives on Energy Security by Ligia Noronha -- Part III: Climate Change -- 8. The Strategic Implications of Climate Change by Alan Dupont -- 9. Climate Change: An ASEAN Perspective by Michael Richardson -- 10. Indian Perspectives on Climate Change by T.P. Singh and Sharai Lewis-Gruss -- Part IV: Maritime Security -- 11. Australia and Maritime Security in the Nort heast Indian Ocean by Chris Rahman -- 12. ASEAN Maritime Security Perspectives: Enduring Partnerships by Ramli H. Nik -- 13. Maritime Security Triangulation of ASEAN-Australia-India: An Indian Perspective by W. Lawrence S. Prabhakar -- 14. Governance in Australian Discourse by William Maley -- 15. ASEAN Charter and Perspectives of Governance and Democracy in Asia by Ho Khai Leong -- 16. The Problem of Governance in India by Sarbeswar Sahoo -- Part V: Law Enforcement/ Combating International Crime -- 17. Implications of the Growing Prevale nce of Interegional Crime for Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Region by Sandy Gordon -- 18. Australian Perspectives on Regional Law Enforcement: Issues and Challenges by Grant Wardlaw -- 19. Countering International Crime in an ASEAN Context: Singapore's Perspective by Lock Wai Han -- 20. Indian Perspectives on Law Enforcement against Internatioinal Crime by Hormis Tharakan -- Conclusion: Pritam Singh and Michael Wesley -- Bibliography -- Index.

AbstractThis article compares data on political regimes, international treaty ratification, and criminal indicators at the regional level to claim that Latin American countries are in a unique situation in the international system. Compared to other Global South regions, North America, and Europe, Latin America is a democratic region with the highest formal commitment to the international human rights regime yet has the highest levels of criminal activity. Other predominantly democratic regions do not experience the same problems related to criminal governance, such as state vulnerability and displaced populations. In addition, other regions where authoritarian regimes are the majority do not pretend to align with the principles of the international liberal order (ILO) as much as Latin America does. To explain this situation in the current context of challenges to the ILO, this article proposes the concept of geopolitics of norms to illustrate a dynamic in which nonmaterial factors such as identity explain norm adoption and adaptation in the region. We look at regional organizations and the adaptation of liberal human security principles to illustrate our point.