The present work is focused on approaching the origin, the principles & the course of action of two new proposals of regional integration in Latin America: the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas (BAA) & the Southern Community of Nations (SCN), known nowadays like South American Nations Union (UNASUR). The named new proposals of the regional integration in the Latin American subsystem are studied from the perspective of the Autonomy Theory. We identify a kind of specific autonomy in each process of integration. We aim at proving that the BAA would suit the "secessionist autonomy" whereas the latter project, the SCN, could suit the "relational autonomy.". Adapted from the source document.
The essay aims to reflect on the Regional Integration in Latin America: first, by stressing the sense of the concept of "Latin America" from a political perspective; then, by underlining the complex nature of this process. The thesis that is intended to be argued is that the most important advances in the field of regional integration have been produced by the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, in part by abandoning the European integration model
La presente tesi ha come obiettivo principale un'analisi dei caratteri salienti dell'istituto della cittadinanza e gli effetti che questo potrebbe produrre alla luce del diritto internazionale e dei processi di integrazione regionale. Tenendo presente che la cittadinanza, in quanto istituto di diritto interno, irradia i suoi effetti e soffre altresì limitazioni anche dall'esterno, tale da renderla rilevante per l'ordinamento giuridico internazionale, osserveremo come e in quali misure i fenomeni di integrazione regionale, quale Unione europea e Mercosul, impattano sulla tematica della cittadinanza. In questo senso, l'istituzione di una cittadinanza comune, la quale presuppone la titolarità di quella nazionale, è stata alla base delle iniziative dell'Unione in questo campo. Più di recente, tale interesse ha coinvolto anche il Mercosul in ragione della crescente attenzione verso la disciplina delle aree sociali oltre che quelle economiche, soprattutto per quanto riguarda la circolazione e il soggiorno delle persone e l'approvazione di un piano di azione che prevede l'istituzione della Cittadinanza del Mercosul, ispirata dal modello europeo, entro il 2021. ; The primary purpose of this research is to conduct an analysis of the main features of citizenship and the effects that it might produce in the light of international law and of regional integration processes. Citizenship under national law radiates its effects and also suffers limitation from outside and for this reason it appears extremely relevant to international law. We will thus observe how and in which measures the regional integration phenomena, in particular the European Union and the Mercosur, have an impact on the issue of citizenship. In this sense, the establishment of a common citizenship, which presupposes nationality of a Member State, has been the basis for European Union initiatives in this field. More recently, these initiatives have also involved the Mercosur in light of an increasing attention towards the regulation of social as well as economic areas, especially with reference to the movement and residence of people and the approval of a plan of action for the establishment of the Mercosur Citizenship within 2021, that is inspired by the European model.
Domenico Longhi, "Integrazione tra infrastrutture geografiche e reti di stazion permanenti delle regioni = Integration of geographical infrastructure and regional permanent stations networks" in: Bollettino dell'Associazione Italiana di Cartografia, 153 (2015), pp. 69-78 ; L'impegno delle Regioni e Provincie Autonome nella realizzazione e gestione di reti NRTK, nonché il loro contribuito alla realizzazione ed al monitoraggio della rete RDN, è finalizzato alla realizzazione di un sistema di Open Services in ambito geodetico. Tale sistema può costituire uno degli elementi della Infrastruttura Geodetica Nazionale, che, secondo le Regioni e Province Autonome, può realizzarsi come struttura di tipo federativo basata sulla cooperazione inter-istituzionale tra tutti i soggetti pubblici coinvolti (IGM, Agenzia delle Entrate, Regioni/CISIS, AGID) con il supporto scientifico delle Università. Il quadro di riferimento tecnologico in cui realizzare tale sistema federato dovrà essere fondato sugli standard europei e nazionali: Sistema di riferimento terrestre europeo EUREF, Direttiva INSPIRE, Sistema Pubblico di Connettività, sistema di Interoperabilità e Cooperazione Applicativa, Codice dell'Amministrazione Digitale, inoltre dovrà inserirsi negli interventi per l'attuazione delle Agende Digitali ai vari livelli. ; In order to create an Open Services System in geodetics, Regions and Autonomous Provinces are making efforts in implementing and managing NRTK and in building and monitoring the National dynamic Network (RDN). This Open Services System may be one of the components ofthe National Geodetics Infrastructure. According to Regions and Autonomous Provinces, the National Geodetics Infrastructure ought to have federative structure, based on cooperation between IGM, Revenue Agency, Regions/CISIS,AGID and Universities. This federate system should be based on National and European technological standards like EUREF, INSPIRE Directive, Public Connectivity System, Interoperability and Application Cooperation System, Digital Administration Code and should fit into interventions for accomplishment of Digital Agenda at all levels.
La bioeconomia si riferisce ad un sistema che si fonda sull'uso intelligente delle risorse biologiche e rinnovabili provenienti dalla terra e dal mare come input industriali e della produzione di alimenti. La Commissione Europea, facendo seguito al lungo dibattito e al percorso effettuato negli ultimi anni sulla strada della sostenibilità, ha approvato la Strategia per l'innovazione per una crescita sostenibile e una bioeconomia per l'Europa. Il lavoro si propone di approfondire come la marginalità territoriale collegata alle disparità socio-economiche, possa essere elemento di vantaggio per la sfida proposta dalla bioeconomia in aree marginali come la Sicilia che hanno le potenzialità di cogliere le possibilità offerte dalla strategia europea. Un vantaggio competitivo derivante da forme di aggregazioni territoriali indicate come proto-biocluster, in grado di intraprendere percorsi di sviluppo locali caratterizzati dalla differenziazione produttiva e dall'integrazione funzionale di attività agricole e non agricole, nel quale la componente spaziale prevale su quella settoriale, per un uso economico delle biodiversità. ; Bioeconomy refers to a system based on the smart utilization of biological resources based on sources from land and sea as industrial input and production of food. The Bioeconomy will also contribute to limiting the negative impacts on the environment, reduce the heavy dependency on fossil resources, mitigate climate change and move Europe towards a post-petroleum society. The work aims to investigate how the territorial marginality linked to socio-economic disparities can be a competitive advantage for the challenges proposed by the bioeconomy innovation strategy. An example of a Sicilian bio-cluster is indicated for a significant product differentiation and functional integration of agricultural and non-agricultural land, in which the spatial component reveals a new sustainable development process.
This wide-ranging theme takes Braudel's concept of the "Mediterranean" as its starting point. Braudel's vision of an enclosed sea as a geographical opportunity for economic integration between nations with different religions, languages and ethnicities and political bodies still functions as a model for studies on a wide range of contexts. The goal of the 50th Study Week was to go beyond the study of individual systems in isolation, and to combine instead different analysis of open and enclosed seas or coastal areas in order to understand the integration role played by maritime connections in Europe. Since in pre-industrial civilizations water transport was easier than land transport, the time has come to bring attention to the way these relationship networks operated both on a European level and with Asian and North African trade partners. This volume starts from the great research traditions which have, however, rarely been integrated on a larger and continental scale, and analyses them on either a regional or thematic basis. Immanuel Wallerstein has developed Braudel's concept by conceptualising its intercultural and transnational dimensions and its role in the system of labour. He called it a "world system", not because it involves the whole world, but because it is larger than any legally defined political unit. And it is a "world economy" because the base link between the different parts of the system has an economic nature. The various regional research aspects and traditions have been linked together in a coherent approach which aims at evaluating: - What geographical, nautical, technical, economic, legal, social and cultural elements influenced the emergence of the various regional networks, and how these worked; - The nature and role of seaports as nodal points of sea routes and of their hinterland through rivers, canals and roads; - The commercial and personal ties between merchants and shipowners in various ports; - How regional networks connected with each other and how, over time, they ended up integrating into larger units; - How private networks, initially between merchant and seafarer organizations, ended up dealing with local authorities and, after their growth, with states and empires in order to protect their interests.
The aim of this paper is a reflection on the role of space in the processes of economic change. Starting in the United States the financial and economic crisis infected Europe after 2007. A wider debate on the current differential role of governments in the U.S. and Europe in addressing the crisis has emerged. The bailout programs in the U.S. have made reference to a unitary and homogeneous reference frame in the presence of a central bank whose broad mandate includes development goals. Europe, instead, has shown a different scenario and the same financial integration project depends on the complex relationship between individuals and the community, national sovereignty and increasingly binding European procedures. In this overall scenario, however, seems to be missing a vital issue: the territorial dimension, crucial element of the new economic conditions. According to the birth of new economic and social hierarchies, regional development, must consider the possibility of using marginal areas, those that have so far suffered the predominance of the central ones, but having now new and unexploited economic and institutional assets.
Daniele Benzi, Ximena Zapata Mafla "Petrolio e petrodollari nella politica internazionale del Venezuela. Una breve rassegna storica (1958-2012)", in: Visioni LatinoAmericane, 11 (2014), pp. 63-80 ; Gli autori disegnano una breve rassegna storica delle politiche d'integrazione regionale e di cooperazione internazionale attuate dal Venezuela nel periodo che va dalla restaurazione della democrazia rappresentativa, nel 1958, fino ad oggi. Sebbene venga individuato un chiaro spartiacque tra le varie tappe del regime del Pacto de Punto Fijo (1958-1998) e l'inizio del processo bolivariano, viene sostenuta la tesi che l'agire venezuelano nello spazio della politica internazionale, come nei progetti d'integrazione regionale e di cooperazione internazionale, sia fortemente condizionato dal fatto che il Paese è strutturalmente dipendente dal petrolio e dalla rendita petrolifera. Ciò comporta la persistenza di modelli, vincoli e peculiarità che sembrano incidere in modo ambiguo nel perseguire le mete emancipatorie del progetto bolivariano. Los autores ofrecen una breve resena histórica de las politicas de integración regional y cooperación internacional puestas en practica por Venezuela desde la restauración de la democracia representativa, en 1958, hasta la fecha. Si bien se identifica un nitido parte aguas entre las varias etapas del régimen del Pacto de Punto Fijo (1958-1998) y el inicio del proceso bolivariano, en este anàlisis se insiste en que el desenvolvimiento de la politica internacional venezolana y de sus proyectos de integración regional y cooperación internacional lleva marcadamente el sello que define estructuralmente a Venezuela como un Pais rentista petrolero, implicando la continuidad de ciertos patrones, condicionamientos y peculiaridades que parecerian incidir de manera ambigua en la consecución de los objetivos emancipadores del proyecto bolivariano. The authors provide a brief historical review of the regional integration and international cooperation policies implemented by Venezuela since the restoration of representative democracy in 1958 to date. Even though a clear breakup between the various stages of Punto Fijo Regime (1958-1998) and the beginning of the Bolivarian process is identified, this analysis emphasizes that the Venezuelan foreign policy and the regional integration and international cooperation projects it promotes, markedly bear the imprint that structurally defines the country as an oil-rentier state. This implies the continuity of certain patterns, constraints and peculiarities which seem to ambiguously affect the emancipatory purposes of the Bolivarian project when characterizing its actual function¬ing and assessing its impact.
