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Since WWII, the focus of power in the international labor movement is no longer in Europe. Events, in which US labor has played a signif role, have favored a definite trend toward decentralization & the strengthening of regional org's. This has been secured in part by the establishment of regional (Asian, European, Latin American) offices by international federations of unions in specific trades or industries, & in part by the creation of regional org's in Europe, the Americas, & Asia by the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions. Some of the problems involved in these trends, the specific difficulties which face the extension of the movement to Africa, & the rivalry between the leading world confederations of labor, the ICFTU & the Communist World Federation of Trade Unions are discussed. AAAPSS.

published_or_final_version ; Politics and Public Administration ; Doctoral ; Doctor of Philosophy

Regional organizations (ROs), a key component of the global order, have become a significant tool for achieving foreign policy objectives of the member countries. Amidst the prevailing politico-strategic environment, a speckled range of national interests of the regional states and non-regional states has motivated or compelled the states to create, collaborate and participate in the functioning of ROs. India is associated with those ROs that possess objectives convenient in pursuit of its national interests and also identical to its foreign policy targets. In this context, this article argues that India's policy towards ROs is shaped by the Cold War and post-Cold War developments along with the emerging strategic and security environment in the twenty-first century. These developments have created a divergence or convergence of India's preferences and beliefs with other countries and have determined its participation in the ROs. It is participating actively in the functioning of ROs in pursuit of its national interests in diverse arenas. The ROs, especially South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC), Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and even European Union (EU) and Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) are the key instruments for India to achieve the objectives of respective Neighbourhood First Policy (NFP), Look East Policy (LEP), Act East Policy (AEP), Look North Policy (LNP), Connect Central Asia Policy (CCAP) and Indo-Pacific Vision (IPV) frameworks of its foreign policy towards South Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Indo-Pacific and the globe. Apart from economic, strategic and security cooperation in the regional context, the ROs can help India in bolstering its image and status as a key power in global affairs.

Intro -- Non-Governmental Interests in International Regional Organizations -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acronyms -- Abbreviations -- General Introduction -- 1 Non-governmental Interests in the International Legal Order: Recent Trends -- 2 Participation of Non-governmental Interests in International Organizations -- 2.1 The Un-organic Involvement of Non-governmental Interests and Its Particular Diffusion in Universal Organizations -- 2.2 The Organic Involvement of Non-governmental Interests and Its Significant Diffusion in Regional Organizations -- 3 Studies on the Participation of Non-governmental Interests in International Organizations -- 4 Methodology and Research Plan -- 1 Non-governmental Interests in Regional Organizations -- 1 Evolution in the Institutional Design of Regional Organizations: The Bipolar Institutional Structure and the Multipolar One -- 1.1 The Diffusion of the Bipolar Institutional Structure and the Multipolar One until the End of the 1980s -- 1.2 The Diffusion of the Bipolar Institutional Structure and the Multipolar One from the 1990s -- 2 Non-governmental Institutions: Concept and Criteria for Classification -- 2.1 Ratione Materiae Criterion: Parliamentary, Socio-economic and Territorial Institutions -- 2.2 Legal Criterion: Integrated Institutions versus Connected Institutions -- 3 Reasons for the Establishment of Institutions Representing Non-governmental Interests Within Regional Organizations -- 3.1 The Legal Factor: Broadening of the Mandate of International Organizations -- 3.2 The Non-legal Factor: The Trend to Emulation -- 4 Current Dissemination of the Phenomenon of Institutional Multipolarism of Regional Organizations -- 4.1 The Legal Models of Interstate Institutionalized Cooperation and the Institutional Multipolarism of Regional Organizations.

"Reprinted from the Department of State bulletin of June 21, 1965." ; Cover title. ; Mode of access: Internet.

How similar are the institutional designs of regional organizations (ROs)? Is there a trend toward particular designs such as the European Union's, or is there greater institutional variety as more regions have created an increasing number of ROs? Which designs have spread through the system, and which remain idiosyncratic? To answer these questions, the Comparative Regional Organizations Project has assembled the most detailed dataset on ROs to date, with more than 80 organizations and their 276 founding and amending treaties being coded on more than 300 institutional design features. From these data, the project has generated the Regional Organizations Similarity Index (ROSI), a dyadic measure of the similarity between any two ROs at various points during their existence. We outline the rationale for ROSI and detail its construction, and show that it captures previously unstudied patterns of variation in the RO universe across time and space. In addition to generalizations about the case universe, ROSI allows us to estimate which institutional designs constitute deviations and which tend to follow established models. We demonstrate the validity of ROSI with the help of brief case studies exploring which institutional design features led to the identified scores.