Dubrovačko-neretvanska županija (ukupne površine 9272,37 km2, 122 870 stanovnika 2001. godine), najjužnija je županija u Republici Hrvatskoj, a teritorijalno je organizirana u 22 jedinice lokalne uprave i samouprave. Na temelju terenskih istraživanja i analize različitih izvora prostornih podataka te postojeće prostorno-planske dokumentacije (svih razina planiranja) obrađene su značajke i posebnosti prostornog planiranja u Dubrovačko-neretvanskoj županiji koje su značajno utjecale na povijesno-geografski te društveno-gospodarski razvitak spomenutog prostora. Prostorno planiranje svoje korijene na ovim prostorima ima u Statutu Grada Dubrovnika iz 1272. godine, a kao početak suvremenog razdoblja smatra se izrada Regionalnoga prostornog plana Južnog Jadrana (1964.-1968.) i Generalnoga urbanističkog plana Dubrovnika 1969. godine. ; Dubrovnik-Neretva County (area 9,272.37 sq km, population 122,870 in 2001) is the southernmost county of the Republic of Croatia and it is territorially divided into 22 units of local government and self-government. Characteristics and specifics of regional planning in Dubrovnik-Neretva County which considerably influenced historical and geographical as well as socio-economic development of the aforementioned area were analyzed on the grounds of field researches and analysis of different sources of physical data and available documents concerning regional planning (all levels of planning were studied). Regional planning in this area dates from the 1272 Statute of Dubrovnik, but Regional Plan of the Southern Adriatic (1964-1968) and General Urban Plan of Dubrovnik from 1969 are considered to be the beginning of the modern period of planning.
Do lokalnog se razvoja dolazi na temelju pažljivo pripremljene i provedene lokalne razvojne strategije. U jedinicama lokalne i područne (regionalne) samouprave nužno je usvojiti nov način strateškog planiranja, koji objedinjava proračunsko planiranje i strategiju razvoja lokalne jedinice s ciljem praćenja ostvarivanja rezultata trošečnjem proračunskih sredstava. U razvijenim se državama strategija lokalnog i regionalnog razvoja provodi putem participativnog pristupa u planiranju. To znači da u izradi strategije sudjeluju svi važni dionici koji djeluju na lokalnoj razini. U Hrvatskoj, slično kao i u većini drugih zemalja istone i jugoistočne Europe, ne postoji dovoljno iskustava u primjeni participativnog pristupa. Teorijska rješenja i praktična iskustva uspješnih država upućuju na važnost usklađivanja svih važnih elemenata da bi se pripremila uspješna strategija lokalnog razvoja. Suvremeni pristup strategiji lokalnog i regionalnog razvoja analizira se u okviru decentralizacije javnih poslova, odgovornosti za njihovo obavljanje i načina njihova financiranja. Lokalne i regionalne vlasti mogu najbolje upravljati lokalnim razvojem, a efektivnost se postiže u koordinaciji sa širom razinom vlasti, koja osigurava jasan okvir za strateško planiranje i donošenje odluka, kao i u suradnji i partnerstvu s privatnim i nevladinim sektorom. U oblikovanju lokalnih razvojnih strategija pristup dobrog upravljanja postaje ključnim pristupom za ostvarenje dobrih rezultata i korištenje konkurentskih prednosti. Premda fiskalna teorija poznaje više pristupa planiranju proračuna, programski proračun ključni je preduvjet za mjerenje lokalnih i regionalnih rezultata. Time se postiže veća učinkovitost i transparentnost, jer je programski proračun usmjeren na djelotvornost i mjerenje rezultata. Onda je odgovore na pitanja: što se želi postići? i Koliko će koštati ostvarenje cilja? Ta vrsta planiranja zahtijeva strateško planiranje koje uključuje jasno određenje misije, ciljeva i mjera za praćenje rezultata. Upravljanje na temelju mjerenja rezultata nalazi sve širu primjenu i u javnom sektoru, uključujući lokalnu i regionalnu razinu. Uspješno praćenje i vrednovanje rezultata ostvarenih u jednoj lokalnoj ili regionalnoj jedinici zahtijeva jasno prikazivanje rezultata u skladu s postavljenim strateškim ciljevima. ; Local development is the result of a care fully planned and implemented local development strategy. It is necessary to adopt a new way of strategic planning for local and regional self-government units, which would include budget planning and local unit(s) development strategy. The purpose is to monitor the results achieved by budget expenditures. In the developed countries, local and regional development strategies are implemented by using the participative approach. It means that all the relevant local and regional stake holders participate in designing a local and regional development strategy. Similar to the countries of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, there is a lack of experience with the use of the participative approach in designing local and regional development strategies in Croatia. Theoretical solutions and real-life experiences of the successful countries stress the importance of co-ordination of all the relevant elements in order to design a successful local development strategy. Modern approach to the local and regional development strategy is analysed within the framework of decentralisation of public affairs, responsibility for their performance and the manner of their financing. Local and regional authorities are able to manage local development most successfully. Effectiveness is achived in co-ordination with the broader level of government, which provides a clear frame work for strategic planning and decision-making, and in co-operation and partnership with the private and NGO sectors. The good governance approach has become essential for achieving good results and using the competitive advantages. Although fiscal theory has several approaches to budget planning, program budgeting is the key precondition for assessing the results achieved at the local and regional levels. It leads to increased effectiveness and transparency, since program budgeting is focused on the effectiveness (planning) and measuring the achieved results, as well as answering the questions such as "What is the goal?" and "What are the costs of achieving that goal?". In order to achieve these objectives, program budgeting requires strategic planning which means clearly defined mission, objectives, and measures for monitoring the results achieved by local self-government units. Performance management has been spreading in the public sector, and consequently at both local and regional levels. Successful monitoring and assessment of the results achieved by a municipality, town, or region is going to require their transparent description in accordance with the strategic goals.
Komentiraju se slijed dosadašnjih pokušaja te aktualni napo-ri u vezi s decentralizacijom. Elaborira se četrnaest prijedloga za korjenitu decentralizaciju, koja jedina ima smisla ako se lokalna i regionalna samouprava želi konstituirati kao jedan od ključnih aktera ekonomskog, društvenog i socijalnog razvoja te ekonomske stabilnosti zemlje. Riječ je o: oblikovanju strategije decentralizacije; u čvršćenju strukture za regionalni razvoj; zadržavanja dvostupanjske strukture terito- rijalne samouprave, ali različite od postojeće; formiranju pet regija umjesto sadašnjih dvadeset županija; spajanju preko 550 lokalnih jedinica u 150 velikih općina; zadržavanju i ja-č anju mjesne samouprave; preoblikovanje županija u uprav- ne okruge s primjenom načela one-stop-shop, smanjenjem broja tih okruga na desetak i širenjem njihova djelokruga na poslove sadašnjih područnih jedinica središnjih tijela državne uprave; jačanju financijskog kapaciteta lokalne samouprave tako da se dosegne udio lokalnih rashoda u rashodima opće drž ave od 25% u narednih pet godina; uvođenju mješovitog izbornog sustava tako da se pored proporcionalnog uvede većinsko predstavništvo; formiranju Agencije za lokalne službenike kao nezavisnog tijela na razini države; usposta- vi jedinstvenog informacijskog sustava lokalne samouprave; prenošenju dijela poslova državne uprave na obavljanje većim jedinicama lokalne samouprave; formiranju ekspertne radne skupine za pripremu decentralizacije; planiranju decentralizacije tako da se čitav program provede do lokalnih izbora 2017. Navode se i mogućnosti usavršavanja postojećeg centraliziranog modela organizacije države, ponajprije kroz diferencijaciju položaja objektivno različitih jedinica te poticanje i nametanje intermunicipalne suradnje. ; The paper begins with a comment on the sequence of previous attempts at decentralisation and a description of current efforts made concerning the decentralisation process. Fourteen suggestions for substantive decentralisation are elaborated. A substantive decentralisation is the only reasonable decentralisation form if local and regional self-government is to be constituted as one of the key actors of economic and social development, and of economic stability of the country. These fourteen sugges- tions include: (1) designing a decentralisation strategy; (2) strengthening the structure for regional development; (3) maintaining the two-tier system of territorial self-government, which should nevertheless differ from the existing model; (4) forming five regions instead of the existing twenty counties; (5) merging more than 550 local units into 150 large municipalities; (6) maintaining and strengthening forms of intra-municipal self-government; (7) reshaping counties into state administrative units with the implementation of one-stop-shop principle, by reducing them to ten units and by widening their competences to the tasks of the existing branch of- fices of various ministries; (8) strengthening the financial capacity of local self-government so as to rise the share of local expenditures in the general state expenditures to 25 per cent in the next five years; (9) considering the introduction of mixed electoral system, so as to introduce plurality representation along with proportional; (10) establishing an Agency for Local Civil Servants as a central level independent body; (11) establishing an integrated information system on local governments; (12) transferring certain state administrative tasks to larger local self-government units; (13) forming an group of experts that would professionaly prepare decentralisation; (14) planning decentralisation so that the whole programme will have been finished by 2017 local elections. The author has also made suggestions for the another scenario – improvement of the existing cen- tralised model of state organisation, primarily via deeper differentiation between the objectively different local units, and stimulation and imposition of intermunicipal cooperation.
학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 환경계획학과, 2012. 2. 전상인. ; 경주지역의 고도보존법 개정과정 사례는 사회구조의 변화에 따른 문제점과 갈등의 원인을 공공부문과 시민들이 함께 인식하고, 다양한 이해관계자들이 참여와 협력을 통한 상호작용으로 합의를 도출한 협력적 계획사례로 평가할 수 있다. 따라서 경주사례를 협력적 계획의 구성요소를 통해 분석해 보는 과정은, 지방 환경에서 협력적 계획이론의 적합성과 현실에서의 적용에 있어 발생하는 문제들을 어떻게 개선하여 보완해야 하는지에 대하여 시사점을 제공한다. 협력적 계획이론에 대한 탐구를 바탕으로, 협력적 계획의 네 가지 구성요소들인 '제도적 맥락', '상호작용의 장', '사회적 학습', '참여 및 합의형성'을 도출하였고, 그중 제도적 맥락을 중심으로 분석을 진행하였다. 경주지역 고도보존법 개정과정에는 공공부문과 시민부문을 중심으로 하는 다양한 이해관계자들이 네트워크를 형성하고 있으며, 공유된 이해에 따라 네트워크는 변화하는 양상을 나타냈다. 개정과정의 이해관계자들은 공청회와 주민설명회를 중심으로 하는 상호작용의 장에서 유통되는 정보를 바탕으로 사회적 학습을 하고 있었으며, 이를 바탕으로 계획과정에 참여하여 개정안의 도출이라는 합의를 형성하였다. 분석의 결과를 종합하면, 경주의 사례는 협력적 계획의 외형은 갖추어져 있다고 평가할 수 있지만, 실제 과정에 있어서는 공공부문의 제한적인 정보공개 범위와 접근성의 문제, 참여자의 대표성과 권력의 비차별성이 부족, 상호작용의 장에서 공동학습이 이루어지기보다 소통의 방향이 일방적이라는 문제점을 가지고 있었다. 제도적 맥락으로 종합하면, 경주지역에 있어 위 문제들은 이해관계자들 간 신뢰저하의 원인으로 작용하였다. 경주지역의 이해관계자들은 정책의 목표달성을 위해 표면적으로 협력하고 있지만 서로를 신뢰하지 않았다. 지방환경에서 발생하는 공공부문과 시민들 간의 신뢰의 문제는 지속적인 합의형성의 학습에서 그 해답을 구할 수 있기에, 정책적 제언을 통해 제도적 보완과 사유재산권 제한에 대한 해법을 모색하고자 하였다. ; Gyeongju-city's preservation law revision process is evaluated as collaborative planning practices. On this case, first the public sector and citizens recognize social problem and conflicts, then various stakeholders are produced agreement with participation and interaction. Therefore, this analysis of cooperative Gyeongju case through the components of the collaborative planning theory provides implications for suitability of collaborative planning theory. It also provides the application of local environment and how to improve and supplement in real life problems. To precede the analysis, first I studied on collaborative planning theory and then derived four components of the collaborative planning theory that 'institutional context', 'field of interaction', 'social learning', 'participation and consensus-building'. Among these components, analysis was performed mainly on the institutional context. Various stakeholders to form a network and a shared understanding of the network showed a changing pattern in this revision process. Stakeholders are conducting social learning, based on the information that delivered by public-hearings and presentations around field of interaction. Based on this information, they involved in the planning process and derived the agreement. In sum, this case evaluated as collaborative planning case superficially. But there are some problems in process that information, participation and mutual understanding. Problem that listed above acts as the cause of deterioration of trust between stakeholders. On the surface, to achieve the goals of the policy is working, but stakeholders are did not trust each other. Through policy proposal, I tried to seek a solution on deterioration of trust problem. Continuous learning on public consensus is encouraging a social capital, such as trust. Study institutional complements on regional commission and find solution in private property limitation problem, are able to derive consensus making. ; Master
Napor na uključenju načela održivosti u osnove prostornog planiranja u današnjem postsocijalističkom svijetu traži nove odnose između ustaljenih i suvremenih sudionika. Pojedini interesenti uključeni u razvoj, upravljanje i politiku djeluju na ishod regionalnih i urbanih sustava u Hrvatskoj ponekad bez obraćanja pozornosti na održivost. Njihovo djelovanje pokazuje nedostatak svijesti i negativan odnos prema održivosti u planerskoj praksi gdje je glavni cilj unaprijediti kakvoću života sadašnjih i budućih naraštaja. Bez dobrih ideja o nosivim kapacitetima i održivosti, neki od ovih sudionika zanemaruju planerska znanja i ekspertizu (CAVRIĆ, NEDOVIĆ – BUDIĆ, 2007.). Vještinama i znanjima planeri ih savjetuju, međutim, glavna pokretačka sila još je uvijek politički utjecaj. Takvi predlagači uspijevaju zaštititi svoje osobne probitke glede prostora i zemljišta nauštrb javnosti i običnih građana, podržavajući sustav izrade "preslikanih" planerskih izvješća, pogodujući tek daljem urbanom širenju i nenadziranoj izgradnji. Na žalost, poradi dužega vremenskog društvenog ignoriranja i jake sveze lobija investitora, arhitekata i građevinara, različite međunarodne planerske ideje s "održivošću na umu" još ne utječu na hrvatsku teoriju i praksu planiranja. Neke su od njih jednostavno neprihvaćane, netočno tumačene ili odbacivane zahvaljujući krutoj zakonskoj regulativi, nepostojanju formalnog školovanja planera i povlaštenom položaju tek jednog tipa ovlaštenih planera tj. arhitekata . Osjetljivost za alternativna razvojna rješenja, sudjelovanje javnosti, novine u ponašanju, organizaciji i tehnologijama, raznovrsnost pomagala za provedbu u planerskoj "kutiji s alatima", kao i različite vrste planerskih poslova u usmjeravanju održivih promjena, tek treba prepoznati u zemlji koja je u procesu pristupanja EU. Unatoč tomu, ovaj rad teži sumirati održivost i njezine sastavnice kao nove postavke, u kojima je glavna misao vodilja novoga globalnog pristupa planiranju, objavljena od Centra za ljudska naselja Ujedinjenih Naroda (UNCHS) kako slijedi: "Novo planiranje je manje kodirano i tehničko, više inovativno i poduzetničko. Ono je više sudioničko i usmjerenije projektima nego cjelovitim prostornim sustavima. Plansku ekspertizu sve češće ne zahtijeva samo država već i dioničarski i javni dijelovi građanskog društva. Prijeporno nije planiranje samo po sebi, nego njegov cilj: da li ga voditi uglavnom učinkovitošću, jačajući postojeću razdiobu bogatstva i moći, ili bi trebalo odigrati distribucijsku ulogu da može pomoći pri stvaranju minimalnih standarda urbanog življenja" (Hague, 2001.). ; Effort to incorporate sustainability aspects into the spatial planning agenda requires new relationships between conventional and new players in today's post-socialist world. Some stakeholders engaged in development, management and governance are sometimes tailoring the destiny of regional and urban systems in Croatia without sustainability concerns. Their activities show the lack of awareness and negative attitude towards sustainable planning practices where the major goal is to improve the quality of life of current and future generations. Without sound ideas about carrying capacities and sustainability, some of these actors have ignored the planning knowledge and expertise (CAVRIĆ, NEDOVIĆ – BUDIĆ, 2007). Planners advise upon them with their professional skill and knowledge but the driving force is still political power. These proponents have managed to safeguard their own spatial and land interests on the expense of the public and ordinary citizens, by maintaining the system of "copy-paste" planning blue prints, suitable for supporting emerging urban sprawl and uncontrolled construction activities. Unfortunately, due to the long-term social ignorance and strong alliance of developer's lobbies, architects and constructors, various international planning ideas with "sustainability in mind" have not affected Croatian planning theory and practice, yet. Some of them are petrified, misinterpreted or simply abolished owing to obstinate legislation, the non-existence of formal planning education, and the privileged position of only one brand of chartered planners (e.g. architects) . Alternative development solutions, such as public participation, behavioral, organizational and technological advances, diversity of implementing instruments in the planner's "toolkit", and the planner's numerous tasks in guiding sustainable change, are still to be recognized in this EU accession country. Notwithstanding, this paper aims to summaries sustainability and its derivates as the new paradigms, in which the guiding leitmotif of the new global agenda for planning is spelled out by the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (2001b) as follows: "The new planning is less coded and technical, more innovative and entrepreneurial. It is more participatory and concerned with projects rather than whole spatial systems. Planning expertise is increasingly sought not only by the state, but also by the corporate sector and civil society. What is controversial is not planning per se, but its goal: whether it should be directed chiefly at efficiency, reinforcing the current distribution of wealth and power, or whether it should play a distributive role to help create minimum standards of urban liveability" (Hague, 2001).
Kao analiza podataka iz važećih strateških i planskih dokumenata Republike Hrvatske te jedinica lokalne i područne (regionalne) samouprave ovaj rad predstavlja prvu dosad objavljenu sistematizaciju potencijala u zdravstvenom turizmu regije s najduljom i kvalitativno najpotvrđenijom tradicijom pružanja zdravstvenih usluga u hrvatskom turizmu. Pregledom zapuštenih i devastiranih lokaliteta na području Krapinsko-zagorske i Varaždinske županije te isticanjem njihovih prednosti i perspektiva, autor je razradio temelje za usmjeravanje kreiranja politike razvoja turizma i zdravstva ovog dijela Republike Hrvatske pozicioniranjem Hrvatskog zagorja kao termalno-turističkog brenda dominantnog u nacionalnim i konkurentnog u međunarodnim tržišnim okvirima. ; As an analysis of the data from the existing strategic and planning documents of Republic of Croatia and local and regional governments, this paper presents the first ever published systematization of potentials in health tourism of the region with the longest tradition and highly acknowledged quality in providing health services in Croatian tourism. By examining abandoned and devastated sites in the Krapina-Zagorje and Varaždin County and highlighting their strengths and perspectives, the author has developed a foundation to guide policy-development of tourism and health care system in this part of the Republic of Croatia positioning Hrvatsko zagorje as a thermal-tourism brand dominant in national and competitive in international trade frame.
Rad prikazuje istraživanje koje je imalo za cilj utvrditi dostupnost socijalnih prava i usluga za obitelji u općinama u ruralnim područjima Hrvatske. Specifično su postavljena tri problema istraživanja: 1) utvrditi dostupnost određenih socijalna prava i usluga za obitelji, 2) utvrditi postoje li razlike u dostupnosti s obzirom na regionalnu pripadnost i razvojna obilježja općine te 3) utvrditi postoje li razlike u standardima kvalitete socijalnih prava i usluga s obzirom na regionalnu pripadnost općine i razvojna obilježja općine. Podaci su prikupljeni web anketom s predstavnicima 215 općina. Obiteljima su u većoj mjeri dostupna socijalna prava u odnosu na socijalne usluge. U najvećoj mjeri razvijena su prava i usluge koje promovira središnja državna vlast. Općine u panonskoj regiji kao najslabije razvijenoj imaju najviše dostupna socijalna prava, a najmanje dostupne socijalne usluge. Prava i usluge su dostupnije u općinama koje su bliže središtima županija. Što se tiče standarda kvalitete socijalnih prava i usluga, stanovništvo je zadovoljavajuće informirano i uključeno u planiranje, dok je slabije razvijeno korištenje EU fondova i uključenost civilnog društva. ; The paper presents a research on the availability of social rights and services for families in the municipalities in rural areas of Croatia. Specifically, three research questions were raised: 1) to determine the availability of certain social rights and services for families, 2) to determine whether there are differences in accessibility with regard to regional affiliation and developmental characteristics of the municipality, and 3) to determine whether there are differences in the quality standards of social rights and services given the regional affiliation and the developmental characteristics of the municipality. Data were collected through a web survey with representatives of 215 municipalities. Social rights are more available to families than social services. The most available rights and services are those promoted by the central government. Municipalities in the Pannonian region, as the least developed ones, have the most available social rights and the least available social services. Rights and services are more available in municipalities closer to the county centers. As regards the quality standards of social rights and services, the population is sufficiently informed and involved in planning, while the use of EU funds and civil society involvement are less developed.
U tekstu se prikazuju prvi poratni napori u očuvanju i restauriranju spomenika bombardiranog Senja te planovi za njegovo revitaliziranje. Stanje u Senju stavlja se u povijesnu perspektivu istraživanja započetih u drugoj polovici 19. stoljeća, a prvih pet godina konzervatorskog djelovanja prikazuje se prema arhivskim vrelima u tekstu i slici. Uz već poznata imena hrvatskih konzervatora, u tekstu se donose podaci o ulozi Vuka Krajača u planiranju očuvanja i razvitka toga povijesnoga grada. ; The paper examines information from the history of research and preservation of both individual monuments and the urban image of Senj. While the focus of interest is on the years following the Second World War, the frst section of the text recalls the pre-war national tradition of town research. The author argues that, in depicting events in the wake of wartime devastation, an account could to be given either of continuity or of the setting up of new principles in conservation and urban planning. Thus the frst portion of the paper centres on researchers who, prior to the bombardments, had set up a kind of cult of monuments in Senj as a nationally relevant town. This was a tradition launched by Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski in his travelogues and topographic descriptions of the monuments and then picked up by local researchers Stjepan Sabljak, Mile Magdić and Pavao Tijan. From the mid-19th to the mid-20th century, this creation of the image of Senj as a heritage setting was equally the work of travel writers, painters and photographers. The nearly hundred-year-old tradition saw contributions from renowned scholars Gjuro Szabo and Artur Schneider, as well as photographers Ivan Standl, Ljudevit Griesbach and Josip Kratochwill. After the bombardments, Senj awoke to the end of the Second World War as one of the most devastated of Croatian towns. Following the initial reactions of Senj photographer Ivan Stella in 1943 and the first inspection by conservator Tihomil Stahuljak in 1945, life in the ravaged town continued in the new state. The official attitude to Senj also indicates problems in the setting up of a new conservation system in the People's Republic of Croatia. The town was relatively far away from both Zagreb and Rijeka, situated at the ends of the regional offices' jurisdictions. In the months after the war, the town was inspected by Zagreb conservators Ljubo Karaman, Anđela Horvat and Ana Deanović, and, once the Conservation Department in Rijeka was established, the task was taken up by Mladen and Branko Fučić, Aleksandar Perc and Iva Perčić. The paper reveals records from the archives of the Conservation Department in Zagreb, kept by the Croatian Ministry of Culture. In a chronological overview, information is presented from travel reports, studies and correspondence from the time of the Five-Year Plans, a period that was quite promising for Senj. These practical assessments and recommendations are examined in their social context, i.e. within the framework of political reforms by the new communist state. While the Zagreb and Rijeka conservators drafted basic documents such as the Protocol on the Protection of Heritage in the Town of Senj of 1947, insisting on the concepts of maximum preservation of the historical setting, the inability to set up a permanent conservator in the town opened the way for appointments of honorary conservators. Although only appointed in 1949, Vuk Krajač was recognized soon after the war as an important ally of conservation ofcials. He authored the Study on the Regulation of the Town and Port of Senj of February 1949, where he discussed the preservation of the character of the historical town setting (as seen by the influential Gjuro Szabo prior to the devastation) and its development into a socialist town: one wellconnected and with developed industry and tourism, growth of population, cultural activity, physical culture and trade. The article draws attention to how the ravaged historical setting of Senj was treated. Krajač, as a man with the confdence of Zagreb and Rijeka conservators, fought in his home town for procedures of reconstruction (Gulden Tower and Lipica Tower) and adaptation with stylistic restoration (transformations of Vukasović Palace into the City Museum, Ježić Palace into a theatre building and the Grand Magazines into state ofces and ofcials' residences), as well as for substitutional new architecture with commemorative features (project for the Uskok Mausoleum at the site of the demolished St. Francis' Church). He took the city walls with their towers, as depicted by Valvasor, as a model for the efforts to bring the town back to life.
U obliku analize podataka iz važećih strateških i planskih dokumenata Republike Hrvatske i jedinica područne (regionalne) samouprave ovaj rad predstavlja prvu dosad objavljenu sistematizaciju potencijala u zdravstvenom turizmu Hrvatskog zagorja kao regije s najduljom i kvalitativno najpotvrđenijom tradicijom pružanja zdravstvenih usluga u hrvatskom turizmu te Međimurja kao pionira u ovom segmentu turizma, koji ima jednu od najvećih razvojnih perspektiva u kontinentalnoj Hrvatskoj. Pregledom neiskorištenih lokaliteta na području Krapinsko-zagorske, Međimurske i Varaždinske županije pogodnih za izgradnju novih objekata zdravstveno-turističke namjene te isticanjem njihovih prednosti i perspektiva, autor je razradio temelje za usmjeravanje kreiranja politike razvoja turizma i zdravstva ovog dijela Republike Hrvatske pozicioniranjem Hrvatskog zagorja i Međimurja kao termalno-turističkih brendova dominantnih u nacionalnim i konkurentnih u međunarodnim tržišnim okvirima. ; As an analysis of the data from the existing strategic and planning documents of Republic of Croatia and regional governments, this paper presents the first ever published systematization of potentials in health tourism of Hrvatsko zagorje as the region with the longest tradition and highly acknowledged quality in providing health services in the Croatian tourism, and of Međimurje, as a pioneer in this form of tourism with one of the greatest development perspectives in continental Croatia. By examining unexploited sites in the counties of KrapinaZagorje, Međimurje and Varaždin, suitable for the construction of new facilities for health tourism purposes, and highlighting their strengths and perspectives, the author has developed a foundation to guide policy-development of tourism and health care system in this part of the Republic of Croatia positioning Hrvatsko zagorje and Međimurje as thermal-tourism brands dominant in the national and competitive in international trade frame.
Uz porast starijeg stanovništva, u našem društvu raste potreba za organiziranjem različitih oblika skrbi. U modernom društvu smatra se da je to dugoročni sustav skrbi. Kako Slovenija još uvijek nema dugoročni sustav skrbi utemeljen na dugoročnom zakonodavstvu o skrbi, iako demografski trendovi pokazuju da za to postoji velika potreba, nužno je istražiti potrebe starijih osoba i moguće zadovoljavanje njihovih potreba. Koristeći metodu brze procjene potreba i usluga u općini Straža, identificirali smo prirodu i opseg dugoročnih potreba i iznašli učinkovita rješenja za potrebe starijih osoba slijedeći moderne smjernice u skrbi i zamjenu za institucijsku skrb. Ustanovili smo da je stanovništvo općine staro, da se mlađe stanovništvo iseljava, a sredovječna generacija svakodnevno putuje na posao izvan općine. Nema nikoga tko bi mogao skrbiti o starijima, a taj će se trend nastaviti i u budućnosti. Rješenja se mogu pronaći u organizaciji pomoći unutar općinske zajednice i u regionalnoj integraciji. Ipak, u kontekstu socijalne politike pri planiranju novih usluga treba uzeti u obzir trend smanjivanja kvalitete života starijih osoba, nadilaženje rasprostranjenih tabua o fenomenu starosti i smanjivanju autonomije i moći starijih osoba, njihovu društvenu umreženost i uvođenje moderne informacijske i komunikacijske tehnologije. ; With the growing number of older population, our society raises the need to organise various forms of care. In contemporary society, this is considered to be a long-term care system. Since Slovenia does not yet have a longterm care system based on long-term care legislation, while the demographic trends show a great need for it, it is essential to investigate the needs of older people and the possible responses to their needs. By using the method of rapid assessment of needs and services in the Municipality of Straža, we have identified the nature and extent of long-term distress, and sought effective responses to the needs of older people following the modern guidelines of care and substitutions for institutional care. We have found that the population of the municipality is old, the young population is moving away, and the middle generation commutes daily to work outside the municipality. There is no one available to take care of the older population and this trend will continue in the future. The solutions may be found in the organisation of community assistance within the municipality and in regional integration. When planning new services, however, the trend of lowering the quality of well-being of older people, overcoming the prevailing taboos about the phenomena of old age and strengthening the autonomy and power of older people, their social network and introducing modern information and communication technology should be taken into account in the context of social policy.
Kako bi bio efikasniji, sigurnosni sustav mora se bazirati na suradnji partnera na lokalnoj, regionalnoj, međunarodnoj i globalnoj razini. Koordinativni pristup multidisciplinarnom sigurnosnom sustavu podrazumijeva zajedničku namjeru, misiju, viziju i ciljeve svih institucija i tijela kojima je dodijeljena uloga u pružanju i očuvanju sigurnosti države i njenog stanovništva. Međuresorna suradnja sigurnosnog sektora predstavlja odnos između dijela ili dijelova različitih sektora društva koji su formirani u svrhu provedbi mjera i aktivnosti vezanih za pitanja sigurnosti. U poslovima sigurnosti veoma je važna međusobna suradnja svih sektora društva. Svrha ovakvog sveobuhvatnog pristupa upravo je osiguranje stabilnosti i sigurnosti. Svaki oblik suradnje podrazumijeva postizanje više razine operativnosti nego što bi se to moglo postići samostalnim djelovanjem. U ovom radu autori će se baviti pitanjima međuresorne suradnje policije, vojske i sigurnosno-obavještajnih agencija. Suvremene asimetrične ugroze ne poznaju nacionalne granice i ne sputavaju ih limitacije u nadležnostima pojedinih resora, poput vojske i policije te je u cilju efikasnog kriznog planiranja, na nacionalnoj razini, potrebno intenzivirati multidisciplinarnu koordinaciju sudionika sigurnosnog sektora. Sukladno navedenom, sigurnosni sustav mora biti u stanju operativnosti kako bi izvršio sve operacije pod jedinstvenom strukturom nadležnosti i kontrole institucija. --- To be effective, security system must be based on co-operation of partners at local, regional, international and global level. Co-ordinated approach to a multidisciplinary security system implies a common purpose, mission, vision and goals of all the institutions and bodies that have been assigned the roles in providing and preserving the security of the state and its population. Intersectoral cooperation of the security sector represents a relationship between part or parts of different sectors of society that are formed for the purpose of implementing the measures and activities related to safety issues. When it comes to the field of security activities the co-operation of all sectors of society is of great importance. The purpose of such comprehensive approach is precisely to ensure stability and security. Any form of cooperation includes the achievement of higher levels of operability than it could be achieved through independent operations. The authors will address issues of intersectoral cooperation of police, military and security intelligence agencies. Modern asymmetrical threats know no national boundaries and are not bound by limitations in the jurisdiction of certain departments, such as the army and police and in the purpose of efficient crisis planning, at the national level, it is necessary to intensify the coordination of multi-disciplinary participants of the security sector. Accordingly, the security system must be in state of operability in order to perform all operations under a single structure of institutional jurisdiction and control.
학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 사회과학대학 지리학과, 2020. 8. 신혜란. ; 본 연구는 정책이동(policy mobility)의 관점에서 서울로 7017의 조성 과정을 분석하였다. 특히 본 연구는 정책이 이동하는 과정에 있어서 도시 정치가 어떠한 방식으로 개입하게 되는지를 집중적으로 살펴보았다. 정책이동은 도시 연구 분야에서 주요 연구 주제로 떠오르고 있다. 전 세계 도시 간 협력과 교류가 활발해짐에 따라 정책의 이동 - 선진 정책의 벤치마킹 및 수입과 모방, 정책 관련 국제 컨퍼런스 발표 및 수상 등 - 은 활발하게 진행되고 있고, 이러한 현상은 도시정책의 추진 및 의사결정에 있어서도 직접적인 영향을 미치고 있다. 한편 기존 정책이동 관련 연구들은 정책이 이동되는 과정자체에 초점을 맞추어 도시들 간의 지역적 맥락이나 정치구조의 차이가 정책의 적용과 변용 등에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 주로 살펴보았다. 이에 반해 정책 이동 현상이 넓은 범위의 도시정치와 거버넌스에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 활발하게 연구되지는 못하였다. 본 연구는 이러한 부분에 있어서 기여하고자 서울로 7017이 조성되는 과정에서 나타났던 벤치마킹이나 정책 홍보 등의 정책이동 과정이 서울시 도시정책에 어떠한 영향을 미쳤는지를 분석하였다.연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 서울로 7017 조성과정에서 나타난 정책의 이동 – 뉴욕 하이라인의 벤치마킹 또한 서울로 7017 정책의 홍보와 선전 - 은 서울시가 도시정책을 정당화하는 주요한 방법으로서 활용되었다. 서울로 7017은 별다른 공론화 과정 없이 박원순 시장의 정치적 추진력을 통해 급하게 추진되었기 때문에 서울시는 사업에 대한 정당성을 보여주는 것이 필요했다. 이에 서울시는 이미 진행되었던 뉴욕 하이라인의 성공을 통해서 사업의 필요성과 당위성을 보여주었다. 또한 서울시는 사업의 가치와 성공을 국내와 해외로 홍보하는 과정을 통해서, 서울로 7017 대한 성공적인 이미지를 스스로 다듬어갔다. 이처럼 서울로 7017이 조성되는 과정에서 나타났던 벤치마킹과 정책 홍보는 서울시가 도시 정책을 정당화하기 위한 목적에서 진행되었다. 둘째, 서울로 7017의 조성에 있어서 서울시는 하이라인을 벤치마킹 하였지만, 이는 서울시의 정책적 목표와 필요에 따라 선별적으로 이루어졌다. 또한 이처럼 정책적 필요에 맞추어 벤치마킹과 모방이 진행되는 과정에서, 처음 모방하고자 하였던 하이라인의 운영방식과 내용은 큰 폭으로 변용되었다. 일례로 하이라인의 디자인은 유사한 형태로 모방되었지만, 시민참여를 대표하였던 하이라인의 운영방식은 보수적인 서울시의 행정 구조에 맞추는 과정에서 큰 폭으로 변용되었다. 또한 이와 같은 모방과 변용의 과정에서 서울시의 정책, 행정구조, 공간은 빠르게 변화되었다. 본 연구는 전세계적으로 활발하게 진행되고 있는 정책이동 현상이 도시를 어떻게 변화시키고 있는지를 서울로 7017의 실증사레를 통해서 확인하였다. 한편 본 연구는 정책이동을 통해서 이루어지고 있는 다양한 변화들을, 다소 개괄적인 범위에서 살펴보았다는 점에서 한계를 갖기도 한다. 발전된 후속 연구를 통해서 정책이동이 도시의 변화에 갖는 의미를 더욱 면밀하게 검토하고 구체적인 정책적 시사점이 제시할 수 있기를 기대한다. ; This study analyzes the development process of Seoullo 7017 through the theoretical lens of policy mobility. In the past few decades, transfers, diffusion, and movement of urban policies across national borders have increased rapidly. Accordingly, researches on policy mobility have developed in the fields of geography and urban studies. These studies have critically investigated the processes of adaptation, assemblage, and mutation of a certain policy, but have little focused on how the ordinary urban policymaking and the urban area has changed in the process of policy movement. In this regard, this study explores how the mobilization of certain policy has changed and reconstructed the urban policy and planning system. Especially, this research has focused on the interaction of local decision-making and policy mutation processes. The results of the study are as follows. First, the mobilization of policy that appeared in Seoullo 7017 including benchmarking and policy promotion was strategically used by the Seoul city government. The main purpose of these mobilizations was to legitimize the city's urban policy. Seoullo 7017, which was a mayor's landmark project, has proceeded rapidly without the civic consensus process. In this regard, the New York High Line's success was used as a tool to represent the legitimacy of the Seoullo 7017 project. Also, the branding and promotion of Seoullo 7017, which received great attention from the city government, was used as a self-curation tool to make the success story of Seoul's urban policy. Second, the mobilization and adaptation of the High Line were proceeded selectively according to specific political goals of the Seoul city government. Seoullo 7017 benchmarked both the design and governance of the High Line. Lots of critics pointed out that the design should be differentiated, as the regional context of Seoul and New York was different, However, the design was similarly imitated into Seoullo 7017 because of the symbolic image of the High Line's design itself. Also, the management style which emphasized citizen participation and governance were also imitated, but it ends with instrumental form due to bureaucratic political structure. As such, adaptation, mobilization, and mutation has been carried out in accordance with the process of legitimizing local policy and political authority. The importance of this research is that it investigates the consequences and implications of mobile urban policies through an empirical case at various points. However, it also has its limitations as this study looks into various aspects of mobile policies on a superficial level. Further research is needed to understand how the mobilization of urban policy is changing contemporary urban policy and planning systems. ; 제 1 장 서 론 1 제 1 절 연구의 배경 및 목적 1 제 2 절 연구의 대상 및 방법 3 1. 연구의 대상 3 1. 연구의 방법 5 제 2 장 이론적 배경 7 제 1 절 이동을 통한 도시정치: 정책이동과 정책의 정당화 7 1. 정책이동 접근: 정책의 이동과 도시공간 7 2. 정책이동과 도시정치: 이동을 통한 도시정책의 정당화 10 제 2 절 정책의 유입과 확산에 개입된 도시정치 12 1. 정책 유입을 통한 도시정치: 도시재생 정책의 유행 12 2. 정책 확산을 통한 도시정치: 뉴욕 하이라인의 확산 14 제 3 장 사례소개: 서울로 7017의 조성과 정책이동 20 제 1 절 서울로 7017의 조성과정 20 제 2 절 서울로 7017의 운영과 벤치마킹 23 제 4 장 이동을 통한 도시정책의 정당화 25 제 1 절 벤치마킹을 통한 정책추진의 정당화 25 1. 하이라인의 벤치마킹과 정책의 정당화 25 2. 이동을 통한 정책의 빠른 추진과 집행 29 제 2 절 도시정책의 홍보와 확산을 통한 정책 정당화 32 1. 정책홍보를 통한 정책의 포장 32 2. 해외로의 정책홍보와 정책의 정당화 35 제 5 장 도시정책 정당화 과정에서의 모방과 변용 39 제 1 절 정책 목표에 맞춘 정책적 모방 39 1. 하이라인의 상징성과 디자인의 모방 39 2. 하이라인 운영방식의 모방과 변용 45 제 2 절 정책 추진과정에 따른 도시의 변화 53 1. 정책 정당화에 따른 정책과 행정구조의 변화 53 2. 정책적 실패의 이동과 반복 59 제 6 장 결론 및 시사점 63 제 1 절 결론 63 제 2 절 시사점 65 참고문헌 67 부록 75 Abstract 76 ; Master
