Suchergebnisse

AbstractThe overall rise in inequality in the USA since 1980 has been matched by a rise in inequality between places; local and regional development policies aimed at reversing this polarisation have seen limited success. We propose an explanation for the spatial polarisation of prosperity and the failure of the policies to remedy it. Our explanation is based on the interaction of monopoly power, agglomeration economies in technology clusters and the power of financial sector actors over non-financial firms—all phenomena characteristic of the post-1980 economy. We review evidence for each of these elements and propose some causal relationships between them, as an outline of an ongoing research programme.

This paper argues that the regional income gap of China is endogenously determined by its long-term economic development strategy. Development strategies can be broadly divided into two mutually exclusive groups: (i) the comparative advantage-defying (CAD) strategy, which attempts to encourage firms to deviate from the economy's existing comparative advantages in their entry into an industry or choice of technology; and (ii) the comparative advantage-following (CAF) strategy, which attempts to facilitate the firms' entry into an industry or choice of technology according to the economy's existing comparative advantages. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the government has pushed a CAD strategy, i.e., 'leap forward' strategy that emphasized the development of capitalintensive heavy industries. In most provinces, however, the priority industries under this strategy were inconsistent with the comparative advantage determined by the factor endowments in those provinces. Many enterprises in the priority industries were not viable in competitive markets and required interventions in the markets by the government to support and protect them. Consequently, the CAD strategy retarded the functions of market, impeded capital accumulation and hindered technology and productivity progress in the provinces. After the reform, the provinces in the central and western regions continue to follow the CAD strategy and have poor growth performance. Therefore, it is imperative to replace the CAD strategy with a CAF strategy and restructure the existing industries in each province according to the principle of comparative advantage. This latter strategy would lead to balanced development among regions and provinces.

Las crecientes disparidades de ingresos, que afectan tanto a los países en desarrollo como a los desarrollados, son un hecho y, al mismo tiempo, uno de los mayores desafíos económicos de los tiempos modernos. Los estudios empíricos en diversas áreas usualmente comparan países usando el coeficiente de Gini o la relación entre convergencia externa e interna. En menor medida, esos análisis se refieren a la formación a largo plazo del nivel de desigualdades regionales y el impacto de los principales acontecimientos políticos o económicos en su curso. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es examinar la dirección de los cambios en la distribución del ingreso en las grandes economías europeas a nivel NUTS2 en 2000-2015. Ese período estuvo marcado por la ocurrencia de dos eventos no estándar: la mayor ampliación de la Unión Europea hasta la fecha y la crisis financiera de 2008, que, independientemente de su naturaleza positiva o negativa, coloca a los países estudiados en una nueva situación económica en cada ocasión. Por lo tanto, surge la pregunta de si esos puntos de inflexión influyeron en la distribución del ingreso en las grandes economías europeas como Alemania, Reino Unido, Francia, Italia, España y Polonia. Los resultados del estudio indican varias direcciones de los cambios en las disparidades regionales de ingresos durante el período investigado. ; Growing income disparities, affecting developing and developed countries alike, are a fact and, at the same time, one of the greatest economic challenges of modern times. Empirical studies in various areas usually compare countries using the Gini coefficient or the relationship between external and internal convergence. To a lesser extent, those analyses concern the long-term formation of the level of regional inequalities and the impact of major political or economic events on their course. The main objective of this work is to examine the direction of changes in income distribution in large European economies at NUTS2 level in 2000-2015. That period was marked ...

The study of income inequality within countries is becoming of particular importance, also in the light of the spatial effects of the Great Recession. This paper uses newly available tax record data on the Italian case for providing novel evidence on regional income disparities in this country. Three main objectives are achieved. Income disparities in Italy are characterized by within- and across- regional patterns. Specific dimensions of analysis such as gender, age class, and households' composition provide additional insights on inequalities in this country. The place-specific effects of the Italian personal income tax and its main elements are quantified and interpreted. Specifically, the redistributive capacity of tax schedules and tax expenditures across and within regions is investigated. In addition, the potential original role of using tax files for studying inequality issues in Italy as in other countries is discussed. The final sections summarises and presents some possible future avenues of research.

Growing income disparities, affecting developing and developed countries alike, are a fact and, at the same time, one of the greatest economic challenges of modern times. Empirical studies in various areas usually compare countries using the Gini coefficient or the relationship between external and internal convergence. To a lesser extent, those analyses concern the long-term formation of the level of regional inequalities and the impact of major political or economic events on their course. The main objective of this work is to examine the direction of changes in income distribution in large European economies at NUTS2 level in 2000-2015. That period was marked by the occurrence of two non-standard events: the largest enlargement of the European Union to date and 2008 financial crisis, which, regardless of their positive or negative nature, put the studied countries in a new economic situation on each occasion. Therefore, the question arises whether those tipping points exerted an influence on the distribution of income in large European economies such as Germany, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain, and Poland. The results of the study indicate various directions of the changes in regional income disparities over the researched period ; Las crecientes disparidades de ingresos, que afectan tanto a los países en desarrollo como a los desarrollados, son un hecho y, al mismo tiempo, uno de los mayores desafíos económicos de los tiempos modernos. Los estudios empíricos en diversas áreas usualmente comparan países usando el coeficiente de Gini o la relación entre convergencia externa e interna. En menor medida, esos análisis se refieren a la formación a largo plazo del nivel de desigualdades regionales y el impacto de los principales acontecimientos políticos o económicos en su curso. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es examinar la dirección de los cambios en la distribución del ingreso en las grandes economías europeas a nivel NUTS2 en 2000-2015. Ese período estuvo marcado por la ocurrencia de dos eventos no estándar: la mayor ampliación de la Unión Europea hasta la fecha y la crisis financiera de 2008, que, independientemente de su naturaleza positiva o negativa, coloca a los países estudiados en una nueva situación económica en cada ocasión. Por lo tanto, surge la pregunta de si esos puntos de inflexión influyeron en la distribución del ingreso en las grandes economías europeas como Alemania, Reino Unido, Francia, Italia, España y Polonia. Los resultados del estudio indican varias direcciones de los cambios en las disparidades regionales de ingresos durante el período investigado