Bilo da je riječ o površnim poznavateljima povijesti ili profesionalnim povjesničarima, kod spomena plemstva u Međimurju prva pomisao biti će grofovi Zrinski, veliki junaci hrvatske i mađarske povijesti, koji su sredinom 16. stoljeća pretvorili Čakovec u svoj matični posjed. Međutim, taj je prostor nakon stabilizacije granice sa Štajerskom bio dom najuglednijim i najbogatijim plemićkim rodovima i obiteljima Ugarskog kraljevstva. Kroz ovaj ćemo rad kronološki popratiti njihove sudbine na prostoru današnjeg Međimurja, ali i šire. Prvi od takvih je rod Haholda, koji je i najzaslužniji za stabilnost na tom području. U njihovo vrijeme u ispravama pronalazimo i starosjedilačko plemstvo Međimurja, kraljeve graničare ili gradokmete, koji s novopridošlim rodom ubrzo ulaze u sukob, a nakon toga, po svemu sudeći, i u njihovu službu. Uvidjet ćemo da je upravo član tog roda ostavio ime središtu županije. Jednu ćemo granu tog roda na promatranom prostoru pratiti sve do kraja srednjeg vijeka. U zadnjoj četvrtini 13. stoljeća, granični je prostor doživio novu destabilizaciju i pustošenja, a samo Međimurje na određeno razdoblje palo u ruke štajerskog kapetana. Nakon što je 1328. vraćeno ugarskom kralju, vlastelinstvo je očito bilo u lošem stanju i tek 1350. godine nalazi novog stalnog vlasnika u obitelji Lacković. U hrvatskoj su povijesti Lackovići najpoznatiji po sukobu sa Sigismundom Luksemburškim, koji je završen u Križevcima, poznatim Krvavim saborom na kojem Stjepan Čakovečki biva ubijen. Nakon Lackovića, posjed uživa obitelj Sečenji, koja potječe od hrvatskog plemenitog roda Kačića. Sečenjiji se nisu dugo zadržali i najvećim djelom 15. stoljeća posjedom gospodare znameniti Celjski, a kasnije umjesto njih njihov kapetan Fridrik Lamberg. Završit ćemo s Ernuštima, skorojevićima kralja Matije Korvina, i time zaključiti zanimljivu povijest srednjeg vijeka prostora Međimurja. ; The first association, when talking about noble families in Međimurje, no matter if you are historian or just history enthusiast are Counts Zrinski. Zrinski were great heroes of Croatian and Hungarian history and they made Čakovec their primary possession. But it should be said that after the stabilization of border with Štajerska, Međimurje was home to many prominent and wealthy noble families from Hungarian kingdom. Throughout this Thesis we will analyze faiths of these above written noble families that had their assets in Međimurje. First such noble family was kindred of Haholds. They are responsible for stability in Međimurje. In their time, documents mention indigenous nobility of Međimurje, royal border guards or "iobagioni castri", who entered into conflict with newcomers and after that, apparently, in their service. We will see that one of the members of this family is responsible for giving name to center of this county. In the last quarter of 13th century, border area was again destabilized and desolated. In that time, Međimurje fell into hands of captain of Štajerska. After the year of 1328 it is returned to king of Hungaria and seigniory was apparently in bad shape. New owners of Međimurje were family Lacković. They claimed their right to Međimurje in the year of 1350. In Croatian history, family Lacković was best known because of their conflict with king Sigismund which ended with famous Bloody Parliament in Križevci when Stephen of Čakovec was killed. After the family of Lacković new owner were family Sečenji which are derived from Croatian noble family Kačići. They did not stay long on this area.For the most part of 15th century owner of Međimurje are family Celjski and after them, their captain Fridrik Lamberg. Last analized noble family are Ernušti and with them we finish this analysis of rather interesting medieval history in Međimuje.
Ulaganje u istraživanje i razvoj stvara preduvjete za primjenu naprednije i bolje tehnologije. Omogućuje uvođenje novih proizvoda ili proizvodnih procesa koji mogu rezultirati većom zaradom i potencijalnim ekonomskim rastom. Istraživanje i razvoj katalizator su za generiranje agregatnih ekonomskih aktivnosti, no njihova važnost nije široko istražena na regionalnoj razini. Europska unija definirala je strategije u kojima se inovacije smatraju bitnim elementom za poticanje rasta i otvaranje novih radnih mjesta. Cilj ovog rada je utvrditi i mjeriti utjecaj ulaganja u istraživanje i razvoj na gospodarski rast lučkih regija. Podaci korišteni u ovom istraživanju su panel podaci lučkih regija Europske unije za klasifikaciju NUTS 2 u razdoblju od 2005. do 2015. Rezultati generalizirane metode momenata (GMM) i njenog procjenitelja u dva koraka pokazuju da ulaganja u istraživanje i razvoj imaju značajan utjecaj na gospodarski rast lučkih regija u Europskoj uniji. Međutim, kako bi se inovacije usvojile i primijenile, također je potrebno da regije imaju određenu ekonomsku strukturu koja je dodatno analizirana u ovom radu. Regije s velikim inovacijskim kapacitetom stvaraju veće ekonomske koristi i smatra se da rastu brže od ostalih regija. ; Investment in research and development (R&D) creates preconditions for the implementation of more advanced and better technologies. It enables the introduction of new products or production processes which can result in higher earnings and potential economic growth. Even though research and development is a catalyst for the genesis of aggregate economic activity, its importance is not widely researched at regional levels. The European Union has defined strategies which view innovation as an essential element in stimulating growth and job creation. The aim of this paper is to establish and measure the impact of investment in R&D on economic growth of port regions. The data used in this research were panel data of the European Union's port regions for NUTS 2 classification for the period from 2005 to 2015. The results of the two-step Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) indicate that investment in R&D has a significant impact on the economic growth of the port regions in European Union. However, in order for innovations to be accepted and implemented, it is also necessary for regions to have specific economic structure which was further analyzed in this paper. Regions with high innovation capacity create greater economic benefits and are considered to grow faster than other regions.
Povijest nastanka i djelovanja građanskih udruga u Lici može se pratiti još od 1835. godine kada je osnovana Narodna čitaonica u Senju. Ipak, tek su krajem 19. stoljeća stvoreni svi preduvjeti za brojnije osnivanje svih vrsta građanskih udruga u Lici te je od tada njihov broj u stalnom povećanju. Iako je nesumnjivo da su razne vrste udruga u Lici svojim djelovanjem pozitivno djelovale na ličko društvo, taj fenomen društvene mikro-povijesti nije bio predmet sveobuhvatnog proučavanja. Ovaj doktorski rad kronološki prati stvaranje prvih građanskih udruga (društava, zaklada, štedionica, klubova i podružnica) u Lici u vrijeme Vojne krajine, njihovo naglo povećanje u vrijeme Ličko-krbavske županije i promjene koje su ih zahvatile u vrijeme Kraljevine Jugoslavije te završava početkom Drugoga svjetskog rata kada su građanske udruge u Lici naglo nestale s povijesne pozornice. U radu je prikazano političko, gospodarsko i kulturno stanje u Lici koje je uvelike utjecalo na brzinu i kvalitetu nastanka novih udruga. Također su obrađene i građanske udruge izvan prostora Like jer je njihova kulturna i ekonomska interakcija bila važan element u razvoju ove regije. Stoga je cilj ovog doktorskog rada po prvi put u našoj historiografiji dati, ne samo sumarni prikaz građanskih udruga, već i razloge, uzroke te posljedice njihovog postojanja na prostoru Like i Senja, a sve u svrhu boljega razumijevanja kompleksnih i nedovoljno razjašnjenih povijesnih procesa u hrvatskoj povijesnoj regiji Lici. ; The beginings of organizations set up in Lika region reaches far into the past, in the time of medieval brotherhoods; however, the first civil organizations in Lika did not arise until the Military Border systems have been abolished and until the break through of the modernization processes that originated in the Civic Croatia. The city of Senj had partially different but also earlier organizations' development. The first known civic organization on the area that has been the subject of this doctoral dissertation was The National Library in the city of Senj, founded in 1835. Withal, this civil organization is the first one in Croatia. In Lika region, the first civil organizations were not founded until the abrogation of the Military Border which, at the same time, has been the starting point for the progression of one of the most important forms of modernization. In the first part of this scientific work, social stratification and differentiation in the everyday life of Lika's residents has been depicted, whereas the usage of an argumented research approach has served to explain complex political, military, economic and other mutual influences between Lika's peasants-soldiers and the authorities that have dominated during that time. Multiple conflicts, unsafe and economically marginalized area, unsettled property laws and so called 'cooperative phenomena' are just a part of the numerous reasons why Lika region has entered Croatian and Habsbourg Monarchy's cultural and social processes relatively late. An emphasis is on the development of education, literacy and culture as basic determinants of future development of the civil organizations. Second major group of the research questions deals with an emersion of the organizations on the Croatian and European area, as a result of new global political processes. This part of the disertation tries to answer the question 'which were the reasons for the organizations' establishment in the first place', so as 'to what extent the organizations have influenced the residents of Wienna, Zagreb and other cities of the Habsbourg Monarchy'? Special emphasis is put on the law regulations, that is, so called 'Imperial Decree' which has helped the organizations to establish and work. Also, this group of the research questions discusses the inherited differences that existed in an administration, mentality and the development itself between the former Military Border and the Civic Croatia. Comparative research has provided an evidence that the development of a new district – Lika-Krbava county – when compared to the other districts, has been minor. Also, the questions that have been the matter of this scientific work were 'which kind of the organizations were there in the first place, 'what is the nature of the organizations' and 'which is the real level on which these organizations have fulfilled their purposes and goals'. This kind of analysis is very important in order to understand Lika's history from the beginning of the 20th century; in this period economic and cultural life of the Lika's residents is highly inflenced by a new regime of the Kingdom of SHS and, later on, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. This group of questions especially makes an exception of the city of Senj, as a kind of border exception, but also explains which political and economic circumstances and perplexities resulted in prosperity and stagnation of the city beneath the Nehaj Fortress. The third group of the research questions, using the archive sources of the civil organizations' rules, gives an overview of more than one hundred and fifty civil organizations according to the territorial regions (districts) that existed during the Lika-Krbava county and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. This section reveals the purposes, goals and the activities of administrative councils and assemblies of all major civic organizations (associations, clubs, affiliates, commities, foundations) found in the districts that existed during that time – Brinje, Donji Lapac, Gračac, Gospić, Korenica, Otočac, Perušić, Udbina and the cities Senj and Karlobag. In spite of major illiteracy, political and national antagonism and the fact that Lika was at the periphery in the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy, until the beginning of the World War I, a great number of the organizations has been established in Lika region. When talking about this in the first place, we must mention some proffesional societies, libraries, 'falcon' organizations, music organizations and economic organizations, although there were also some historical occurences such as the first theatrical group in Otočac, or one of the oldest tennis clubs in Croatia, the one in Gospić. Thereby, in the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century, Lika is the region of the numerous changes, but even more is the region of the extreme contradictions. In the same (research) way, the attention has been dedicated to history of Lika's organizations outside Lika's area. Throughout this group of questions not all civic organizations outside Lika have been elaborated, only those whose members actively participated in the development of the possibilities for the future economic prosperity of Lika region. Therefore, this part of the paper tries to show the connection between Lika region and the other parts of the countries that existed during that time, where the descendants of Lika's residents have lived. This scientific work tries to answer the questions of the real connection of Lika's people outside Lika with the real problems which were perceived by them in a different way than by those who remained living in the homeland. The Society of Lika's people in Zagreb was Lika's major emigrant organization which intensively helped its agile members and offered a solution for a hard life in Lika region. The Society for the preservation of the Plitvice Lakes was one of the best known organizations in Croatia, however, its class and narcissistic behaviour could not have been accepted by most of Lika's residents. In spite of individual interests of a great number of members of Lika's civic organizations, what does remain is a constatation that the organizations, especially those whose members were peasants, have obtained a huge success when it comes to development of cooperatives, crafts, agriculture, but also education and culture. Also, what is notecable is the fact that efficiency of the numerous affiliates of federate economic organizations has increased, what leads to the conclusion that the overall progress in Lika was connected with the political and economic centres outside Lika. A key influence onto the organizations' development in Lika was the one by certain individuals such as Buda Budisavljević, Ivan Devčić, Dragutin Trstenjak, Ante Cividini, Ivan Krajač, Ivan Gojtan, Ante Lončarić, so as many other culturaly and publicly known people. In that way, this doctoral thesis has scientificaly confirmed an actual similarity of the associations and organizations in Lika with those in the rest of Croatia, but also that these similarities were, in fact, quite limited. Civic organizations are an important factor in every community, so as, of course, for Lika's identity which is historically saturated in turbulent ways. This work tries to make a contribution not just to better understanding of the civic organizations in Lika, but to contribute to understand the overall environment, that is, the atmosphere in Lika region. This gives new knowledge regarding micro-historical elements of one culture that has been a carrier of social, cultural, political and economic development of the region between the Kapela mountains in the north and South Velebit and the river Zrmanja stream in the south. This doctoral thesis is the first scientific contribution to better understanding of the civic organizations and their importance in the region under consideration. Although this thesis, through the depiction of work of the civic organizations in Lika, has tried to give an answer regarding broader social, political, economic, cultural and religious life of Lika and Senj's residents in the period of turbulent and modernisation processes, some questions remain only partially answerable. If we take into consideration the broadness, possibilities and influence of the organizations, this observation is logical, too. Also, here we can talk about a vast area which makes a closed whole only in certain segments. That is the reason why this overview of the work of the civic organizations in Lika asks for further research attention, especially when it comes to the analysis of economic changes which have occurred in Lika during the second part of the 19th and the first part of the 20th century. In order to accomplish this, besides the archival research, a potential researcher must pay attention to the statistical analysis. Moreover, this scientific work gives just a model of how to evaluate certain types of the civic organizations and how to compare them with the organizations similar to them. Although this doctoral thesis had to be done within a canonical time frame, it will be praiseworthy if we compare the civic organizations in Lika which exist today to those which have existed during the period of Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Of course, this kind of research calls for plenty of time, as well as considerable material assets, hence it can be done sometime in the future. Despite the fact that the tragic events during the World War II lead to the abolition of the civic organizations outside Lika region, the constitution of the Republic of Croatia has created the conditions for the reestablishment of the organizations. Nowadays, more than twenty organizations outside Lika work very actively and responsibly in order to interconnect Lika's emigrants and their descendants with their homeland, from where their ancestors arrived more than one hundred and fifty years ago.
Ulaganje u istraživanje i razvoj stvara preduvjete za primjenu naprednije i bolje tehnologije. Omogućuje uvođenje novih proizvoda ili proizvodnih procesa koji mogu rezultirati većom zaradom i potencijalnim ekonomskim rastom. Istraživanje i razvoj katalizator su za generiranje agregatnih ekonomskih aktivnosti, no njihova važnost nije široko istražena na regionalnoj razini. Europska unija definirala je strategije u kojima se inovacije smatraju bitnim elementom za poticanje rasta i otvaranje novih radnih mjesta. Cilj ovog rada je utvrditi i mjeriti utjecaj ulaganja u istraživanje i razvoj na gospodarski rast lučkih regija. Podaci korišteni u ovom istraživanju su panel podaci lučkih regija Europske unije za klasifikaciju NUTS 2 u razdoblju od 2005. do 2015. Rezultati generalizirane metode momenata (GMM) i njenog procjenitelja u dva koraka pokazuju da ulaganja u istraživanje i razvoj imaju značajan utjecaj na gospodarski rast lučkih regija u Europskoj uniji. Međutim, kako bi se inovacije usvojile i primijenile, također je potrebno da regije imaju određenu ekonomsku strukturu koja je dodatno analizirana u ovom radu. Regije s velikim inovacijskim kapacitetom stvaraju veće ekonomske koristi i smatra se da rastu brže od ostalih regija. ; Investment in research and development (R&D) creates preconditions for the implementation of more advanced and better technologies. It enables the introduction of new products or production processes which can result in higher earnings and potential economic growth. Even though research and development is a catalyst for the genesis of aggregate economic activity, its importance is not widely researched at regional levels. The European Union has defined strategies which view innovation as an essential element in stimulating growth and job creation. The aim of this paper is to establish and measure the impact of investment in R&D on economic growth of port regions. The data used in this research were panel data of the European Union's port regions for NUTS 2 classification for the ...
Dinamicnost sociogeografskih i historijskogeografskih procesa i trendova kljucan je cimbenik koji oblikuje uniformnost pojedinih prostornih cjelina, te njihovo poimanje i percepciju u ocima stanovništva i strucnjaka. Pritom je regija kao temeljna geografska koncepcija u svakom trenutku ishod svih prethodnih i aktualnih prostornih odnosa, kako onih koji proizlaze iz prirodne datosti, tako i onih vezanih uz politicke, upravne i gospodarske promjene. Neformalne regije poput Dalmatinske zagore, koje unatoc postojanju u svijesti stanovništva nisu dio aktualnih upravno-teritorijalnih ustroja, svoju tradicijsku prisutnost u prostornom poimanju i identifikaciji najcešce duguju upravo zbroju svih navedenih cimbenika. Uniformnost i identitet regije pritom su zastupljeni eksplicitnim i implicitnim simbolima, znacenjima i pojmovima od kojih je najvažniji geografsko ime ili toponim. Karta kao pokazatelj temeljnih prostornih odnosa u trenutku izrade može poslužiti kao izvor informacije o prostornim identitetima, njihovom obuhvatu i distribuciji. Pritom su prisutnost toponima i njegovo pozicioniranje kljucevi za spoznavanje cinjenica o teritorijalnosti i percepcije pojedine regije. U tom smislu, cilj je ovoga rada pratiti i prepoznati razvoj i dinamiku prostornog obuhvata Zagore, regije u unutrašnjosti Dalmacije, detekcijom pozicioniranja toponima Zagora i njegovih inacica u nizu kartografskih prikaza iz pojedinih razdoblja. ; The dynamism of sociogeographic and historical processes and trends represents a key factor in the creation and uniformity of regions, and in their image and perception in the eyes of the public and scholars. As a basic geographic concept, a region is the result of all preceding and actual spatial relations arising from natural conditions, and those arising from political, administrative and economic changes. Non-formal regions such as Dalmatinska zagora, which exists solely in the consciousness of its inhabitants, owe their traditional presence in spatial perceptions and identities to a combination of all these factors. The uniformity and identity of such a region are articulated through explicit and implicit symbols, definitions and terms, and the most important among these is a geographic name or toponym. As an indicator of basic spatial relations at the time of its making, a map can be used as a source of information on spatial identities, their extent and distribution. In that sense, the presence and positioning of a toponym are the keys to discovering facts about the territoriality and contemporary perceptions of a region that it denotes. The aim of this paper is to monitor changes in the dynamics of perception of Zagora, a region in the Dalmatian hinterland, by detecting the positioning of the toponym Zagora and its variants on several maps created at different periods in history.
The dynamism of sociogeographic and historical processes and trends represents a key factor in the creation and uniformity of regions, and in their image and perception in the eyes of the public and scholars. As a basic geographic concept, a region is the result of all preceding and actual spatial relations arising from natural conditions, and those arising from political, administrative and economic changes. Non-formal regions such as Dalmatinska zagora, which exists solely in the consciousness of its inhabitants, owe their traditional presence in spatial perceptions and identities to a combination of all these factors. The uniformity and identity of such a region are articulated through explicit and implicit symbols, definitions and terms, and the most important among these is a geographic name or toponym. As an indicator of basic spatial relations at the time of its making, a map can be used as a source of information on spatial identities, their extent and distribution. In that sense, the presence and positioning of a toponym are the keys to discovering facts about the territoriality and contemporary perceptions of a region that it denotes. The aim of this paper is to monitor changes in the dynamics of perception of Zagora, a region in the Dalmatian hinterland, by detecting the positioning of the toponym Zagora and its variants on several maps created at different periods in history. ; Dinamicnost sociogeografskih i historijskogeografskih procesa i trendova kljucan je cimbenik koji oblikuje uniformnost pojedinih prostornih cjelina, te njihovo poimanje i percepciju u ocima stanovništva i strucnjaka. Pritom je regija kao temeljna geografska koncepcija u svakom trenutku ishod svih prethodnih i aktualnih prostornih odnosa, kako onih koji proizlaze iz prirodne datosti, tako i onih vezanih uz politicke, upravne i gospodarske promjene. Neformalne regije poput Dalmatinske zagore, koje unatoc postojanju u svijesti stanovništva nisu dio aktualnih upravno-teritorijalnih ustroja, svoju tradicijsku prisutnost u prostornom poimanju i identifikaciji najcešce duguju upravo zbroju svih navedenih cimbenika. Uniformnost i identitet regije pritom su zastupljeni eksplicitnim i implicitnim simbolima, znacenjima i pojmovima od kojih je najvažniji geografsko ime ili toponim. Karta kao pokazatelj temeljnih prostornih odnosa u trenutku izrade može poslužiti kao izvor informacije o prostornim identitetima, njihovom obuhvatu i distribuciji. Pritom su prisutnost toponima i njegovo pozicioniranje kljucevi za spoznavanje cinjenica o teritorijalnosti i percepcije pojedine regije. U tom smislu, cilj je ovoga rada pratiti i prepoznati razvoj i dinamiku prostornog obuhvata Zagore, regije u unutrašnjosti Dalmacije, detekcijom pozicioniranja toponima Zagora i njegovih inacica u nizu kartografskih prikaza iz pojedinih razdoblja.
Cijepljenje spašava od obolijevanja, nesposobnosti za život i rad te spašava živote od brojnih zaraznih bolesti. Europski ured Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije (SZO) radi na ujednačavanju i osnaživanju svih potrebnih preduvjeta kako bi se povećao obuhvat i osiguralo cijepljenje što većeg broja stanovnika u zemljama europske regije SZO, te kako bi se postigla što veća kvaliteta i ujednačenost u planiranju, organizaciji, obuhvatu i provođenju cijepljenja. Od ukupno 26 do sada dostupnih i široko korištenih cjepiva u svijetu, njih 14 se sustavno primjenjuje i pojavljuje u gotovo svim kalendarima cijepljenja zemalja europske regije SZO. Europska regija SZO obuhvaća 53 europske zemlje koje se dijele na 25 zapadnoeuropskih, 16 centralnih i jugoistočnih zemalja te 12 nezavisnih država nastalih raspadom bivšeg Sovjetskog Saveza. Posebnu pozornost treba usmjeriti na ujednačenost mehanizama financiranja, legislative, kvalifikacijsku strukturu osoblja, praćenje zdravstvenih posljedica, stavova javnosti o cijepljenju te ukupne predanosti svih segmenata društva za što uspješniju i ujednačeniju implementaciju programa cijepljenja u zemljama europske regije SZO. ; Vaccination prevents illness, inability to live and work, and saves lives from many infectious diseases. The European Office of the World Health Organization (WHO) is working to harmonize and strengthen all necessary preconditions in order to increase coverage and ensure vaccination of as many people as possible in the countries of the WHO European Region and to achieve greater quality and uniformity in planning, organization, coverage and conducting vaccinations. Out of a total of 26 vaccines available and widely used in the world so far, 14 of them are systematically applied and appear in almost all immunization schedules in the countries of the WHO European Region. The WHO European Region comprises 53 European countries, which are divided into 25 Western European, 16 Central and Southeastern countries, and 12 independent states that emerged from the disintegration ...
Cijepljenje spašava od obolijevanja, nesposobnosti za život i rad te spašava živote od brojnih zaraznih bolesti. Europski ured Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije (SZO) radi na ujednačavanju i osnaživanju svih potrebnih preduvjeta kako bi se povećao obuhvat i osiguralo cijepljenje što većeg broja stanovnika u zemljama europske regije SZO, te kako bi se postigla što veća kvaliteta i ujednačenost u planiranju, organizaciji, obuhvatu i provođenju cijepljenja. Od ukupno 26 do sada dostupnih i široko korištenih cjepiva u svijetu, njih 14 se sustavno primjenjuje i pojavljuje u gotovo svim kalendarima cijepljenja zemalja europske regije SZO. Europska regija SZO obuhvaća 53 europske zemlje koje se dijele na 25 zapadnoeuropskih, 16 centralnih i jugoistočnih zemalja te 12 nezavisnih država nastalih raspadom bivšeg Sovjetskog Saveza. Posebnu pozornost treba usmjeriti na ujednačenost mehanizama financiranja, legislative, kvalifikacijsku strukturu osoblja, praćenje zdravstvenih posljedica, stavova javnosti o cijepljenju te ukupne predanosti svih segmenata društva za što uspješniju i ujednačeniju implementaciju programa cijepljenja u zemljama europske regije SZO. ; Vaccination prevents illness, inability to live and work, and saves lives from many infectious diseases. The European Office of the World Health Organization (WHO) is working to harmonize and strengthen all necessary preconditions in order to increase coverage and ensure vaccination of as many people as possible in the countries of the WHO European Region and to achieve greater quality and uniformity in planning, organization, coverage and conducting vaccinations. Out of a total of 26 vaccines available and widely used in the world so far, 14 of them are systematically applied and appear in almost all immunization schedules in the countries of the WHO European Region. The WHO European Region comprises 53 European countries, which are divided into 25 Western European, 16 Central and Southeastern countries, and 12 independent states that emerged from the disintegration ...
Shortly after the Crimea crisis of March 2014, NATO started a process of strategic reflection and a series of actions under the umbrella of the 'Pivot to East'. On the South of its Eastern flank, the Black Sea region looms as one of the most unstable areas, with a number of frozen conflicts in non-NATO countries as well as an increasing unrest overall. This article explores the political discourses, commitments and attitudes towards NATO of the three allies at the Black Sea, namely Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey, as well as exploring their role in regional security. The purpose of the research is to compare NATO's representation in the mainstream politics of these countries. Based on discourse analysis and the comparative method, the paper examines to what extent stability, ambiguity and change are present in the Southeast allies' discourses on NATO. ; Shortly after the Crimea crisis of March 2014, NATO started a process of strategic reflection and a series of actions under the umbrella of the 'Pivot to East'. On the South of its Eastern flank, the Black Sea region looms as one of the most unstable areas, with a number of frozen conflicts in non-NATO countries as well as an increasing unrest overall. This article explores the political discourses, commitments and attitudes towards NATO of the three allies at the Black Sea, namely Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey, as well as exploring their role in regional security. The purpose of the research is to compare NATO's representation in the mainstream politics of these countries. Based on discourse analysis and the comparative method, the paper examines to what extent stability, ambiguity and change are present in the Southeast allies' discourses on NATO.
The EU Marine Strategy Directive (2008/56/EC) proposes four marine regions as a political geographic framework for implementation of the Community's environmental policy. This study critically analyzes the state-based approach, which the Directive uses to outline the regions' boundaries. It suggests that environmental sustainability of marine odies strongly depends on the geographic congruence between their watersheds and the borders of the respective environmental management system, i.e., marine regions have to be environmentally managed within their watersheds. The proposed watershed-based approach also takes into consideration all elements – water, land, and air – of marine regions, which is a conditio sine qua non for their integrated and sustainable management. In the case of the Black Sea region in particular, the borders of a watershed-based environmental management system include a much wider set of stakeholder countries and enable a higher level of environmental cooperation among them. ; Direktiva marinske strategije Europske unije (2008/56/EC) predlaže četiri marinska područja kao političko geografski okvir za primjenu politike o zaštiti okoliša u Europskoj uniji. Ovaj rad kritički analizira pristup koji se temelji na državnim granicama, a kojim se Direktiva koristi za određivanje granica regija. Autor također smatra da održivost okoliša u marinskim područjima uvelike ovisi o geografskom podudaranju između pojedinih sljevova i granicama njihovih sustava upravljanja okolišem, tj. okolišem u marinskim područjima treba upravljati unutar njihovih sljevova. Predloženi pristup koji se temelji na granicama sljevova također u obzir uzima sve elemente marinskih sustava (voda, zemlja i zrak), koji su conditio sine qua non za integralno i održivo upravljanje. Crno more je dobar primjer u kojem sustav upravljanja okolišem koji je određen granicama slijeva uključuje puno veći broj zemalja dionika te omogućuje višu razinu suradnje među zemljama vezano uz upravljanje okolišem.
Područje Istre je regija sa povijesnom tradicijom uzgoja vinove loze. Prvi nalazi o uzgoju vinove loze potiču još iz vremena Rimskog carstva. Svoj vrhunac u uzgoju vinove loze, Istra dostiže u periodu pred II. Svjetskim ratom kada na području Istre ima oko 66.000 ha vinograda. Nakon II. Svijetskog rata, površina se značajno smanjuje te danas u Istri imamo oko 6.000 ha vinograda. Promjenom države politike prema razvoju vinogradarstva, na području Istre počinje obnova vinogradarske proizvodnje i sadnja novih površina. Prilikom podizanja novih vinograda proizvođači se susreću sa nizom problema. Jedan od vodećih problema je izbor lokacije i karkateristike tla za uzgoj vinove loze. Na prodručju Istarskog poluotoka, 4 su dominantna tipa tla na kojima se uzgaja vinova loza. To su tla koja su porijeklom nastala iz crvenica, smeđeg tla na vapnencu, rendzine i smonice na laporu. Svako tlo ima svoje izvorne specifičnosti, koje nasljeđuje i tlo koje iz njega nastaje. Ostali tipovi tla, vrlo se rijetko koriste za uzgoj vinove loze. U ovom radu su obrađ ena osnovna kemijska svojstva navedenih tipova tla s posebnim osvrtom na riješenje nepovoljnih karakteristika. Sve kemijske analize tla, izvršene su u Pedološkom laboratoriju Instituta za poljoprivredu i turizam u Poreču. Obrađeni su slijedeći parametri: pH vrijednost tla (u vodi i KCl-u), količina biljci pristupačnog fosfora i kalija, ukupna količina dušika, količina humusa u tlu, te prema potrebi i količina karbonata i hidrolitski aciditet tla. ; The occurrence of vesicular arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizae was investigated in long time green covered vineyard at the "Colli Orientali" AVA of Friuli-Venezia-Giulia(NE Italy). Between trials significant differences were for all vegetative parameters, especially for yield and pruned wood, as well as EVP factor. Significant difference was also for number of vesicles for both species, Glomus spp. and Acaulospora spp. Quality parameters did not have any influence on green cover typologies as well as vesicles number. There were not significant difference between soil nutrient content, although the yield was different for all trials. This research only confirmed the complexity of mycorrhizal activity in field conditions, and partial influence of fungi on yield, growth and quality parameters of grape.
Rast gradskog stanovništva utječe na održivost i razvoj pametnih regija. Međunarodni standardi mogu pružiti dobre prakse u širokim područjima koja se odnose na ekološke, sigurnosne i društvene aspekte koji doprinose postizanju gospodarskog i održivog rasta, dobrobiti i sigurnosti okoliša. Cilj ove studije je istražiti postoji li povezanost između razine pametnih gradova u različitim regijama i broja certifikata koji bi mogli pokrenuti daljnji razvoj pametnih i održivih gradova. Analizirali smo standarde koji podržavaju razvoj održivih i pametnih gradova iz različitih zemalja i istražili njihov utjecaj na razinu pametnih i održivih gradova. Za mjerenje uspješnosti gradova koristili smo UN-ovu inicijativu za prosperitet grada (CPI) i njezinih šest dimenzija: produktivnost, razvoj infrastrukture, kvalitetu života, jednakost i društvenu uključenost, održivost okoliša i urbano upravljanje i zakonodavstvo. Za analiziranje utjecaja međunarodnih standarda na inicijativu pametnih regija i gradova proveli smo SEM analizu. Rezultati istraživanja potvrđuju da postoji značajna razlika između razine pametnih gradova u različitim regijama i broja certifikata koji bi mogli pokrenuti daljnji razvoj pametnih i održivih gradova. Nadalje, potvrđen je pozitivan utjecaj međunarodnih standarda na razvoj pametnih regija i gradova. Vjerujemo da predstavljeni pristup može pružiti dodatni uvid u čimbenike koji utječu na razvoj pametnih regija i gradova i pokrenuti daljnja istraživanja o toj temi. ; The growth of city population has consequences on the sustainability and development of smart regions. International standards can provide good practices in wide areas related to environmental, security and social aspects that contribute to the achievement of economic and sustainable growth, well-being, and safe environment. The aim of this study is to explore if there is an association between the level of smart cities in different regions and the number of certificates that could initiate further development of smart and sustainable cities. We analysed standards that support the development of sustainable and smart cities from different countries and explored their influence on the level of smart and sustainable cities. To measure the performance of cities we used the UN-habitat City Prosperity Initiative (CPI) and its six dimensions: Productivity, Infrastructure Development, Quality of Life, Equity and Social Inclusion, Environmental Sustainability, and Urban Governance and Legislation. To analyse the influence of international standards on smart regions and cities initiative we conducted SEM analysis. The results of the research have proved that there is a significant difference between the level of smart cities in different regions and the number of certificates that could initiate further development of smart and sustainable cities. Additionally, a positive impact of international standards on the development of smart regions and cities is confirmed. We believe that the presented approach might provide additional insights into the factors which impact the development of smart regions and cities and initiate further studies on the topic.
Između dva svjetska rata u Sisku i okolici djelovalo je više političkih stranaka. Zastupale su različite programe, a njihove organizacije bile su sastavni dijelovi stranaka čija su vodstva bila u Zagrebu i Beogradu. Njihov utjecaj i politička snaga pouzdano se mogu ustanoviti tek po rezultatima koje su postizavale na izborima za Narodnu skupštinu. U ovom prilogu upravao je obrađeno sudjelovanje političkih stranaka u skupštinskim izborima u sisačkoj izbornoj jedinici, a oni su se u jugoslavenskoj državi između dva rata održali sedam puta. Po izbornim rezultatima može se zaključiti da se velika većina birača Siska i okolice izjašnjavala za federalizam, a protiv unitarizma i velikosrpske hegemonije. ; In the period between the two world wars there were several political parties active in Sisak and its surroundings. They all were fractions of larger parties with leaderships in Zagreb or Belgrade. They represented various programs, and their force and influence can be reliably established only through the results they had achieved during parliamentary elections. In this paper the author deals with the participation of political parties in the elections for the Parliament in Sisak region, and there were seven elections in Yugoslavia between the two wars. According to the results of the elections, conclusions can be made about orientation of the electors in Sisak region, and thus also about their political preferences and backing of particular political programs. Only in the first elections (in 1920) difference of opinion between cities and country was manifested. The electors in Sisak region were oriented to several political parties the programs of which met their vital interests. But in most of them the Croatian national feelings predominated. Until the dictatorship of the 6th January they mostly supported Stjepan Radić and his Croatian (republican) Peasant Party. It was the orientation to federalism, and against unitarianism and great Serbian hegemony. The electors followed Radić even when he made his well known political turn and recognized the Monarchy and Vidovdan Constitution. After Radić's death, most of the electors in Sisak region supported Dr. Vladko Maček. At the elections in 1931, during the dictatorship of the 6th January, the only list of candidates in Sisak was that of the government. The electors' attitude towards this list was best shown by their abstinence. At the elections in 1935 and 1938 most of them voted for the oppositional list with Dr. Maček at its head. That meant that they continued to support the program of equality of peoples in Yugoslavia and looked for resolution of the Croatian question in establishing federalism. Such orientation fitted into the Croatian national movement which extended all over Croatia.
Analiza godišnjih obračuna gotovo svih financijski aktivnih sportskih organizacija u Sloveniji temelji se na podacima iz 1995, godine. Kako bismo Sloveniju mogli regionalno prikazati, podijelili smo je u 12 funkcionalno-planskih regija. Polovina ukupnog prometa svih sportskih organizacija ostvaruje se u regiji Središnja Slovenija, u kojoj lezi glavni grad Ljubljana. Iz rezultata analize može se zaključiti da značaj sporta u pojedinoj regiji u Sloveniji ponajprije ovisi o gospodarskoj snazi regije i njezina stanovništva, dok je utjecaj dobne strukture i stupnja urbanizacije znatno manji. Na području sporta država ponekad preuzima ulogu zamjenskog izvora financiranja u slučaju slabijih ekonomskih mogućnosti regije i njezina stanovništva, dok u pojedinim slučajevima ima ulogu komplementarnu privatnim izvorima. To pokazuje da značaj sporta u određenoj regiji ovisi i o stavu lokalnih političkih struktura koje upravljaju javnim izvorima financiranja. ; The analysis of annual accounts of practically all the financially active sport organizations in Slovenia is based on data from 1995. For a regional presentation we have divided the country into 12 functional-planning regions. Half of all the revenues of sport organizations is concentrated in the Central Slovenian region, in which Ljubljana, the state capital, is situated. According to the results of the analysis we may conclude, that the importance of sport in particular regions in Slovenia mostly depends on the economic power of the region and its population, while the influence of age structure and urbanization rate of the population is significantly lower. In the field of sport the state sometimes acts as a substitute source of financing in the case of a lower economic power of the region and its population, while in particular cases it acts in a manner complementary to private sources. This proves, that a more significant importance of sport in a particular region also depends on the attitude of the local political structures distributing public financial sources.
