Chapter focuses on various atypical forms of employment – fixed-term, TAW, undeclared work as well as so called 'very atypical forms of employment' – and their developments in different EU Member States as well as policy debate around the atypical forms of employment. In recent years, the share of employees working under atypical forms of employment in EU Member States either increased or remained unchanged. Events in 2015 reflect the eclectic nature of approaches to this matter, with measures ranging from those that encourage flexibility (Latvia and Norway) to those that seek to combat abuse of atypical contracts (Sweden).
Chapter focuses on various atypical forms of employment – fixed-term, TAW, undeclared work as well as so called 'very atypical forms of employment' – and their developments in different EU Member States as well as policy debate around the atypical forms of employment. In recent years, the share of employees working under atypical forms of employment in EU Member States either increased or remained unchanged. Events in 2015 reflect the eclectic nature of approaches to this matter, with measures ranging from those that encourage flexibility (Latvia and Norway) to those that seek to combat abuse of atypical contracts (Sweden).
Chapter focuses on various atypical forms of employment – fixed-term, TAW, undeclared work as well as so called 'very atypical forms of employment' – and their developments in different EU Member States as well as policy debate around the atypical forms of employment. In recent years, the share of employees working under atypical forms of employment in EU Member States either increased or remained unchanged. Events in 2015 reflect the eclectic nature of approaches to this matter, with measures ranging from those that encourage flexibility (Latvia and Norway) to those that seek to combat abuse of atypical contracts (Sweden).
Chapter focuses on various atypical forms of employment – fixed-term, TAW, undeclared work as well as so called 'very atypical forms of employment' – and their developments in different EU Member States as well as policy debate around the atypical forms of employment. In recent years, the share of employees working under atypical forms of employment in EU Member States either increased or remained unchanged. Events in 2015 reflect the eclectic nature of approaches to this matter, with measures ranging from those that encourage flexibility (Latvia and Norway) to those that seek to combat abuse of atypical contracts (Sweden).
Civil-military relations in Lithuania have serious deficiencies, which have appeared because of the simulation of a recommended Western model of civilian control. After regaining Independence, Lithuania had the difficult task of creating its armed forces and system of national defence following the Western model. At the same time we had to implement two political programs: to create functio-ning armed forces and a institutional-legal system of democratic civil-military control. However, this control is not only proper laws and functioning institutions. Equally, an important role must be given to intellectual reflection, which enables the posing of questions such as: what is war; how is the character of war changing; how does this affect Lithuanian defence policies and the perception of threats? Raising such questions inside the armed forces and in wider political and civil society is an essential condition for having effective and flexible civilian control over the military.
Civil-military relations in Lithuania have serious deficiencies, which have appeared because of the simulation of a recommended Western model of civilian control. After regaining Independence, Lithuania had the difficult task of creating its armed forces and system of national defence following the Western model. At the same time we had to implement two political programs: to create functio-ning armed forces and a institutional-legal system of democratic civil-military control. However, this control is not only proper laws and functioning institutions. Equally, an important role must be given to intellectual reflection, which enables the posing of questions such as: what is war; how is the character of war changing; how does this affect Lithuanian defence policies and the perception of threats? Raising such questions inside the armed forces and in wider political and civil society is an essential condition for having effective and flexible civilian control over the military.
Civil-military relations in Lithuania have serious deficiencies, which have appeared because of the simulation of a recommended Western model of civilian control. After regaining Independence, Lithuania had the difficult task of creating its armed forces and system of national defence following the Western model. At the same time we had to implement two political programs: to create functio-ning armed forces and a institutional-legal system of democratic civil-military control. However, this control is not only proper laws and functioning institutions. Equally, an important role must be given to intellectual reflection, which enables the posing of questions such as: what is war; how is the character of war changing; how does this affect Lithuanian defence policies and the perception of threats? Raising such questions inside the armed forces and in wider political and civil society is an essential condition for having effective and flexible civilian control over the military.
Civil-military relations in Lithuania have serious deficiencies, which have appeared because of the simulation of a recommended Western model of civilian control. After regaining Independence, Lithuania had the difficult task of creating its armed forces and system of national defence following the Western model. At the same time we had to implement two political programs: to create functio-ning armed forces and a institutional-legal system of democratic civil-military control. However, this control is not only proper laws and functioning institutions. Equally, an important role must be given to intellectual reflection, which enables the posing of questions such as: what is war; how is the character of war changing; how does this affect Lithuanian defence policies and the perception of threats? Raising such questions inside the armed forces and in wider political and civil society is an essential condition for having effective and flexible civilian control over the military.
Civil-military relations in Lithuania have serious deficiencies, which have appeared because of the simulation of a recommended Western model of civilian control. After regaining Independence, Lithuania had the difficult task of creating its armed forces and system of national defence following the Western model. At the same time we had to implement two political programs: to create functio-ning armed forces and a institutional-legal system of democratic civil-military control. However, this control is not only proper laws and functioning institutions. Equally, an important role must be given to intellectual reflection, which enables the posing of questions such as: what is war; how is the character of war changing; how does this affect Lithuanian defence policies and the perception of threats? Raising such questions inside the armed forces and in wider political and civil society is an essential condition for having effective and flexible civilian control over the military.
Civil-military relations in Lithuania have serious deficiencies, which have appeared because of the simulation of a recommended Western model of civilian control. After regaining Independence, Lithuania had the difficult task of creating its armed forces and system of national defence following the Western model. At the same time we had to implement two political programs: to create functio-ning armed forces and a institutional-legal system of democratic civil-military control. However, this control is not only proper laws and functioning institutions. Equally, an important role must be given to intellectual reflection, which enables the posing of questions such as: what is war; how is the character of war changing; how does this affect Lithuanian defence policies and the perception of threats? Raising such questions inside the armed forces and in wider political and civil society is an essential condition for having effective and flexible civilian control over the military.
This paper is analysing what "indirect discrimination" stands for; and if there is a possibility to differentiate the subjects of Labour Law; what are the criteria based on which the differentiated treatment of subjects of Labour Law can be justified; and what is the difference between "differentiation" and "indirect discrimination". By examining Lithuanian and European Union rules of Labour Law, it was aimed to provide the basis for determining indirect gender discrimination prohibition principles; furthermore, lay down assumptions for application of those principles in the field of wages - when concluding, implementing or ending a labour contract. Based on the leading case precedents of European Court of Justice, it has been attempted to clarify the characteristics of indirect discrimination. Attention has been paid to the ways of defending the violated rights of a person, who has experienced an indirect discrimination. This Master's paper has analysed if Lithuanian rules of Labour Law meet the requirements set out by the European Union rules of Labour Law, with regard to the implementation of indirect discrimination prohibition principle; key problems have been identified, and improvements suggested.
This paper is analysing what "indirect discrimination" stands for; and if there is a possibility to differentiate the subjects of Labour Law; what are the criteria based on which the differentiated treatment of subjects of Labour Law can be justified; and what is the difference between "differentiation" and "indirect discrimination". By examining Lithuanian and European Union rules of Labour Law, it was aimed to provide the basis for determining indirect gender discrimination prohibition principles; furthermore, lay down assumptions for application of those principles in the field of wages - when concluding, implementing or ending a labour contract. Based on the leading case precedents of European Court of Justice, it has been attempted to clarify the characteristics of indirect discrimination. Attention has been paid to the ways of defending the violated rights of a person, who has experienced an indirect discrimination. This Master's paper has analysed if Lithuanian rules of Labour Law meet the requirements set out by the European Union rules of Labour Law, with regard to the implementation of indirect discrimination prohibition principle; key problems have been identified, and improvements suggested.
This paper is analysing what "indirect discrimination" stands for; and if there is a possibility to differentiate the subjects of Labour Law; what are the criteria based on which the differentiated treatment of subjects of Labour Law can be justified; and what is the difference between "differentiation" and "indirect discrimination". By examining Lithuanian and European Union rules of Labour Law, it was aimed to provide the basis for determining indirect gender discrimination prohibition principles; furthermore, lay down assumptions for application of those principles in the field of wages - when concluding, implementing or ending a labour contract. Based on the leading case precedents of European Court of Justice, it has been attempted to clarify the characteristics of indirect discrimination. Attention has been paid to the ways of defending the violated rights of a person, who has experienced an indirect discrimination. This Master's paper has analysed if Lithuanian rules of Labour Law meet the requirements set out by the European Union rules of Labour Law, with regard to the implementation of indirect discrimination prohibition principle; key problems have been identified, and improvements suggested.
This paper is analysing what "indirect discrimination" stands for; and if there is a possibility to differentiate the subjects of Labour Law; what are the criteria based on which the differentiated treatment of subjects of Labour Law can be justified; and what is the difference between "differentiation" and "indirect discrimination". By examining Lithuanian and European Union rules of Labour Law, it was aimed to provide the basis for determining indirect gender discrimination prohibition principles; furthermore, lay down assumptions for application of those principles in the field of wages - when concluding, implementing or ending a labour contract. Based on the leading case precedents of European Court of Justice, it has been attempted to clarify the characteristics of indirect discrimination. Attention has been paid to the ways of defending the violated rights of a person, who has experienced an indirect discrimination. This Master's paper has analysed if Lithuanian rules of Labour Law meet the requirements set out by the European Union rules of Labour Law, with regard to the implementation of indirect discrimination prohibition principle; key problems have been identified, and improvements suggested.
Communication with media is very important in nowadays world: if media doesn't inform about activities of organizations or institutions we can say that there is no media. NGO organizations, business companies, state institutions communicate with media in different forms (press conferences, statements to the press). Literature sources state that communication with media is one of the braches of science. One of the main principals of the communication with media is good communication and one of the functions is to inform. Media can be used as means of forming image (both negative and positive). The paper presents connections between image specialists and journalists, because these two professions have a lot in common and often get mixed up. The paper also describes the understanding of communication on Government, public and local authority level. The objective of this work is to analyze how communication with media is maintained in Lithuanian municipalities. To achieve the objective we have these goals: 1) according to theoretic literature to find out what is media, define its concept, compare communication with media in state and NGO, to describe differences and similarities between media and public communication; 2 )to carry out a survey on the Internet and find out in how communication with media specialists in municipalities communicate with media, what are the functions and activities of these specialists; 3) after a structural interview make a conclusion if local authorities have to communicate with media and what ways of communication are effective; 4) connecting analysis of theoretical literature and qualitative / quantitative research draw a conclusion and give recommendations what communication with media should be done in municipalities. The work gives analysis, synthesis and comparison of scientific literature; comparison and induction methods were used. In order to analyze a case if communication with media is used in Lithuanian municipalities a combination of two methods was used: method of probability selection; quantitative research on the Internet survey and qualitative research carrying out an expert interview. The research showed that communication with media is considered as the whole of some means which help to convey the information to public. Lithuanian institutions communicate with media and in some municipalities this communication is a priority. Municipalities mostly send statements to the press, organize press conferences. Specialists responsible for communication with media or a person delegated by the Director of Administration make statements to the press. It became clear after the expert interview that municipalities have to communicate with media; the situation, the size of the municipality, the importance of the news help to choose the way of communication.
