Suchergebnisse

La historiografía suele reservar la denominación de guerras de religión para una serie de conflictos de larga duración, inevitablemente virulentos, y que rasgaron, dogmáticamente y dramáticamente, iglesias, gobernantes y comunidades enteras. Sin embargo, en la Europa moderna, los conflictos que involucraban la religión, directa o indirectamente, por activa o por pasiva, no eran únicamente de esta índole, sino que también se dirimieron en el ámbito del pensamiento en general, la creación artística y -por supuesto- la política

Spinoza, Pufendorf and Locke all championed freedom of thought (including freedom of religion) and of speech; all three thinkers deserve credit for having forged the fundamental principles of the liberal tradition. Spinoza, in particular, was the first writer in modern times to articulate a systematic defence of democracy. He believed that the state should promote the welfare of its citizens, while maximising their freedom. Although he equated right with power, he also advocated respect for the moral law, stressing the importance of being good to other people. Keywords: Spinoza, Pufendorf, Locke, freedom of religion, freedom of thought, liberalism

Los reyes y emperadores de la Casa de Austria fueron durante siglos los defensores de la religión católica y la Iglesia de Roma. Los monarcas españoles pertenecientes a este linaje hicieron de la defensa de la Fe cristiana un eje esencial de su práctica política, estableciendo un pacto con Dios con un objetivo confeso: una realeza legítima para un planeta católico. Esta alianza será representada en las artes propagandísticamente en las numerosas recreaciones pintadas de la batalla naval de Lepanto, que muestran a Dios, la Virgen y los santos tomando parte en el combate y decidiendo su suerte. Varios cuadros de la Corte de Felipe II dejan entrever las complejas claves dinásticas, espirituales y simbólicas de un momento crucial de la monarquía hispánica. ; For centuries, the Habsburg kings and emperors were defenders of the Catholic religion and the Church of Rome. The Spanish monarchs belonging to this lineage made the defence of the Christian faith a fundamental core of their political practice, establishing a pact with God with a declared objective: legitimate royalty for a Catholic planet. This alliance would be represented as propaganda in the arts in the many painted recreations of the naval battle of Lepanto, showing God, the Virgin and the saints taking part in the combat and deciding its destiny. Various paintings from the Court of Philip II reveal the complex dynastic, spiritual and symbolic keys to a crucial moment for the Hispanic monarchy.

El artículo analiza el discurso franquista sobre la presencia de marroquíes musulmanes en el ejército nacional durante la guerra civil española, en relación con la justificación de esta participación hecha por parte del arabista Miguel Asín Palacios (1871-1944). Vincula dicha justificación, hecha durante la posguerra, con la obra académica de Asín Palacios anterior a la guerra, y sostiene que su argumentación respecto a las tropas marroquíes es inseparable de su interpretación histórica sobre los préstamos culturales entre el mundo islámico y el mundo cristiano en la Península Ibérica durante la edad media. La particular visión de Asín Palacios sobre la existencia de afinidades teológicas profundas entre el islam y el catolicismo permitió a la propaganda franquista presentar la participación de tropas musulmanes en la guerra como una cruzada compartida entre ambas religiones frente al materialismo ateo de las fuerzas republicanas.

El presente trabajo trata de demostrar que el pronunciamiento en la Galia del césar Juliano contra el emperador legítimo, su primo Constancio II, hijo de Constantino, fue la culminación de un proyecto soñado desde que de niño vivió en directo el asesinato de la mayoría de los miembros de su familia paterna, incluido su padre, en una revuelta de soldados que estaba inspirada por el propio emperador. La amargura de su niñez y juventud, apartado de la corte y en el exilio, sin familiares ni amigos, fue un campo abonado para quienes defendían en distintas ciudades del Imperio y desde puestos de poder los intereses de su familia desaparecida. Entre ellos se encontraba una buena parte de los fi lósofos neoplatónicos y rétores paganos que veían con acritud la persecución de las religiones tradicionales por un emperador cristiano e intolerante. La conjunción de una serie de circunstancias, ajenas en gran parte al propio Juliano, permitió que éste contase con el apoyo militar y político para poder llevar a cabo, una vez enviado a la Galia como césar para defender sus fronteras, el motín que le convirtió primero en Augusto de Occidente y poco después de todo el Imperio. ; Th is work attempts to show that the rebellion in Gaul of the Caesar Julian against the legitimate emperor, his cousin Constantius II, son of Constantine, was the culmination of a project he had dreamed of ever since, as a child, he had witnessed the murders of most members of his father's family, including his father himself, in a revolt by soldiers inspired by the Emperor himself. Th e bitterness of his childhood and youth, kept away from the court and in exile, without family or friends,was fertile ground for those who, in diff erent cities of the Empire and in positions of power, upheld the interests of his dead family. Among these were a good proportion of Neo-Platonic philosophers and pagan rhetoricians who watched bitterly as the traditional religions were persecuted by an intolerant Christian Emperor. Th e conjunction of a series of circumstances, largely beyond the control of Julian himself, meant he received the military and political support so that, once he had been sent to Gaul as Caesar to defend its frontiers, he could carry out the rebellion that made him Emperor, fi rst of the West, and then of the whole Empire.

V magistrskem delu smo raziskali dejavnike poslovnih pogajanj med partnerji iz Slovenije v odnosu s partnerji iz držav razpadle Jugoslavije. Opisani so dejavniki in karakteristike poslovnih pogajanj v splošnem pomenu, kot tudi vpliv dejavnikov kulture, ki se odražajo v sklopu mednarodnih poslovnih odnosov in pogajanj. Kulturna dejstva so temelj, na katerem slonijo poslovni odnosi, kadar se v procesu srečujejo poslovni partnerji iz različnih držav, kar pomeni, da moramo biti pozorni na razlike v komunikacijskem procesu, spoštovanju tuje kulture in njihovih navad, ponekod celo religije. Razlike med našimi in tujimi dejavniki kulture, oz. vsaj poznavanje in spoštovanje le-teh, so ključ za graditev in ohranjanje dolgoročnih poslovnih odnosov. Razlike so pravzaprav prisotne povsod, ne le na globalni ravni poslovanja, najdemo jih že tudi na lokalni ravni, saj so si podjetja, njihove usmeritve in cilji, drugačni. Potrebno se je prilagoditi drugim, če želimo doseči nekaj, kar nam predstavlja korist. Soočanje in osvajanje medkulturnih razlik nam pomaga pri razumevanju medkulturnih dimenzij, pri čemer se je potrebno zavedati, da se bomo tega učili skozi celotno življenje. Kultura je namreč širok spekter pojmov, družbenih norm in vrednot, da bi jih lahko popolnoma prevzeli in se z njimi popolnoma poistovetili. V magistrskem delu so zaradi tega razloga predstavljeni le določeni dejavniki in definicije. Teoretični del ob definicijah in opredelitvah poslovnih pogajanj in mednarodnih pogajanj vsebuje še predstavitev držav nekdanje Jugoslavije, v raziskovalnem delu pa smo povzeli še dejanske izkušnje respondentov poglobljenega intervjuja, ter pridobili pomembne informacije in smernice, ki bodo koristno predstavljene za druge poslovneže, ki že aktivno sodelujejo ali pa imajo namen v prihodnosti sodelovati s poslovnimi partnerji v raziskovani regiji. V sklepnem delu so povzete glavne ugotovitve, in sicer lahko zapišemo, da je za uspešna poslovna pogajanja z državami, ki so nekoč sestavljale mogočno Jugoslavijo, potrebno poznavanje oz. bolje rečeno spoštovanje njihove religije, ki je ponekod zelo izrazita, dejavnik, ki pa zagotavlja pristne in dolgoročne odnose z njimi, pa je faktor človečnosti. Odnosi namreč temeljijo na poznavanju ljudi na osebni in poslovni ravni, ki ju je potrebno usklajeno vzdrževati (tudi v času, kadar nismo v proaktivnem sodelovanju s partnerjem, je potrebno ohranjanje odnosa v obliki osebnega stika in poslovnih daril). Prav tako smo ugotovili tudi, da se način pogajanj iz držav nekdanje Jugoslavije ne razlikuje več močno od evropskega, saj aktivno stremijo evropskim standardom. ; In this work, we examined the factors of business negotiations between partners from Slovenia in relation to partners that came from the stats of former Yugoslavija. The factors and characteristics of business negotiations in the general sense are described, as well as the influence of cultural factors, which are reflected in the framework of international business relations and negotiations. Cultural facts are the foundation upon which business relations are based, when business partners from different countries meet in the process, and that means that we must pay attention to the differences in the communication process, respect for foreign culture and their habits, and sometimes even religion. Differences between our and foreign factors of culture, at least knowing and respecting them, are the key to building and maintaining long-term business relationships. The differences are actually present everywhere, not only at the global level of business, but also at the local level, as companies, their policies and goals are different. It is necessary to adapt to others if we are to achieve something that benefits us. Facing and conquering intercultural differences helps us to understand intercultural dimensions, and we must be aware that we will learn this throughout our lives. Culture is a wide range of concepts, social norms and values, so that they can be completely taken over and fully identified with them. For this reason, in this work only certain factors and definitions are presented. Theoretical part of this work contains the definitions of negotiations and the international negotiations. There is also the presentation of countries that form ex Yugoslavija, while while in the empirical part of this work we summarized the actual experiences of the employees, that have been conducted in the in-depth interview, and obtained important information and guidelines that will be usefully presented to other business people who are already actively involved or have the intention to cooperate with business partners in the research region in the future. The concluding part summarizes the main findings. We can say, that for successful negotiation in the countries of former Yugoslavija, you need to know ther religion and respect it, and that is the factor that will guarantee long term relationships with them. Most of all, they need you to be a person, a good man. Personal relations are more important than making business, relationships are based on knowledge of people on a personal and business level, which need to be maintained in a coordinated manner (even when we are not in proactive cooperation with a partner, it is necessary to maintain a relationship, to contact or to visit them, to bring them gifts). We can also conclude that the way of negotiations in the countries of the former Yugoslavia does not differ much more strongly than the European one, since they actively strive for European standards.