Los reyes y emperadores de la Casa de Austria fueron durante siglos los defensores de la religión católica y la Iglesia de Roma. Los monarcas españoles pertenecientes a este linaje hicieron de la defensa de la Fe cristiana un eje esencial de su práctica política, estableciendo un pacto con Dios con un objetivo confeso: una realeza legítima para un planeta católico. Esta alianza será representada en las artes propagandísticamente en las numerosas recreaciones pintadas de la batalla naval de Lepanto, que muestran a Dios, la Virgen y los santos tomando parte en el combate y decidiendo su suerte. Varios cuadros de la Corte de Felipe II dejan entrever las complejas claves dinásticas, espirituales y simbólicas de un momento crucial de la monarquía hispánica. ; For centuries, the Habsburg kings and emperors were defenders of the Catholic religion and the Church of Rome. The Spanish monarchs belonging to this lineage made the defence of the Christian faith a fundamental core of their political practice, establishing a pact with God with a declared objective: legitimate royalty for a Catholic planet. This alliance would be represented as propaganda in the arts in the many painted recreations of the naval battle of Lepanto, showing God, the Virgin and the saints taking part in the combat and deciding its destiny. Various paintings from the Court of Philip II reveal the complex dynastic, spiritual and symbolic keys to a crucial moment for the Hispanic monarchy.
El presente trabajo trata de demostrar que el pronunciamiento en la Galia del césar Juliano contra el emperador legítimo, su primo Constancio II, hijo de Constantino, fue la culminación de un proyecto soñado desde que de niño vivió en directo el asesinato de la mayoría de los miembros de su familia paterna, incluido su padre, en una revuelta de soldados que estaba inspirada por el propio emperador. La amargura de su niñez y juventud, apartado de la corte y en el exilio, sin familiares ni amigos, fue un campo abonado para quienes defendían en distintas ciudades del Imperio y desde puestos de poder los intereses de su familia desaparecida. Entre ellos se encontraba una buena parte de los fi lósofos neoplatónicos y rétores paganos que veían con acritud la persecución de las religiones tradicionales por un emperador cristiano e intolerante. La conjunción de una serie de circunstancias, ajenas en gran parte al propio Juliano, permitió que éste contase con el apoyo militar y político para poder llevar a cabo, una vez enviado a la Galia como césar para defender sus fronteras, el motín que le convirtió primero en Augusto de Occidente y poco después de todo el Imperio. ; Th is work attempts to show that the rebellion in Gaul of the Caesar Julian against the legitimate emperor, his cousin Constantius II, son of Constantine, was the culmination of a project he had dreamed of ever since, as a child, he had witnessed the murders of most members of his father's family, including his father himself, in a revolt by soldiers inspired by the Emperor himself. Th e bitterness of his childhood and youth, kept away from the court and in exile, without family or friends,was fertile ground for those who, in diff erent cities of the Empire and in positions of power, upheld the interests of his dead family. Among these were a good proportion of Neo-Platonic philosophers and pagan rhetoricians who watched bitterly as the traditional religions were persecuted by an intolerant Christian Emperor. Th e conjunction of a series of circumstances, largely beyond the control of Julian himself, meant he received the military and political support so that, once he had been sent to Gaul as Caesar to defend its frontiers, he could carry out the rebellion that made him Emperor, fi rst of the West, and then of the whole Empire.
U predgovoru prvog godišta "Jevrejskog almanaha" od 2. septembra 1925. (12. elula 5685) godine, predsednik Saveza Rabina Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca dr Isak Alkalaj obrazlaže pokretanje ovog godišnjaka. Konstatuje da je Prvi svetski rat izmenio prilike u celoj Evropi i da je jugoslovenska država podnela ogromne žrtve. Iako se tragovi tog najstrašnijeg rata, još uvek osećaju u celom svetu, čine se ogromni napori da se nadoknadi sve što je izgubljeno. Sve zajednice, udruženja i grupe težile su ka duhovnoj obnovi, a svi ciljevi bili su posvećeni obnovi i napretku. I jevrejska zajednica koja je osetila značaj svoje uloge bila je veoma aktivna. Jevrejstvo Kraljevine organizovano kroz veliki broj lokalnih kulturnih i verskih udruženja, sastavljeno iz veroispovednih opština, ujedinilo se u jedinstvenu zajednicu. Iako su u tom procesu postojale određene poteškoće zbog specifičnosti pojedinačnih zajednica koje su pre ujedinjenja bile izložene različitim uticajima, postignut je značajan uspeh. Primer uspešnog načina obrazovnog rada pokazali su rabini kao duhovne vođe i učitelji, tumači božijih reči, nosioci jevrejskog duha i svesti. U periodu nakon rata rabini su posvetili svoje znanje i svoje vreme opštim stvarima zajednice, širenju religije i ljubavi čoveka prema bližnjem, vraćanju lepim tradicijama i etičkom i duhovnom vaspitanju. Jačanjem tradicije i oživljavanjem prošlosti, oni su vršili misionarski zadatak i vraćali pobožni svet starom poretku punom vrlina. Da bi što bolje i uspešnije postigli svoj zadatak, rabini Kraljevine su se organizovali u Savez, koji je imao dva uspešna i podsticajna kongresa u Zagrebu i Beogradu na kojima su se rešavala mnogobrojna važna pitanja iz duhovnog i verskog života. Jedna od inicijativa Saveza rabina bila je pokretanje ovog Almanaha kao prvog književno-naučnog dela koje će okupiti intelektualce i biti duhovni i kulturni vodič za sve važne pojave u jevrejskom verskom, socijalnom, istorijskom, književnom i političkom životu. Almanah je izlazio Vršcu u periodu od 1925 do 1930., odnosno od 5686 do 5690 godine po jevrejskom kalendaru u izdanju Saveza rabina Kraljevine SHS, na srpskohrvatskom, hebrejskom i nemačkom jeziku. Tekstovi su štampani latiničnim, ćirilićnim i hebrejskim pismom. Izašlo je ukupno pet godišta. Urednici prvog godišta bili su Leopold Fišer (Fischer), nadrabin u Vršcu i Mojsije Margel, rabin u Zagrebu. Ostala četiri godišta uređivao je Leopold Fišer. Štampan je u štampariji "Artistički zavod ud. J. E. Kiršner (Kirschner)" iz Vršca. Osim radova iz naučnih i verskih oblasti svako godište Almanaha sadržavalo je i jevrejski kalendar za tekuću jevrejsku godinu, književne preglede i statistiku jevrejstva u Kraljevini. ; In the preface to the first volume of the "Jewish Almanac" of September 2, 1925 (Elul 12, 5685), the president of the Federation of Rabbis of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Dr. Isak Alkalaj, explains the launch of this yearbook. He states that the First World War changed the situation in the whole of Europe and that the Yugoslav state suffered huge sacrifices. Although the traces of that most terrible war are still felt all over the world, huge efforts are being made to make up for everything that was lost. All communities, associations, and groups aspired to spiritual renewal, and all goals were dedicated to renewal and progress. The Jewish community, which felt the importance of its role, was also very active. The Jewry of the Kingdom, organized through a large number of local cultural and religious associations, composed of religious communities, united into a single community. Although there were some difficulties in this process due to the specifics of individual communities that were exposed to different influences before unification, significant success was achieved. The example of a successful way of educational work was shown by rabbis as spiritual leaders and teachers, interpreters of God's words, bearers of the Jewish spirit and consciousness. In the period after the war, the rabbis dedicated their knowledge and their time to the general affairs of the community, the spread of religion and human love, the return of beautiful traditions, and ethical and spiritual education. By strengthening the tradition and reviving the past, they performed a missionary task and returned the religious people to the old order full of virtues. In order to better and more successfully achieve their task, the rabbis of the Kingdom organized themselves into the Federation, which had two successful and stimulating congresses in Zagreb and Belgrade, at which many important issues from the spiritual and religious life were resolved. One of the initiatives of the Rabbinical Federation was the launch of this Almanac as the first literary-scientific work that will gather intellectuals and be a spiritual and cultural guide for all important phenomena in Jewish religious, social, historical, literary, and political life. The Almanac was published in Vršac in the period from 1925 to 1930, i.e. from 5686 to 5690 according to the Jewish calendar, published by the Federation of Rabbis of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, in Serbo-Croatian, Hebrew and German. The texts are printed in Latin, Cyrillic, and Hebrew. Five volumes have been published. For the first year, the editors were Leopold Fischer, a senior rabbi in Vršac, and Mojsije Margel, a rabbi in Zagreb. The other four years were edited by Leopold Fischer. It was printed in the printing house "Artistički zavod ud. J. E. Kirschner" from Vršac. In addition to works from scientific and religious fields, each volume of the Almanac also contained the Jewish calendar for the current Jewish year, literary reviews and statistics of Judaism in the Kingdom. ; Tekstovi su štampani na srpskohrvatskom, hebrejskom i nemačkom jeziku, latiničnim, ćirilićnim i hebrejskim pismom (the texts were printed in Serbo-Croatian, Hebrew and German, in Latin, Cyrillic and Hebrew.)
