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The processes of world globalization have a significant impact on all spheres of society, in particular on the realization of human rights, which is accompanied by specific collisions and conflict situations at the regional level. In many cases, the limits of the realization of human rights are conditioned by certain socio-cultural characteristics and sustainable traditions that do not correspond to common civilizational values and impede the implementation of international human rights standards in national legal systems. The universal nature of human rights, enshrined in paragraph 5 of the Vienna Declaration and Program on Human Rights Action (1993), provides that all human rights are universal, indivisible, interdependent and interrelated. The international community must treat human rights in a fair and equitable manner, with due regard for globalization processes, with the same approach and focus. The significance of national and regional specificities and different historical, religious and regardless of their political, economic and cultural systems, have obligations to promote and protect all human rights and basic freedoms. This statement expresses the positions that are essential when considering the human rights situation at the regional level. First, recognizing human rights as universal for the international community means their global character. Secondly, regardless of their political, economic and cultural systems, states have a duty to promote and protect all human rights and freedoms. International standards are intended to eliminate the differences in the realization of human rights and freedoms that are manifested at the global and national levels, and to assert their universal character. Adherence to the traditional values of culture and religion cannot be ignored in contemporary context, as sociocultural diversity has a profound effect on the implementation of international human rights standards in different civilizational spaces. Human rights, which are inherent in all countries due to their natural properties, are recognized in international instruments as being not subject to any restrictions and deviations, at the same time they are different at the regional level in used approaches. In practice, thisresults in restrictions and, in some cases, violations that require response from the international community. ; Процеси світової глобалізації відчутно позначаються на усіх сферах життєдіяльності суспільства, зокрема, на реалізації прав людини,що супроводжується на регіональному рівні окремими колізіями. В багатьох випадках межі реалізації прав людини обумовлені певними соціокультурними особливостями та усталеними звичаями, які не відповідають загально цивілізаційнимцінностям та перешкоджають впровадженню міжнародних стандартів прав людини в національні правовісистеми. Універсальний характер прав людини, закріплений у п. 5 Віденської декларації та Програмі дій з прав людини (1993), передбачає, щоусі права людини є універсальними, неподільними, взаємозалежними і взаємопов'язаними. Міжнародне співтовариство повинно ставитися до прав людини, враховуючи процеси глобалізації, на справедливій і рівній основі, з однаковим підходомі увагою. Хоча значення національної і регіональної специфіки і різних історичних, релігійних і культурних цінностей, правових традицій необхідно мати на увазі, в той же час, держави, незалежно від їх політичних, економічних і культурних систем, мають обов'язок заохочувати і захищати усі права людини та основні свободи. У цьому твердженні виражені позиції, що є істотними при розгляді ситуації щодо реалізації прав людини на регіональному рівні. По-перше, визнання прав людини в якості універсальних для міжнародного співтовариства означає їх глобальний характер. І по-друге, незалежно від їх політичних, економічних і культурних систем, держави зобов'язані заохочувати і захищати усіправа і свободи людини. Міжнародні стандарти покликані скасувати відмінності щодо реалізації прав і свобод людини, які проявляються на глобальному і національному рівнях, стверджувати їх універсальний характер.Прихильність до традиційних духовних цінностей не можна ігнорувати в умовах сучасності, оскільки соціокультурна багатоманітністьмає величезний вплив на впровадження міжнародних стандартів прав людини в різні цивілізаційні простори. Права людини, які притаманні усім країнам і народам завдяки своїм природним властивостям, визнані у міжнародних документах як такі, що не підлягають жодним обмеженням і відхиленням, на регіональному рівні відрізняються у своїх підходах. На практиці це призводить до їх обмежень і подекуди порушень, що потребує реагування з боку міжнародної спільноти.

The sphere of sport is deeply transformed now, so there is a need for new theoretical approaches to it analyses. It is noted that modern Russian sociologists are mostly focused not on the consideration of sociology of sport problems but on the kind of sport description. This situation in the field of sociology of sport requires closer attention to the theoretical paradigms. The article is devoted to the analysis of protosociological and sociological theories to the sociology of sport study. The main sociological theories of sport study as complex and controversial phenomenon of modern society are systematized. The points of view of T. Veblen, M. Weber, J. Ortega y Gasset, J. Huizinga are considered as protosociological theories of the sociology of sport. It is shown, that T. Veblen develops ideas about class conditioning of sport. He argues that the passion for sport is not very serious for the "industrial class" and their interest in sport is episodic. M. Weber, studying the social nature of sport, focuses on the political function of this phenomenon, considers it as a specific mechanism of social control. The theories of J. Ortega y Gasset and J. Huizinga are considered as the studies that have had the greatest influence on the development of sociocultural approach in sport sociology. J. Ortega y Gasset considers the changes in sociocultural priority, which was the work in nineteenth century and a game in twentieth century, as the reason of sport progressive development in the twentieth century. J. Huizinga identifies the game with order. Moreover, the game is an important social mechanism for maintaining discipline in the collective and society. According to J. Huizinga, sport is away from the cultural processes in modern society. The reason of this is the isolation of modern sport from high spiritual culture, ritual festivals and religious cults.It is shown that the social role of sport is analyzed in the scientific literature from the positions of different theories: structural functionalism (C. Stevenson), structuralism (P. Bourdieu), conflict theory (G. Lushen, J. Loy), theory of figuration (N. Elias), symbolic interactionism (G. Stone, J. Macionis). The essence of each of these theories is briefly described. It is emphazed that each theory has its own methodological possibilities for describing different problems of functioning and development of modern sport. The views of the most prominent sociologists of each theory are shortly characterized. K. Jaspers existential theory in understanding social essence of sport is analyzed. It is noted that recently postmodern theories have been especially popular among sport sociologists. ; В настоящее время в связи с глубинной трансформацией спорта возникает потребность в поиске новых теоретико-методологических подходов к его изучению. Отмечено, что в российской социологии спорта основной акцент делается не столько на вопросы социологического характера, сколько на проблемы самого спорта, развития его отдельных видов; работы преимущественно носят эмпирический характер. Такое положение сегодняшнего состояния социологии спорта требует коррекции в плане более пристального внимания к теоретическим подходам данной науки. В статье рассмотрена эволюция протосоциологических подходов к изучению социальной сущности спорта, а также проанализированы основные зарубежные теоретические концепции, оказавшие существенное влияние на развитие социологии спорта. В рамках классической социологии рассмотрены взгляды Т. Веблена и М. Вебера. Развивая свои идеи о классовой обусловленности спорта, Т. Веблен доказывает, что для представителей "индустриальных классов" увлечение спортом не является значимым и их страсть к спорту имеет развлекательный и эпизодический характер. М. Вебер в своих взглядах на социальную природу спорта акцентирует внимание исключительно на политической функции этого феномена как специфического рычага социального контроля. Среди исследований, оказавших значительное влияние на развитие направлений социологии спорта, связанных с определением социокультурной роли спорта, рассмотрены взгляды Х. Ортегии-Гассета и Й. Хёйзенги. Показано, что при изучении спорта как социального явления ученые обращаются к различным социологическим парадигмам и теориям: структурному функционализму, структурализму, теории конфликта, феноменологии, теории фигурации, символическому интеракционизму. Кратко охарактеризованы взгляды наиболее ярких представителей каждой из них. Кратко охарактеризован экзистенциальный подход К. Ясперса в понимании социальной сущности спорта. Отмечено, что последние годы особой популярностью среди социологов спорта пользуются постмодернистские теории.

<div><p class="trans-title">Este artigo aborda o registro das festas dedicadas ao Rosário de Maria como um patrimônio cultural imaterial do Brasil. Desde 2008, está em curso o processo de patrimonialização dessas festas no âmbito nacional. Essa ação se inscreve no controverso domínio do patrimônio cultural imaterial difundido em escala global pela UNESCO e que se baseia em um discurso que confere à globalização a capacidade de homogeneizar as culturas. A diversidade cultural do planeta estaria, assim, ameaçada. Diante dessa ameaça, haveria a necessidade de salvaguardar certas práticas culturais. Porém, no referido caso, trata-se de festas. As festas, notadamente as religiosas, são entendidas como o momento da produção do fato coletivo, da vida. E, dada a sua própria dinâmica, as festas não estariam em vias de desaparecimento. Dessa forma, o argumento estatal para registrar as festas como patrimônio entra em tensão com sua própria dinâmica.</p><p class="trans-title"> </p><p class="trans-title"><strong>THE HERITAGIZATION OF THE OUR LADY OF THE ROSARY'S FESTIVALS: between social life and state's practices</strong></p><p>This paper is about the heritagization of the Our Lady of the Rosary's festivals, also named "Congadas de Minas", in Brazil. This process started in 2008 by the Brazilian federal agency for cultural heritage, Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN). The immaterial cultural heritage policy is based on the statement that the globalization threatens the cultural diversity in the planet. For that reason, some cultural practices, such as the Our Lady of the Rosary's festivals, should be preserved. Nevertheless, in this specific case, the cultural practice is a festival. The festivals, especially the religious ones, are the moment when the collective phenomenon that animates social life is produced. Because of their own dynamic, the festivals do not have a risk to disappear. Therefore, the argument that bases the heritagization policies is in conflict with the dynamic of the Our Lady of the Rosary's festivals.</p><p><strong>Key words: </strong>Festival; Our Lady of the Rosary; Immaterial cultural heritage; Safeguarding; Globalization</p><p class="trans-title"><strong><br /></strong></p></div><div><p class="trans-title"><strong>LES FETES DU ROSAIRE EN TANT QUE PATRIMOINE: entre le vecu et la pratique de l'état</strong></p><p>Cet article porte sur la patrimonialisation de fêtes en hommage à Notre-Dame du Rosaire, appelée aussi "Congadas de Minas", au Brésil. Depuis 2008, ce processus est en cours par l'organisme gouvernemental en charge de la politique du patrimoine, l'Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN). Cette action patrimoniale est inscrite dans le controversé domaine du patrimoine culturel immatériel, diffusé globalement par l'Unesco et basé sur le discours selon lequel la mondialisation a la capacité d'homogénéiser les cultures. La diversité culturelle de la planète serait, ainsi, menacée. À cause de cela, les États devraient préserver quelques pratiques culturelles. Cependant, le cas mentionné faire référence aux fêtes, notamment aux fêtes religieuses, qui sont le moment de la production du fait collectif, de la vie sociale. De cette façon, grâce à sa propre dynamique, ces fêtes ne sont pas menacées de disparition. Par conséquent, l'argumentation de l'État pour mise en patrimoine les fêtes de Notre-Dame du Rosaire est en conflit avec la dynamique de ces fêtes.</p><p><strong>Key words: </strong>Fête; Notre-Dame du Rosaire; Patrimoine culturel immatériel; Sauvegarde; Mondialisation</p><p class="trans-title"><strong><br /></strong></p></div>

Introduction: the Political Constitution of Colombia defines, as one of its essential principles, the recognition and protection of the Colombian ethnic and cultural diversity, which involves guaranteeing their rights, like the right to health, as conceived from their cultural characteristics. Objective: seize the cultural traditions and oral hygiene practices of the Zenú indigenous population. Methods: a qualitative study conducted in 2011. This study takes up again the ethnographic approach and method. 10 individuals from the Zenú community participated in the data collection process. The performed activities included observation, field logs, comprehensive interviews and observation groups. The analysis comprised the data condensation, from a descriptive and interpretative exercise, which was organized in three analysis categories, which resulted in several trends. Results: in spite of the westernization processes, traditional myth related practices, as well as broad and positive magical-religious conceptions on health and oral hygiene are still implemented. The inter-generation transmission is still valid, and dentistry services are only used when oral conditions cannot be cured by traditional treatments. Conclusion: preservation of traditions and ancestral oral health care practices call for the reorientation of the education of oral health care providers to further their science conception and, thus, facilitate the recognition of cultural differences and social inclusion processes for different groups. ; Resumen. Introducción: la Constitución Política de Colombia define como uno desus principios fundamentales el reconocimiento y la protección de la diversidadétnica y cultural de la nación, afirmación que implica la garantía de sus derechos,entre ellos el derecho a la salud, concebido desde sus particularidades culturales.Objetivo: comprender las tradiciones culturales y las prácticas de cuidado bucalen un grupo de indígenas zenúes. Métodos: estudio de corte cualitativo realizado enel 2011. Retoma elementos del enfoque y método etnográfico. En la construcciónde los datos participaron diez personas de la comunidad indígena Zenú. Se llevóa cabo observación participante, diarios de campo, entrevistas en profundidad ygrupos focales. El análisis consistió en un proceso de condensación de los datos apartir de un ejercicio descriptivo e interpretativo que se organizó en tres categoríasde análisis, de las cuales emergieron varias tendencias. Resultados: a pesar de losprocesos de occidentalización, se conservan prácticas tradicionales que se relacionancon mitos y concepciones mágico-religiosas amplias y positivas acerca de lasalud y del cuidado bucal. Está vigente la transmisión intergeneracional y la utilizacióndel servicio odontológico se da solamente cuando los problemas bucales nose solucionan mediante tratamientos tradicionales. Conclusión: la conservación detradiciones y prácticas ancestrales en salud bucal constituye un llamado a reorientarlos procesos de formación de los profesionales de la salud bucal, para ampliar laconcepción de ciencia y, de esta manera, facilitar el reconocimiento de las diferenciasculturales y los procesos de inclusión social de grupos diversos. ; Introdução: a Constituição Política da Colômbia define como um dos seus princípios fundamentais o reconhecimento e a proteção da diversidade étnica e cultural da nação, afirmação que envolve a garantia dos seus direitos, dentre eles o direito à saúde, concebido desde suas especificidades culturais. Objetivo: compreender as tradições culturais e as práticas de higiene bucal em um grupode indígenas Zenu. Métodos: estudo de corte qualitativo realizado em 2011. Retoma elementos do enfoque e método etnográfico. Na construção dos dados, participaram dez pessoas da comunidade indígena Zenu. Foi realizada a observação participante, bitácula de campo, entrevistas em profundidade e grupos focais. A análise consistiu em um processo de condensação dos dados, partindo de um exercício descritivo e interpretativo que foi organizado em três categorias de análise, das quais surgiram várias tendências. Resultados: a pesar dos processos de ocidentalização, conservam-se as práticastradicionais relacionadas com mitos e concepções mágico-religiosas amplias e positivas sobre a saúde e a higiene bucal. Está vigente a transmissão inter-regional e o uso do serviço odontológico somente acontece quando não são solucionados os problemas bucais com os tratamentos tradicionais.Conclusão: a preservação das tradições e práticas ancestrais em saúde bucal constitui um apelo a reorientar os processos de formação dos profissionais da saúde bucal, para ampliar a conceição de ciência e, dessa forma, facilitar o reconhecimento das diferenças culturais e os processos de inclusão social de grupos diversos.

Der Artikel behandelt die Veränderungen in der Bevölkerungsstruktur Thorns und des Landkreises Thorn von der 2. Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts bis einschließlich zur Zwischenkriegszeit. Er enthält eine Analyse von statistischem Material, das aus verschiedenen Arten von Quellen gewonnen wurde. Für den Zeitraum von der 2. Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts bis zum Jahr 1914 wurden statistische Zusammenstellungen für einzelne Landkreise Westpreußens aus den Jahren 1871, 1885, 1895, 1905 und 1910 ausgewertet. Ebenfalls ausgewertet wurden Informationen aus preußischen Statistiken für den Zeitraum des 19. und den Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts. Für die Zwischenkriegszeit waren die Bevölkerungsregister von 1921 und 1931 sehr hilfreich. Darin geht es um die Situation der Bevölkerung, der Konfessionen, der Nationalitäten und der sozialen und wirtschaftlichen Verhältnisse in diesem Zeitraum auf dem Gebiet von Thorn und des Landkreises. Thorn war während dieses gesamten Zeitraums ein wichtiges Industriezentrum, aber es war auch eine Festung und besaß eine Garnison, was schon seit der preußischen Zeit großen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung der Stadt und ihren Charakter hatte. Die Landgemeinden und die Gutsbezirke waren hauptsächlich landwirtschaftliches Terrain, das in seiner konfessionellen und nationalen Struktur differenziert war. Eine kurze Betrachtung der statistisch-demografischen Informationen ergibt ein Bild von enormen Veränderungen in der konfessionellen und nationalen Struktur der Bevölkerung, wobei der 1. Weltkrieg und die Wiedererlangung der Unabhängigkeit durch Polen eine Schlüsselgrenze bilden. Dies war eine Folge des Prozesses der Repolonisierung, der in den zwanziger Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts auf dem Gebiet des gesamten Landkreises stattfand. Die zahlenmäßige Vergrößerung der katholischen Bevölkerung und der deutliche Abfall der deutschen und evangelischen Bevölkerung (auch wenn Bekenntnis und Nationalität nicht einfach identifiziert werden dürfen) spiegelten die politischen Veränderungen und die Neuschöpfung des polnischen Staats nach über 100 Jahren wider. ; The article discusses the issue of changes in the structure of the population of Toruń and the Toruń county from the second half of the 19th century to the interwar period. The article contains an analysis of statistical material obtained from various types of sources. For the period of the second half of the 19th century to 1914, statistical summaries were used for individual counties of West Prussia for the years 1871, 1885, 1895, 1905 and 1910. Information from Prussian statistics for the period of the 19th and early 20th centuries was also used. For the interwar period the censuses of 1921 and 1931 were extremely helpful. The population, denomination, nationality and socio-economic situation in this period in Toruń and the county were discussed here. Throughout this period Toruń was not only an important industrial centre, but it was also a fortress and it had a garrison, which had affected the development of the city and its character since the Prussian period. Rural communes and court territories were mainly agricultural areas, diversified in terms of religious and national structure. From the short review of statistical and demographic information, there emerges a picture of huge changes in the denominational and national structure of the population, where the key chronological boundaries were World War I and the time when Poland regained independence. It was the result of the repolonization process that took place throughout the county in the 1920s. The increase in the number of Polish and Catholic inhabitants, along with a clear decrease in the number of the German and Evangelical populations (although denominations and nationalities cannot be directly identified) reflected political changes and the creation of the Polish state again after more than a hundred years. ; Artykuł omawia zagadnienie przemian struktur ludności Torunia i powiatu toruńskiego od II połowy XIX wieku do okresu międzywojennego włącznie. Artykuł zawiera analizę materiału statystycznego pozyskanego z różnych typów źródeł. Dla okresu II połowy XIX wieku do 1914 roku wykorzystano zestawienia statystyczne dla poszczególnych powiatów Prus Zachodnich za lata 1871, 1885, 1895, 1905 i 1910. Wykorzystane także zostały informacje ze statystyk pruskich za okres XIX i początku XX wieku. Dla okresu międzywojennego niezwykle pomocne były spisy ludności z 1921 i 1931 roku. Omówiono tutaj sytuację ludnościową, wyznaniową, narodowościową i społeczno-gospodarczą w tym okresie na terenie Torunia i powiatu. Toruń przez cały ten okres był ważnym ośrodkiem przemysłowym, ale był też twierdzą i posiadał garnizon, co miało duży wpływ na rozwój miasta jak i jego charakter już od okresu pruskiego. Gminy wiejskie i obszary dworskie były terenami głównie rolniczymi, zróżnicowanymi pod względem struktury wyznaniowej i narodowościowej. Z krótkiego przeglądu informacji statystyczno-demograficznych wyłania się obraz ogromnych zmian w strukturze wyznaniowej i narodowościowej ludności, gdzie kluczową granicą była I wojna światowa i odzyskanie przez Polskę niepodległości. Był to efekt procesu repolonizacji, który dokonywał się na terenie całego powiatu w latach dwudziestych XX wieku. Zwiększenie liczby ludności polskiej i katolickiej, oraz wyraźny spadek liczby ludności niemieckiej i ewangelickiej (choć wyznania i narodowości nie można wprost utożsamiać) odzwierciedlał zmiany polityczne i tworzenie państwa polskiego na nowo po ponad stu latach.

The role of the media as an intermediary between the formation of images and the representation of reality in the context of Orientalism and Islamophobia was analyzed in the paper. In the 21st century the media has become the dominant source of knowledge about Islam and the Muslims because it selectively decides what the West should know about Islam and what should be disguised. However, the underlying assumption is media, as a stereotype formation institution, opportunities depend on a local sociocultural context.The main goal of this research was to identify the role of the media as an intermediary in shaping social values and worldviews and stereotyping in different cultural environments on the basis of the Muhammad caricature crisis analysis. In order to achieve this objective the following tasks were set: to analyze the role of the media as an intermediary in shaping value-based orientation and constructing stereotypes, to clarify the concepts of a stereotype and Islamophobia and to identify a link between a negative image of Islam and the Muslims constructed by the media, to examine media constructed stereotypes of the Muslims and Islam in four different countries on the basis of the Muhammad caricature case.Quantitative content analysis was carried out and the hypothesis that the same event is differently portrayed in different cultures seeking to shape value orientation of a specific audience it is targeting at was proved. The Western media seeks to portray the Muslims as terrorists / Islamists who oppose the West, its values and any possibility of integration in a Western society. Meanwhile, in the Lebanon and India (Kashmir) media, there is no manifestation of Orientalism and Islamophobia because the audience it is targeting at is dominated by the Muslims; however, there is a noticeable manifestation of Occidentalism - resistance to the West and portrayal of Western societies as Islamophobic.Comparative analysis confirmed the statement that actors with very different believes and values construct different stories of an event. The Western media mainly publishes statements of those politicians, writers and journalists, who promote the phenomena of Muslim marginalization, stigmatization and Islamophobia. Meanwhile, in a cardinally opposite culture (Kashmir and Lebanon), the actors, Muslim representatives, religious leaders (imams), who are in power to form value orientation and public opinion and whose statements are reproduced in articles, express a hostile position to the West and its hegemony in the Orient. ; Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas žiniasklaidos vaidmuo tarp įvaizdžių konstravimo ir realybės reprezentavimo orientalizmo ir islamofobijos kontekste. Žiniasklaida XXI amžiuje yra tapusi dominuojančiu šaltiniu pažinti islamą ir musulmonus, kadangi selektyviai atrenka, ką Vakarai turėtų žinoti apie islamą ir ką reikėtų paslėpti. Vis dėlto pagrindinė prielaida yra ta, kad žiniasklaidos kaip institucijos, formuojančios stereotipus, galimybės priklauso nuo vietinio sociokultūrinio konteksto.Išsikeltas tyrimo tikslas – išsiaiškinti žiniasklaidos kaip tarpininko vaidmenį formuojant visuomenės vertybes, pasaulėžiūrą ir kuriant stereotipus skirtingose kultūrinėse terpėse per Muhammado karikatūrų krizės analizę. Tikslui pasiekti keliami šie uždaviniai: išanalizuoti žiniasklaidos kaip tarpininko vaidmenį formuojant vertybinę orientaciją ir konstruojant stereotipus; išanalizuoti stereotipo ir islamofobijos koncepcijas ir išsiaiškinti sąsajas su žiniasklaidos formuojamais neigiamais islamo ir musulmonų įvaizdžiais; ištirti keturių skirtingų valstybių žiniasklaidoje konstruojamus musulmonų ir islamo stereotipus analizuojant Muhammado karikatūrų atvejį.Atlikta kokybinė turinio analizė patvirtino hipotezę, kad skirtingose kultūrinėse terpėse tas pats įvykis pristatomas skirtingai formuojant tam tikrą vertybinę auditorijos, kuriai skirtas pranešimas, orientaciją. Vakarų žiniasklaidos priemonėse pateikiama informacija siekiama vaizduoti musulmonus kaip teroristus / islamistus, nusiteikusius prieš Vakarus, jų vertybes ir bet kokią integracijos galimybę Vakarų visuomenėse. O Libano ir Indijos (Kašmyro) žiniasklaidos priemonėse orientalizmo ir islamofobijos apraiškų nėra todėl, kad auditorijoje, kuriai skirtas pranešimas, dominuoja musulmonai, tačiau pastebima oksidentalizmo apraiškų – pasipriešinimas Vakarams ir jų kaip islamofobiškos visuomenės vaizdavimas spaudoje.Atlikta lyginamoji analizė patvirtino argumentą, kad veikėjai su labai skirtingais įsitikinimais ir vertybėmis konstruoja skirtingus įvykio pasakojimus. Vakarų žiniasklaidos priemonėse daugiausiai pateikiama politikų, rašytojų ir pačių žurnalistų pasisakymai, kurie skatina musulmonų marginalizavimą, stigmatizavimą ir islamofobijos reiškinį. Tuo tarpu kardinaliai skirtingoje kultūrinėje terpėje (Kašmyre ir Libane) veikėjai, kurių pasisakymai atkartoti straipsniuose ir kurie dėl to disponuoja galia formuojant vertybinę orientaciją ir viešąją nuomonę – musulmonų atstovai, daugiausia religiniai vadovai (imamai), kurie išreiškia priešišką poziciją Vakarų atžvilgiu ir jų hegemonijai Oriente.

Prison poetry is composed in the midst of exceptional circumstances and during painful moments of the life of poets; behind the prison walls where the pen is imprisoned. Writing at the bottom of the cell allows the poet to exercise a form of freedom, a freedom to put together words, to master the rhythm of his own life, timed by schedules and constraints that are not chosen. The present study is devoted to this particular creation written in prison by a number of contemporary French and Arab poets. It previews the historical and literary context in which this creation is located. It shows that this type of poetry reflects the prisoner poet's desire to assert his humanity while rejecting the slow process of dehumanization that accompanies incarceration. Poetic creation during incarceration shapes the memory of the man in prison. Poems composed in prison adopt an ethical dimension more than analytical and focus on lived experiences more than systems of thought where the commitment of poets comes to the fore. From a comparative perspective, the study addresses the relationship between poetry and politics, represented in prison poetry. The social and human questions that occupy the imprisoned poets are also at the center of the study as the poetics and the structure of the imprisoned-poem. The thesis copes with the intertextual processes that nourish the poetry of prisons in many forms: religious, mythical and historical. Hence, Intertextuality is a fundamental feature of this poetry and will be considered in our research. In short, prison poetry proves that poets are really "the masters of words", those who ignore the "shut up", addressed to prisoners, thanks to the height of their poetic language that expresses their different messages. The poetic creation during imprisonment shows that jailed poets are able to "say prison", each in its own uniqueness, and to get involved in the City to which they belong. ; La poésie des prisons est composée dans des circonstances exceptionnelles et pendant des moments pénibles de la vie des poètes : derrière les murs de la prison où la plume est enfermée. Écrire au fond de la cellule permet au poète d'exercer une forme de liberté, liberté d'assembler les mots, de maîtriser le rythme de sa propre vie, cadencée par des horaires et des contraintes qui n'ont pas été choisies. Notre étude est consacrée à cette création poétique carcérale particulière chez quelques poètes français et arabes contemporains. Nous présentons le contexte historique et littéraire dans lequel se situe cette création. Notre travail montre que cette poésie reflète le désir du poète prisonnier d'affirmer son humanité tout en refusant le lent processus de déshumanisation qui accompagne l'incarcération. La création poétique pendant l'incarcération forme la mémoire de l'homme en prison. Les poèmes composés en prison prennent une dimension éthique plus qu'analytique et s'attachent à des expériences vécues plus qu'à des systèmes de pensée où l'engagement des poètes vient au-devant de la scène. Dans une perspective comparatiste, notre travail examine la relation entre la poésie et la politique, représentée dans la poésie des prisons. Les interrogations sociales et humaines qui occupent les poètes prisonniers sont aussi au centre de notre étude tout comme la poétique et les structures du poème-emprisonné. La thèse étudie également les procédés intertextuels qui nourrissent la poésie des prisons : religieuse, mythique et historique. L'intertextualité constitue une caractéristique fondamentale de cette poésie et occupe une place importante dans notre recherche. En bref, la poésie des prisons prouve que les poètes sont vraiment « les maîtres des mots », ceux qui ignorent le « taisez-vous », adressé aux prisonniers, grâce à la hauteur de leur langage poétique qui exprime leurs différents messages. La création poétique pendant l'emprisonnement montre que les poètes prisonniers sont capables de « dire la prison », chacun dans sa singularité, tout en s'engageant dans la Cité où ils vivent.

To tackle the study in the sense to approximate the concept of genocide in Colombia, we must indicate that a Penal International Court does not exist in Latin America and either in Colombia, which judges and condemns war crimes, lesa humanity and genocide, it doesn't want to say that in these stages there should not have appeared across his history, social, political and cultural phenomena that commit an outrage against the right of peoples and that are constitutive of crimes of genocide, in spite of the ratification of the Convention to prepare and sanction Genocide, and the commitment of the States to adapt his legislation interns in this sense. We are opposite to a concept which reason of being is the protection of the existence of human groups, which suggests that every human group must be thought under his own characteristics making possible the construction itself of the concept genocide. This one has relevancy in the measurement in which on the subyacen criteria that under the look of proper contexts dinamizan his application bringing the concept near to proper social, political, cultural, religious and national phenomena of our reality as people inside a multicultural vision. There is necessary an analysis of the criterion with which the national doctrine has tackled the concept of genocide opposite to the diversity and multiculturalidad of the proper conditions of occurring historical of the Colombian people, which they contribute to the same one, conceptual criteria beyond this one, allowing to identify phenomena that attempt directly the human dignity and the existence of human groups.bThe present investigation is an effort to establish, in the national doctrine, the absence of criteria and conceptual constructions on the passive subjects of genocide, which have instituted an inapplicable paradigm in Colombia because they don't correspond their lineaments. The concept loses his content in front of our reality, establishing a containment block with the doctrine, approaching to the concept of genocide in Colombia. ; Para abordar el estudio en el sentido de aproximar el concepto de genocidio en Colombia debemos señalar que, si bien es cierto no existe un Tribunal Penal Internacional en Latinoamérica, y mucho menos en Colombia, que juzgue y condene crímenes de guerra, lesa humanidad y genocidio, ello no quiere decir que en estos escenarios no se hayan presentado a través de su historia fenómenos sociales, políticos y culturales que atenten contra el derecho de gentes y que sean constitutivos de crímenes de genocidio, a pesar de la ratificación de la Convención para Prevenir y Sancionar el Genocidio, y el compromiso de los Estados de adecuar su legislación interna en este sentido.Estamos frente a un concepto cuya razón de ser es la protección de la existencia de grupos humanos, lo cual sugiere que cada grupo humano debe ser pensado bajo sus propias características haciendo posible la construcción misma del concepto genocidio. Este tiene relevancia en la medida en que sobre él subyacen criterios que bajo la mirada de contextos propios dinamizan su aplicación aproximando el concepto a fenómenos sociales, políticos, culturales, religiosos y nacionales propios de nuestra realidad como pueblo dentro de un visión multicultural. Es necesario un análisis del criterio con el cual la doctrina nacional ha abordado el concepto de genocidio frente a la diversidad y multiculturalidad de las condiciones propias del devenir histórico del pueblo colombiano, que aporten al mismo criterios conceptuales más allá de este, permitiendo identificar fenómenos que atentan directamente la dignidad humana y la existencia de grupos humanos.La presente investigación es un esfuerzo por establecer, en la doctrina nacional, la ausencia de criterios y construcciones conceptuales sobre los sujetos pasivos de genocidio que han instituido un paradigma inaplicable en Colombia por no corresponder a dichos lineamientos, por lo que el concepto pierde su contenido frente a nuestra realidad, estableciendo un bloque de contención por parte de la doctrina, en la aproximación del concepto de genocidio en Colombia.

It is a major challenge for any nation to accommodate an influx of migrants corresponding to a quarter of its population in three years. This research seeks to understand how such a phenomenon, inconceivable at first glance, could have taken place in cities in Lebanon that have hosted over a million refugees from Syria since 2011. With this brutal phenomenon as a starting point, the thesis examines the factors that have made it possible for the urban refugees to settle in places marked by extreme processes of socio-spatial injustice. The thesis addresses this issue at three levels: (1 ) at the local urban scale, within which urban dwellers and refugees live a continuous cycle of dissymmetrical negotiations on the occupation and appropriation of their respective spaces, reflected in daily situations of tension and conflict; (2) at the national level, within which the internal geopolitics and the effects of government, local authority, and NGO actions play a direct role in influencing the access of refugees to the city; (3) finally at the international geopolitical scale which addresses the situation of the Middle East. At this scale, the analysis focuses on the effects of historical relations between Lebanon and Syria in the current settlement of refugees. Negotiating space is not seen as the result of an exclusively binary relationship between refugees and the host society. Rather, the thesis demonstrates how this relationship fits into mechanisms that produce and reproduce inequalities expressed on multiple scales, and touch all urban dwellers - whether they are originally Syrian, Palestinian, Lebanese from different religious groups, or even from a foreign country. The study is based on a qualitative ethnographic approach using a variety of methods, particularly in-depth interviews with diverse population samples. These are accompanied by systematic observations in three urban neighbourhoods: Tebbeneh in Tripoli, El-Nab'a and the Palestinian camp of Bourj el-Barajneh in Beirut. ; Recevoir en trois ans un afflux de migrants correspondant à un quart de sa population constitue un défi majeur pour n'importe quelle nation. Cette recherche tente de comprendre comment un tel phénomène, à priori inconcevable, a pu advenir dans les villes du Liban, qui ont accueilli plus d'un million de réfugiés depuis 2011. Partant de ce phénomène brutal, elle examine les facteurs qui ont permis à ces réfugiés urbains de s'installer tant bien que mal dans des espaces marqués par des processus extrêmes d'injustices socio-spatiales. La thèse aborde cette question à trois niveaux : (1 ) à l'échelle urbaine locale, où citadins et réfugiés vivent un cycle continu de négociations dissymétriques concernant l'occupation et l'appropriation de leurs espaces respectifs, reflété dans des situations quotidiennes de tension et de conflit ; (2) au niveau national, dans lequel la géopolitique interne à la société libanaise et les effets de l'action publique du gouvernement, des collectivités territoriales et des ONG prennent un rôle direct, influençant l'accès des réfugiés à la ville ; (3) à l'échelle géopolitique internationale enfin, qui aborde la situation du Moyen-Orient. À cette échelle, l'analyse s'attache aux effets des relations historiques entre le Liban et la Syrie dans l'installation actuelle des réfugiés. Cependant, l'espace de négociation n'est pas exclusivement perçu comme le résultat d'une relation binaire entre réfugiés et société d'accueil. Plus largement, la thèse démontre comment cette relation s'insère dans des mécanismes qui produisent et reproduisent des inégalités exprimées à des échelles multiples et qui opèrent sur l'ensemble des populations citadines, que ces dernières soient d'origines syriennes, palestiniennes, qu'elles appartiennent aux différentes communautés religieuses libanaises ou qu'elles soient originaires de pays étrangers. L'étude repose sur une approche ethnographique qualitative faisant appel à diverses méthodes, particulièrement des entretiens approfondis auprès d'échantillons de population très divers. Ceux-ci sont accompagnés d'observations systématiques menées dans trois quartiers urbains : Tebbeneh à Tripoli, El-Nab'a et le camp palestinien de Bourj el-Barajneh à Beyrouth.

Autor donosi prikaze osobnih proučavanja utvrđenih zbijenih naselja na položajima Gradina na Prizni, na sjevernom obalnom rubu Velebitskog kanala i utvrde Sutojanj na sjevernom rtu otoka Paga. To su primjeri utvrda, koje se uklapaju u cirkummediteransku sliku kastrizacije primjerene epohi cara Justinijana I. (527.-565.). Osvrtanje na spomenuta dva primjera utvrda od posebne je važnosti, jer s preostalim utvrdama uz sjevernu obalu Velebitskog kanala zapravo ocrtava početke procesa kastrizacije na arhipelagu i istočnom pročelju Jadrana. Taj je proces ujedno odredio i oblikovanje osebujnog kulturnog krajobraza na svršetku kasne antike i početku ranoga srednjeg vijeka u kojem će Bizantsko Carstvo, posredovanjem urbanih središta, dati znatan prinos. ; Taking as an example a part of the Velebit coastal area and the Pag archipelago group in the northern Dalmatian islands, in our paper dedicated to Nenad Cambi, whose work and life we are celebrating, we look at two important points in the area. Concerned are the positions of the fortification complexes of Gradina on Prizna, on the northern coastal rim of the Velebit Channel, located opposite the fortress of Sutojanj on the northern point of Pag Island. These are examples of fortified compact settlements with important components, or ports, which fit into the circum-Mediterranean image of the castrification typical of the epoch of Emperor Justinian I (527-565). Reference to these two examples of forts is particularly important, for with the other fortifications along the northern coast of the Velebit Channel the beginnings of the process of the castrification in the archipelago and along the eastern facade of the Adriatic can be depicted. This process also defined the beginnings of the Early Middle Ages. During summer and late autumn 1989 and 1990 the present author carried out a detailed reconnoitre of the field in the area from the strait of Novsko ždrilo in the south east to Donja Prizna on the south west of the Velebit Channel. Also carried out was an immediate field autopsy of the western part of the island of Pag. During these investigations an endeavour was made to verify the hypothesis that there are several new sites, or sites not well enough known to scholarship, on which there are significant characteristics of military construction from the time of the early rule of Byzantium in the Adriatic. From the field walking and remote research and the interpretation of monumental complexes and visits to the fortifications in Prizna and Sutojanj, it is possible to conclude that the archaeological facts found can persuade us that they belonged to a very important cultural and historical bridge across which Late Antiquity we gradually transited into the Early Middle Age. This is a very interesting transitional period marked by the widely ranging activity of the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I (537-565). The consequences of this activity are revealed on the eastern facade and the archipelago of the Adriatic and in its hinterland with a unique organisation of the physical space, with the building of new types of fort, with the renovation of the fortifications of urban centres, with marked secular and religious construction going on in every corner of the vast empire, then with the thallasocracy in the Mediterranean, and its northernmost gulf, the Adriatic. The new urbanism on the classical base, the victorious progress of Christianity marked by the policy and personality of Justinian I, the wide ranging commerce over great distances, founded on well distributed artistic and artisanal work, then warfare at several theatres of war, all changed the organisation of the space and created new cultural landscapes. Such landscapes, with their new place names, particularly the hagyotoponyms and the lasting points of reference - the forts and churches, were turned into a part of the world heritage that should be the subject of scholarly research, evaluation and presentation as added value to the tourist product. The epoch of Justinian I had a crucial influence on the beginnings of the formation of the early Middle Ages and at the same time preceded the long-lasting presence of the Byzantine Empire in the urban centres up and down the easternmshores of the Adriatic.

Tanzanya medya sistemi, politik ve ekonomik dinamiklerin yanı sıra teknolojik gelişmelere de bağlı olarak sürekli bir değişim yaşamaktadır. Belirgin mülkiyet geçişi, post-kolonyal medya mülkiyet yapılarından, özellikle Sosyalist (Ujamaa) felsefelerinde yer alan Afrosentrik kitle iletişim araçları düzenleyici prototipine dayanmaktadır. 1980'lerde yaşanan ekonomik reformlar ile birlikte 1992'deki kökten siyasi reformların etkisiyle, çoklu partizm genel itibariyle,az sayıdaki ailelerle ortaklaşan hükümetin tekelinde olan ortodoks yapısını, ekonomik ve politik arenada farklı ilgi alanlarına sahip büyük şirketlere indirgemiştir. Dolayısıyla, bu tez çalışmasında, nitel ve nicel yöntemlerden oluşan karma bir metodoloji kullanılarak, sahiplerinin motivasyonlarına özellikle siyasi propaganda, kamu hizmetleri, ticari ve dini amaçlara dayalı gazeteciliğin dönüşüm sürecindeki ekonomik liberalleşme ve çok partili siyasetin yirmi beş yılı (1992-2017) araştırılmıştır. Aynı şekilde, Mtanzania, Nipashe ve Zanzibar Leo yayınlarının niceliksel içerik analizi, gazeteciliğin izlenimini çoğulculuk ve içerik çeşitliliği ile ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışma, incelenen yayınlardan elde edilen 'lük gelişimere dair politik içeriklerin ve diğer gelişim dışı yazı türlerinin önemini açıklamaktadır. Ayrıca, fotoğraf ve metin yerleştirme, haber aktörleri ve haber kaynağının yanı sıra sahipliğin oluşumu sürecindeki siyasi içeriklerin genel portresini çizmektedir. Gazete mülkiyeti, aynı zamanda devlete ait yayınlar olduğundan, hükümeti en çok etkileyen önemli konuları kapsamaktadır. Serbest piyasa ekonomisiyle yaygınlaşan medyanın holdingleşme sürecinde, Tanzanya, reklam çağını benimsediği sürece, ticari gazetecilik eğilimi ile ilgili tipik endişeler yaşamaktadır. Kentsel alanların kırsal alanlara olan % 67,1'lik eşitsizlik farkı ile birlikte, büyük şehirler medya kullanım popülerliğini korumaya devam etmektedir. Benzer şekilde, hem betimleyici hem de sayısal veriler, teknolojinin (blogosfer ve sosyal ağlar) Tanzanya medya ortamını genişletme ve diasporadan yerel kullanıma kadar geniş kapsamlı coğrafi yayılma boyunca özellikle 18 ila 45 yaş arasındaki gençler için politik bilgileri geliştirme potansiyelini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu nedenle, bu çalışma, kamunun bilgilenmesi için istekli olan kurumsal ve profesyonel teşebbüsler aracılığıyla çözüm yolları önermektedir --- The condition of media system in Tanzania became inconsistent across the time in accordance with political and economic dynamics as well as technological advancement. The exemplary ownership transition bordered from the postcolonial media system, notably the Afrocentric mass media regulatory prototype anchored in Socialist (Ujamaa) philosophies. As the economic reforms traced in 1980s alongside the legal political basis in effect of 1992 multipartism commonly declined the orthodox structure of the de facto government monopoly in common with slight family oriented ownership into large corporations of diverse interests. Thus, by using the mixed method of quantitative and qualitative approaches, this thesis explored twenty-five years (1992-2017) of economic liberalization and multiparty politics in the course of transformation of journalism outlook and functionality based on the motives of owners, precisely political propaganda, public services, commercial and religious provisions. Accordingly, the descriptive data reveal the miscellaneous concerns by research respondents signifying substantial compliance with existing ownership structure. Equally, the quantitative content analysis of three publications explicitly Mtanzania, Nipashe and Zanzibar Leo exposes the impression of journalism through the media pluralism and diversity of content. The study revealed the prominence of political contents (54.4%) over developmental and other non-developmental contents, with the abundant portrayal through photos and article placement, news actors and source as well as the appearance of proprietors. The type of newspaper ownership with institutional mechanism matters, as the state-owned publication covers more the topical themes which impress the government mostly, meanwhile the private newspapers tend to vary on their articles with more political contents and the insignificant portrayal of developmental contents. As long as the conglomeration evolves, there is a typical concern about the disposition of commercial journalism together with persistence of geographical disparity for 67.1% of urban coverage over rural populaces whereas the major cities incline to overwhelm the popularity in media depiction. Likewise, both descriptive and numerical data reveal the inspiration of technology (blogosphere and social networks) on expanding the Tanzanian mediascapes and potential of fostering Political information, especially for youths aged 18 to 45 along the extensive geographical exposure from the diaspora to the local usage. Therefore, this study recommends the policy resolution through institutional and professional undertakings keen on inclusive spheres for the efficacious public good of information.

Mutakhir ini, banyak isu-isu berkaitan Islam mendominasi kehidupan masyarakat Malaysia. Masyarakat Muslim khasnya, sering berhadapan dengan pelbagai polemik dan persoalan-persoalan terutamanya perkara-perkara yang bersangkut-paut dengan isu ekonomi, politik dan sosial. Antara isu hangat ialah isu sensitiviti agama yang berkaitan penyalahgunaan ayat al-Quran sebagai medium untuk melariskan jualan perkhidmatan dan produk. Oleh itu, artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji penggunaan ayat-ayat al-Quran yang telah salah digunakan bagi kepentingan peribadi dalam kalangan pengamal pengubatan Islam di Malaysia. Melalui metode temu bual dan observasi, kajian ini dijalankan di zon utara dan zon timur Malaysia untuk mewakili sampel rawak kajian bagi Pusat Pengubatan Islam. Sebanyak 36 orang pengamal dan 45 orang pesakit dari Perlis, Kedah, Pulau Pinang, Perak, Kelantan, Terengganu dan Pahang telah ditemu bual dan dijalankan observasi untuk mendapatkan data. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa penyalahgunaan ayat-ayat al-Quran dalam kalangan pengamal pengubatan Islam di Malaysia berlaku dalam empat aspek. Pertama, ayat al-Quran yang digabungkan dengan jampi serapah yang tidak difahami sehingga bercampur aduk dan mengelirukan. Kedua, ayat al-Quran yang dibacakan secara terbalik (iaitu bacaan bermula dari belakang ke pangkal ayat) yang juga dijadikan sebagai bacaan ruqyah atau jampi kepada pesakit. Ketiga, al-Quran atau ayatnya dijadikan sebagai azimat yang digunakan sebagai tangkal untuk menolak bala; dan keempat naskhah al-Quran atau sebahagian helaiannya dijadikan sebagai bahan untuk berdamping dengan makhluk halus. Tegasnya, dapatan membuktikan wujudnya sebahagian para pengamal menyalahgunakan ayat al-Quran dalam amalan pengubatan mereka. Justeru dengan menjelaskan fungsi al-Quran secara tepat kepada masyarakat dan pemantauan terhadap pusat perubatan Islam oleh pihak berkuasa, diharapkan penyalahgunaan ayat Quran tidak akan berlaku lagi. Keywords: Al-Quran, Malaysia, penyalahgunaan, penyelewengan, pusat pengubatan Islam ABSTRACT Recently, many issues related to Islam have dominated the Malaysian's societies. Muslim societies, are often faced various polemics and concerns, especially those relating to economic, political, and social issues. One of provocative issues is the concern of religious sensitivity related to the misuse of Quranic verses as a medium in the pursuit of service and product sales. This article aims to study the Quranic verses which have been misused for personal purpose among medical Islamic practitioners in Malaysia. Through the methods of interview and observation, the study was conducted in the northern and eastern zones of Malaysia to representa random samplingfrom the Islamic Medical Center. A total of 36 practitioners and 45 patients from Perlis, Kedah, Penang, Perak, Kelantan, Terengganu and Pahang were interviewed and observed for data collecting purposes. This present study found that the misuse of Quranic verses among medical Islamic practitioners in Malaysia occurred in four aspects. First, Quranic verses are combined with an unintelligible spell which create confusion. Second, the Quranic verses are read in reverse in which the reading begins from the end to the beginning of the verse which is also used as a ruqyah or spell to treat the patient. Third, Quranic verses are used as a charm to resist calamity; and forth, Quranic recitation or parts of its page is used as a material to accompany the supernatural. In fact, the findings prove that some practitioners have misused Quranic verses in their practice of Islamic medicine. Thus by explaining the function of the Quran accurately to the community and monitoring the Islamic medical center by the authorities, it is hoped that the misuse of Quranic verses will not be repeated. Keywords: Al-Quran, deviation, Islamic medical center, Malaysia, misuse Cite as: Abd Razzak, M. M., Ahmad, K., & Ab Rahim, N. M. Z. (2019). Penyalahgunaan ayat al-Quran dan penyelewengan dalam pusat pengubatan Islam di Malaysia [The misuse of Quranic verses and deviant of Islamic medical centre in Malaysia]. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 4(2), 429-448. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol4iss2pp429-448

The article draws attention to the fact that national legislation on social lice has undergone a significant impact of socioeconomic processes in recent years, which led to the necessity of developing a system of social services in the context of legal regulation of social relations in this area. Аccording to the author, the modernization of the domestic system of providing social services will contribute to the effective functioning of the system as a whole. Taking into account the fact that the author analyzes the social services of people with disabilities in Ukraine at the present stage of development of the state, the result of which is the exposure of the influence of international standards and the allocation of weaknesses in the mechanism of implementation of legislation in this area. It is noted that social services, as a rule, satisfy only the urgent needs of vulnerable groups of the population, are not oriented to prevent the occurrence of difficult life circumstances, do not form the skills of reintegration into society, which leads to the maintenance of a significant number of such persons under the care of the state; are provided in residential institutions and institutions, which does not realize the right of people to live in the community. Implementation of the social services approach to the day-to-day practice of the activities of all social services allows to regulate the issue of the establishment of equal conditions and rules for all participants in the market of social services providers. However, the author emphasizes that the existing regulatory framework, among which there are 21 current standards of social services, is not enough to reform the domestic system of social services in general and care in residential institutions of Ukraine in particular, as the following shortcomings and gaps such as state monopoly, lack of alternative sources of financing social services, lack of careful analysis of demand and supply of social services in residential institutions in Ukraine, underestimation of the role of the public charitable, religious organizations and local initiatives in the provision of social services in the community, etc. Based on the obtained data, the author proposes possible directions for solving existing problems. ; У статті звернено увагу на те, що національне законодавство стосовно соціального обслуговування останніми роками зазнало значного впливу соціально-економічних процесів, що спричинило необхідність розвитку системи соціального обслуговування в контексті правового регулювання суспільних відносин у цій сфері. На думку автора, модернізація вітчизняної системи надання соціальних послуг сприятиме ефективному функціонуванню системи загалом. З огляду на це автором здійснено аналіз соціального обслуговування осіб з інвалідністю в Україні на сучасному етапі розвитку держави, результатом якого є виявлення впливу міжнародних стандартів та виділення недоліків механізму реалізації законодавства у цій сфері. Також зауважено, що соціальні послуги, як правило, задовольняють лише невідкладні потреби вразливих категорій населення, не орієнтовані на запобігання виникненню складних життєвих обставин, не формують в осіб навичок реінтеграції у суспільство, що призводить до утримання значної кількості таких осіб під опікою держави; надаються в стаціонарних інтернатних установах та закладах, внаслідок чого не реалізується право осіб проживати у громаді. Впровадження у повсякденну практику діяльності всіх соціальних служб підходу надання соціальних послуг згідно з державними стандартами дає змогу врегулювати питання встановлення однакових умов та правил для всіх учасників ринку надавачів соціальних послуг. Однак автором акцентовано, що наявної нормативної бази, серед якої є 21 чинний стандарт соціальних послуг, не досить для реформування вітчизняної системи соціальних послуг загалом та обслуговування в інтернатних установах України зокрема, адже ще й досі актуальними лишаються такі недоліки та прогалини, як державна монополія, відсутність альтернативних джерел фінансування соціальних послуг, відсутність ретельного аналізу попиту і пропозицій соціальних послуг в інтернатних установах України, недооцінка ролі громадських, благодійних, релігійних організацій і місцевих ініціатив у наданні соціальних послуг у громаді тощо. Спираючись на отримані дані, автором запропоновано можливі напрями шляхів вирішення наявних проблем.

City Brand is an identity, symbol, logo, or merk of a particular city which has aimed to look for the specialty of certain city. The specialty of city is used as a society product to attract tourists, investors, residents, and talented people. Thus, the objectives of this study is try to determine the positioning and making the city branding in Bangkalan, East Java, Indonesia. The expected target is the improvement of society awareness toward tourism object and the renovation of tourism object in Bangkalan. Furthermore, this study is conducted for 3 years started with the collection of primary data. This primary data will be the material of analysis in the second year. The results of the previous analysis will be the basis for the implementation of the third-year study. In addition, this study is also used survey, field research, interview with some elements of society, investigate the real condition of tourist destination and tourism stakeholders in Bangkalan. Afterwards, the result of this study shows the lack of readiness from the government in mapping the area and the concept of tourism in Bangkalan. Moreover, the society awareness to maintain the security and comfort of tourism place are also an obstacle to create city branding in Bangkalan. But religious tourism can be developed as proper as the jargon of Bangkalan itself. ; City Brand es una identidad, símbolo, logotipo o imagen de una ciudad en particular cuyo objetivo es buscar la especialidad de cierta ciudad. La especialidad de la ciudad se utiliza como producto de la sociedad para atraer turistas, inversores, residentes y personas con talento. Por lo tanto, los objetivos de este estudio son tratar de determinar el posicionamiento y hacer la marca de la ciudad en Bangkalan, Java Oriental, Indonesia. El objetivo esperado es la mejora de la conciencia de la sociedad hacia el objeto turístico y la renovación del objeto turístico en Bangkalan. Además, este estudio se lleva a cabo durante 3 años comenzando con la recopilación de datos primarios. Estos datos primarios serán el material de análisis en el segundo año. Los resultados del análisis anterior serán la base para la implementación del estudio de tercer año. Además, este estudio también se utiliza encuesta, investigación de campo, entrevista con algunos elementos de la sociedad, investigar la condición real de los destinos turísticos y las partes interesadas del turismo en Bangkalan. Posteriormente, el resultado de este estudio muestra la falta de preparación del gobierno para mapear el área y el concepto de turismo en Bangkalan. Además, la conciencia de la sociedad para mantener la seguridad y la comodidad del lugar turístico también es un obstáculo para crear la marca de la ciudad en Bangkalan. Pero el turismo religioso puede desarrollarse tan propiamente como la jerga de Bangkalan. ; City Brand é uma identidade, símbolo, logotipo ou merk de uma determinada cidade que tem como objetivo procurar a especialidade de determinada cidade. A especialidade da cidade é usada como um produto da sociedade para atrair turistas, investidores, moradores e pessoas talentosas. Assim, os objetivos deste estudo são tentar determinar o posicionamento e fazer a marca da cidade em Bangkalan, East Java, Indonésia. A meta esperada é a melhoria da conscientização da sociedade em relação ao objeto turístico e a renovação do objeto turístico em Bangkalan. Além disso, este estudo é realizado por 3 anos começou com a coleta de dados primários. Estes dados primários serão o material de análise no segundo ano. Os resultados da análise anterior serão a base para a implementação do estudo do terceiro ano. Além disso, este estudo também é usado pesquisa, pesquisa de campo, entrevista com alguns elementos da sociedade, investigar a condição real do destino turístico e as partes interessadas do turismo em Bangkalan. Posteriormente, o resultado deste estudo mostra a falta de prontidão do governo em mapear a área e o conceito de turismo em Bangkalan. Além disso, a conscientização da sociedade para manter a segurança e o conforto do turismo é também um obstáculo para a criação de marcas urbanas em Bangkalan. Mas o turismo religioso pode ser desenvolvido como o jargão da própria Bangkalan.

Розглядається методика обґрунтування рішення на асиметричне реагування ЗС України на загрози у воєнній сфері. Методика передбачає отримання необхідної інформації про загрози воєнного або гібридного характеру, їх характеристики, ресурси, що виділяються, потрібний рівень деескалації загрози і забезпечує формування потенціалу асиметричної протидії загрозам, вибір групи суб'єктів з потрібними спроможно-стями, обґрунтування завдань кожному суб'єкту та оцінювання очікуваної ефективності їх виконання. ; Анализ тенденций развития геополитической и военно-стратегической обстановки в мире показывает, что в первой половине XXI века человечеству не удастся избавиться от военных столкновений различного масштаба. Это обусловлено сохранением существующих и появлением новых центров силы и стремлением политической элиты от-дельных государств решать возникающие экономические, политические, территориальные, религиозные, этнические и другие антагонистические противоречия с помощью различных форм насилия. Одной из тенденций, которая изначально влияет на состояние и развитие среды безопасности вокруг Украины, является перенос акцентов в военных конфликтах на асимметричное применение военной силы не предусмотренными законом вооруженными формированиями, а также на комплексное использование военных и невоенных инструментов (кибернетических, экономических, политических, информационно-психологических и т.д.), что кардинально меняет характер вооруженной борьбы и выдвигает принципиально новые требования к системе обеспечения военной безопас-ности. Одним из таких требований является разработка системы мер и действий, которые бы позволяли за счет не-значительных затрат на реализацию и использование их против уязвимых и слабых мест противника, воздействие на которые даст максимальный эффект при минимальных затратах собственных сил и ресурсов, что в последнее время является актуальной задачей для обеспечения военной безопасности Украины. Исходя из этого, возникает необходи-мость рассмотрения такого рода мероприятий, как асимметричные. Асимметричные действия присущи конфликтной ситуации, в которой мерами экономического, дипломатическо-го, информационного и непосредственно военного характера более слабый противник проводит асимметричную стра-тегию (тактику) ведения вооруженной борьбы, в соответствии с имеющимися у него ограниченными ресурсами, для нивелирования военно-технологических преимуществ сильной стороны. Эффективность реализации асимметричных действий зависит от полноты и своевременного их выполнения, что достигается скоординированными по целям, месту и времени действиями разноведомственных сил всей организации государства. ; The analysis of tendencies in the development of geopolitical and military-strategic situation in the world shows that in the first half of the XXI century mankind will not be able to get rid of military conflicts of different proportions. This is due to the preservation of the existing and the emergence of new centers of power and the aspirations of the political elite of individual states to resolve emerging economic, political, territorial, religious, ethnic and other antagonistic contradictions through various forms of violence. One of the tendencies that decisively influences the condition and the development of a security environment around Ukraine is the shifting of emphasis in military conflicts to the asymmetrical application of military force by illegal armed forma-tions, as well as on the comprehensive use of military and non-military means (cybernetic, economic, political, informational psychological, etc.), which drastically changes the nature of the armed conflicts and introduces fundamentally new requirements for a system of military security. One of these requirements is the requirement to develop a system of measures and actions that would allow at the reasonable costs on the implementation and application of those against the vulnerable and weak points of the enemy, the impact of which will have the maximum effect at a minimum cost of the forces and resources, which is the actual task of ensuring the military security of Ukraine lately. On this basis, it is necessary to consider such measures as asymmetric. Asymmetric actions are typical for a conflict situation when taking economic, diplomatic, informational and directly mili-tary measures a weaker adversary pursues an asymmetric strategy (tactics) of warfare, in accordance with his limited resources aimed at leveling the military technological advantages of a strong party. The effectiveness of the asymmetric actions implementation depends on their completeness and timely implementation, which is achieved by goal, place and time coordinated actions of multi-departmental forces of the entire state organization.