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The practice and composition of music require patronage and institutional support, and they require it in a different fashion from that found in other forms of art. This collection of essays brings together the most recent and important contributions by leading scholars in the field to this crucial aspect of Renaissance musical culture. The articles approach the topic from a number of perspectives and consider the institutions and individuals engaged in supporting music; the systems of employment, benefices and sponsorship put in place to facilitate the support; and where, how and why music was sung and played. Taken together, these articles enable conclusions to be drawn about the interests of patrons and about the social and artistic status of musicians and composers within the courtly and urban context. - Publisher

The article analyzes the growing confrontation between the two main currents of Islam: Sunnism and Shiism. The author draws attention to the danger of new religious wars, their destabilizing effect on the general situation in South-West Asia and the world as a whole. Particular attention is paid to considering the conflict between the leader of the Arab-Sunni world, Saudi Arabia and Shiite Iran.

Современная политика в Европе осуществляется в контексте современной секулярно-догматической практики. Религиозные интенции становятся все более востребованными в европейском политическом пространстве. Религиозный ренессанс охватывает различные стороны общественной жизни. Религиозное возрождение обусловлено политическими лидерами в целом и главами государств в особенности, которые возвращаются к традиционным религиям своих сообществ. В рамках политической науки и смежных с ней дисциплин существуют подходы, объясняющие причины возникновения и сущность современного феномена политического лидерства. Политические лидеры влияют на развитие страны. Так, Европа становится научным и религиозным центром мира именно благодаря деятельности политиков. В изучении личности лидера в политической психологии исторически сложились два направления исследований: идеографический и номотетический подход, на основе которых сформировались методологии анализа деятельности политиков и их личностных качеств. Актуальность исследования заключается в том, что исследование авторами европейского пути развития и, в частности, личностей политических деятелей, благодаря которым она сформировалась как центр мировой политики является ключом в изучении особенностей современного европейского политического лидерства. В настоящем исследовании авторы использовали методологический инструментарий, интегрирующий исследовательские возможности методов политологии, психологии, социологии, конфликтологии и ряда других наук, объединенных принципами междисциплинарного, сравнительно исторического изучения самой проблемы исследования.

The article examines the contradictions of the Russian economy in the context of the federal law "On the strategic planning in the Russian Federation". The contradictory nature of planning on the way to market development is noted. It is emphasized that planning while maintaining the dominance of private capitalist ownership of the means of production does not entirely solve the problem of bringing the economy onto the path of sustainable development.

This article discusses ad verbum and ad sensum translation techniques in the Middle Ages and in the Renaissance, with special attention paid to the literal
translation of Sophocles' Oedipus at Colonus made by an Italian humanist, Giovanni Battista Gabia, in the 16th century as an example of ad verbum (word-by-word) translation. It can be seen that trying to translate Greek into Latin involves some grammatical and semantic issues; as a result, the translation becomes hard to perceive. However, the ad verbum type of translation was used for parallel studying of ancient languages that was widespread in the 16th century. Another translation mentioned in the article was produced by a German humanist Veit Winsheimius. It is characterized by simplified grammar and vocabulary. As a result, the translation becomes easier to perceive and understand. The article shows the variety of forms of reception that can be explained not only by usage of certain translation techniques, but also by certain goals of the translators: though both Giovanni Gabia and Veit Winsheim made their translations to use them for teaching ancient languages, the former preferred the method of parallel texts and the latter wanted to make the Latin translation itself clear enough for students.