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International audience The present article analyzes the world order in the past, present and future as well as the main factors, foundations and ideas underlying the maintaining and change of the international and global order. The first two sections investigate the evolution of the world order starting from the ancient times up to the late twentieth century. The third section analyzes the origin and decline of the world order based on the American hegemony. The authors reveal the contradictions of the current uni-polar world and explain in what way globalization has become more profitable for the developing countries but not for the developed ones. The authors also explain the strengthening belief that the US leading status will inevitably weaken. In this connection we discuss the alternatives of the American strategy and the possibility of the renaissance of the American leadership. The last section presents a factor analysis which allows stating that the world is shifting toward a new balance of power and is likely to become the world without a leader. The new world order will consist of a number of large blocks, coalitions and countries acting within a framework of rules and mutual responsibility. However, the transition to a new world order will take certain time (about two decades). This period, which we denote as the epoch of new coalitions, will involve a reconfiguration of the World System and bring an increasing turbulence and conflict intensity.

Conceived in the late thirties as "bold humanist response to Depression-era fears of runaway scientific advance and soulless industrialism" (Morrison 2012, 6), the superhero has flourished as one of the most resilient archetypes of American popular culture. This essay analyses the literary and cultural contaminations that have engendered an unprecedented revision of the paradigm since the 1980s. In particular, it will take into account three graphic novels by American cartoonist Frank Miller (1957 - ), one of leading figures of the mainstream comics renaissance, whose ideas have indelibly influenced the artistic development of both medium and genre. The Dark Knight Returns (1986), The Dark Knight Strikes Again (2002) and Holy Terror (2011) constitute an ideal Batman trilogy that charts the character's evolution as political counterpoint to the perceived crisis of American identity. In this regard, Reaganism and 9/11 are polarized as historical discontinuities triggering the need for a new kind of a criminal (super)hero. It will be in fact demonstrated how the novels hybridise the latent generic links to hardboiled pulp novels (R. Chandler, D. Hammet) with narrative and aesthetics elements appropriated from the culturally-received concepts of terrorism and terrorists. This fruitful contamination on the one hand "play[s] with reader assumptions about genre" (Baetens and Frey 2015, 46), while on the other hand deconstructs the ideological underpinnings of the archetype, as the moral dichotomy and the alienation of justice from the law.

Wie entwickelte sich der europäische Stadtblock von der Antike bis in die Gegenwart und was bedeutet er heute für den urbanen Raum? Dies sind die zentralen Fragestellungen dieser Arbeit. Aufbauend auf den methodischen Werkzeugen der diachronischen und synchronischen Linien nach Carl E. Schorske, mit deren Hilfe parallele Entwicklungsströme zwischen Architektur und Gesellschaft aufgezeigt werden können, sowie dem Prinzip der Paradigmenwechsel nach Thomas S. Kuhn, welches den Übergang eines Gedankenmodells zum nächsten mittels revolutionären Vorgängen beschreibt, wird die Chronik des europäischen Stadtblocks auf die Korrelation zwischen Gebautem und Gedachtem analysiert. Der Fokus liegt hierbei auf der Entwicklung und den Eigenschaften des urbanen Stadtblocks innerhalb der europäischen Stadt. Dieser definiert sich über das Dreigespann »Straße – Haus – Hof« als zusammenhängendes, städtebauliches Konstrukt, welches von öffentlichem Raum umgeben ist und einen gemeinschaftlichen Raum einschließt. Die Evolution des Stadtblocks entlang der gesellschaftlichen Entwicklungen führt unweigerlich in die Gegenwart. Auf diesem Weg lädt sich der Block mit epochenspezifischen Inhalten auf, welche er kontinuierlich weiterführt. So erfährt er aus der Antike den sozialen Grundgedanken der Gemeinschaft. Mit dem gesellschaftlichen Paradigmenwechsel der aufkommenden Bürgerlichkeit erhält der Stadtblock im Mittelalter eine wirtschaftliche Komponente auf Grundlage der Multifunktionalität. Aufklärung und Absolutismus überführen die Typologie schließlich in die Renaissance und den Barock, aus denen wiederum ein repräsentativer Charakter sowie ein grundlegendes städtebauliches Prinzip resultiert. Die politischen, sozialen wie technischen Revolutionen der Neuzeit geben dem Stadtblock einen programmatischen Charakter, da er nicht nur zum Programm erhoben, sondern gleichzeitig auch Grundtyp der gegenwärtigen Blockbebauungen wird. Die Weltkriege sowie die Abkehr vom traditionellen Stadtbild lassen die Planer von der Blocktypologie abkommen hin zu einem vom Kontext gelösten, aufgelockerten Städtebau der Moderne. Hieraus entsteht weniger ein städtebaulicher Mehrwert für den Block, durchaus aber ein funktionaler im Hinblick auf Bautechnik und Organisation. Die Auswirkungen der autogerechten und funktionalen Stadt bewirken den Paradigmenwechsel zur Nachmoderne, in welcher Multifunktionalität und Dichte erneut zum Leitbild des Baugeschehens erhoben werden. Am Ende der Untersuchung erweist sich die These der Korrelation zwischen Gebautem und Gedachtem als belegt. Wenn sich Gesellschaft und Architektur nun von der Antike an parallel entwickelten, so ist es nur folgerichtig anzunehmen, dass der Stadtblock als kontinuierlich gewachsenes Konstrukt auch eine Analogie zur Gesellschaft der Gegenwart darstellen kann. Als regressiver Stadtbaustein, also als Typologie, die dank ihrer fortdauernden Weiterentwicklung die Bedingung vom Bedingten abzuleiten vermag, ist es dem Stadtblock möglich auf die immanenten Inhalte seines Werdeganges zurückzugreifen und diese gleich der Gesellschaft für die Gegenwart und Zukunft zu nutzen.

International audience The present article analyzes the world order in the past, present and future as well as the main factors, foundations and ideas underlying the maintaining and change of the international and global order. The first two sections investigate the evolution of the world order starting from the ancient times up to the late 20th century. The third section analyzes the origin and decline of the world order based on the American hegemony. The author reveals the contradictions of the current unipolar world and explain in what way globalization has become more profitable for the developing countries but not for the developed ones. The paper also explains the strengthening belief that the US leading status will inevitably weaken. In this connection the author discusses the alternatives of American strategy and the possibility of the renaissance of American leadership. The last section presents a factor analysis which allows stating that the world is shifting toward a new balance of power and is likely to become the world without a leader. The new world order will consist of a number of large blocks, coalitions and countries acting within a framework of rules and mutual responsibility. However, the transition to a new world order will take certain time (about two decades). This period, which we denote as the epoch of new coalitions, will involve a reconfiguration of the World System and bring an increasing turbulence and conflict intensity.

A turning point in European administrative and documentary practices was traditionally associated, most famously by Robert-Henri Bautier, with the monarchies of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. By summarizing previous research in this field, as well as by using both published and unpublished sources, this article intends to underline an earlier process of transition connected to the development of significant new techniques for the production and preservation of documents in Renaissance Italian city-states. Focusing on the important case of Florence, the administrative uses of records connected to government, diplomacy and military needs will be discussed, and evidence will be provided that such documentary practices accelerated significantly during the so-called Italian Wars (from 1494 onwards). A particular reason of interest for Florence at this time is that a major role in the production and storage of a large quantity of state papers was played by Niccolò Machiavelli, one of the outstanding political thinkers of the age. This was especially true in connection to the new militia which he himself created in 1506. By stressing the role of information management and the importance of correspondence networks at a time of war and crisis, this article also contributes to recent scholarship which has focused on the growth of public records relating to diplomacy in Italy during the second half of the fifteenth century, as well as to a recent field of historiography which has lately gained importance: namely the 'documentary history of institutions'.

In this paper we offer a summarized view of the more notable aspects of Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda's Gonsalus seu de appetenda gloria dialogus, in order to show how literary forrns characteristic of classical Antiquity survived throughout the Renaissance, such as the philosophical dialogue, that had been cultivated by Cícero. Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda's work also exemplifies how the contents ofRenaissance literature could be dated back to the classical authors like Aristotle himself, though reflecting new political, social and economic circumstances. We present an extract from the work according to functional structures as recorded and defined for the sixteenth-century philosophical dialogue by Cario Sigonio in his De dialogo liber of 1562. ; En el presente artículo ofrecemos una somera visión de los aspectos más relevantes de la obra de Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda Gonsalus seu de appetenda gloria dialogus, con el objeto de comprobar cómo perviven en el Renacimiento formas literarias propias de la Antigüedad clásica, como el diálogo filosófico al modo en que lo cultivó Cicerón, y contenidos que, si bien contextualizados bajo unas nuevas circunstancias políticas, sociales y económicas, arrancan de autores clásicos, como el mismo Aristóteles. Se presenta un resumen de la obra atendiendo a las estructuras funcionales que Cario Sigonio en su De dialogo liber de 1562 acotó y definió para el diálogo filosófico del siglo XVI.

JOSÉ LUIS NARVAJA (ed), Hildegarbis Bingensis "Testamentum Profeticum". Zwei Briefe aus dem Wiesbadener Riesenkodex. DETLEV JASPER (ed), Die Konzilien Deutschlands und Reichsitalien 1023-1059. KLAUS BERGDOLT / ANDREAS TÖNNESMANN / LOTHAR SCHMITT (eds), Armut in der Renaissance. RAINER BERNDT / MAURA ZÁTONYI, Glaubensheil. Wegweisung ins Crhistentum gemäss der Lehre Hildegards von Bingen. VERONIKA LIMBERGER, Eriugenas Hypertheologie. RAINER BERNDT (ed), Wider das Vergessen und für Seelenheil, Memoria und Totengedenken im Mittelalter. FRANCISCO DE VITORIA, De actibus humanis / Sobre los actos humanos, ed. y trad. AUGUSTO SARMIENTO. MARCO VEGLIA, La strada più impervia. Boccaccio fra Dante e Petrarca. // Studia graeco-arabica 5. The Journal of the Project Greek into Arabic. Philosophical Concepts and Linguistic Bridges // TERESA ENRÍQUEZ, De la decision a la acción. Estudio sobre el Imperium en Tomás de Aquino. KNUT MARTIN STÜNKEL, Una sit religio. Religionsbegriffe und Begriffstopologien bei Cusanus, Llull und Maimonides. WILHELM VON OCKHAM, Die Amtsvollmacht von Papst und Klerus / De potestate papae et cleri, trad. JÜRGEN MIETHKE. VASIL BIVOLAROV, Inquisitoren – Handbücher. Papsturkunden und juristische Gutachten aus dem 13. Jahrhundert mit Edition des Concilium von Guido Fulcodii. ENGELBERT VON ADMONT, De ortu et fine Romani imperii, ed. HERBERT SCHNEIDER. KARL UBL / DANIEL ZIEMANN (eds), Fälschung als Mittel der Politik? Pseudoisidor im Licht der neuen Forschung. FRANCISCO SUÁREZ, De legibus ac Deo legislatore. Über die Gesetze und Gott den Gesetzgeber, ed. OLIVER BACH / NORBERT BRIESKORN / GIDEON STIENING. ANSELM SPINDLER, Die Theorie des natürlichen Gesetzes bei Francisco de Vitoria. Warum Autonomie der einzig mögliche Grund einer universellen Moral ist (Francisco de Vitoria on Natural Law. Why Autonomy is the only Possible Foundation of an Universal Morality). WALTER KOCH (ed), Die Urkunden Friedrichs II.

JOSÉ LUIS NARVAJA (ed), Hildegarbis Bingensis "Testamentum Profeticum". Zwei Briefe aus dem Wiesbadener Riesenkodex. DETLEV JASPER (ed), Die Konzilien Deutschlands und Reichsitalien 1023-1059. KLAUS BERGDOLT / ANDREAS TÖNNESMANN / LOTHAR SCHMITT (eds), Armut in der Renaissance. RAINER BERNDT / MAURA ZÁTONYI, Glaubensheil. Wegweisung ins Crhistentum gemäss der Lehre Hildegards von Bingen. VERONIKA LIMBERGER, Eriugenas Hypertheologie. RAINER BERNDT (ed), Wider das Vergessen und für Seelenheil, Memoria und Totengedenken im Mittelalter. FRANCISCO DE VITORIA, De actibus humanis / Sobre los actos humanos, ed. y trad. AUGUSTO SARMIENTO. MARCO VEGLIA, La strada più impervia. Boccaccio fra Dante e Petrarca. // Studia graeco-arabica 5. The Journal of the Project Greek into Arabic. Philosophical Concepts and Linguistic Bridges // TERESA ENRÍQUEZ, De la decision a la acción. Estudio sobre el Imperium en Tomás de Aquino. KNUT MARTIN STÜNKEL, Una sit religio. Religionsbegriffe und Begriffstopologien bei Cusanus, Llull und Maimonides. WILHELM VON OCKHAM, Die Amtsvollmacht von Papst und Klerus / De potestate papae et cleri, trad. JÜRGEN MIETHKE. VASIL BIVOLAROV, Inquisitoren – Handbücher. Papsturkunden und juristische Gutachten aus dem 13. Jahrhundert mit Edition des Concilium von Guido Fulcodii. ENGELBERT VON ADMONT, De ortu et fine Romani imperii, ed. HERBERT SCHNEIDER. KARL UBL / DANIEL ZIEMANN (eds), Fälschung als Mittel der Politik? Pseudoisidor im Licht der neuen Forschung. FRANCISCO SUÁREZ, De legibus ac Deo legislatore. Über die Gesetze und Gott den Gesetzgeber, ed. OLIVER BACH / NORBERT BRIESKORN / GIDEON STIENING. ANSELM SPINDLER, Die Theorie des natürlichen Gesetzes bei Francisco de Vitoria. Warum Autonomie der einzig mögliche Grund einer universellen Moral ist (Francisco de Vitoria on Natural Law. Why Autonomy is the only Possible Foundation of an Universal Morality). WALTER KOCH (ed), Die Urkunden Friedrichs II.

The ground of ecowomanist ethics is watered by multigenerational responses to racial and gender stereotypes in relation to communal knowledge of the land. This wisdom survived through centuries of violence and the daily lived experience of bigotry and abuse in a white supremacist world, and rests on pluralistic understandings of the sacred relationship between human and non-human nature. It remains today as part of the womanist call to accountability and spirit defined in Alice Walker's writings. Emergent ecowomanist thought is uniquely situated to interrupt many of the stereotypes that serve to maintain a separation between black communities and environmental engagement. This article argues that a robust ecowomanist ethics should situate itself in the interplay between ecojustice and environmental justice approaches to environmental devastation. It draws on the poem "No Images," written by William Waring Cuney at the beginning of the Harlem Renaissance period, centering on the lived experiences of black women as expressed through black women's musical appropriations of his work. The clear lamentation and grief interwoven between the words of this short poem are given new life in the voices of Nina Simone and Ysaye Maria Barnwell with the women of Sweet Honey in the Rock. Engaging questions of environmental ethics through the lens of black women's lived experiences of agency and struggle can create a theological foundation for ecowomanist thought that promotes the preservation of both nature and human dignity.

The present article analyzes the world order in the past, present and future as well as the main factors, foundations and ideas underlying the maintaining and change of the international and global order. The first two sections investigate the evolution of the world order starting from the ancient times up to the late twentieth century. The third section analyzes the origin and decline of the world order based on the American hegemony. The authors reveal the contradictions of the current unipolar world and explain in what way globalization has become more profitable for the developing countries but not for the developed ones. The authors also explain the strengthening belief that the US leading status will in-evitably weaken. In this connection we discuss the alternatives of the American strategy and the possibility of the renaissance of the American leadership. The last section presents a factor analysis which allows stating that the world is shifting toward a new balance of power and is likely to become the world with-out a leader. The new world order will consist of a number of large blocks, coa-litions and countries acting within a framework of rules and mutual responsi-bility. However, the transition to a new world order will take certain time (about two decades). This period, which we denote as the epoch of new coali-tions, will involve a reconfiguration of the World System and bring an increas-ing turbulence and conflict intensity.

Using individual-level data from the 2008 European Social Survey and country-level health care financing data we analyze the influence of private financing of health care on political trust in twenty-five European countries. Net of known predictors of trust at the individual and country level, we find that trust in government is significantly lower where the health system is financed to a greater degree by private sources. This negative relationship occurs because in countries with more private financing, low-income citizens perceive themselves to be at greater risk for not receiving needed health care. This perception of risk is associated with more negative evaluations of the performance of the health care system, which in turn is associated with less trust in government. When states do less to ensure the basic health care needs of members of society who are at greatest risk, these citizens may come to place less trust in government institutions. Hence, the increasing pressure on European governments to privatize the financing of health care in the wake of the financial crisis that is also characterized by growing income inequality threatens to make citizens trust government less. At the same time, implementation of the Affordable Care Act could signal a renaissance for political trust in the United States, if a growing role in the health care system is accompanied by a redistribution of risk.

Abstract
This article examines ways in which the concept of resistance – in a postcolonial sense – has been articulated in Maori theatre, and in particular by Maori playwright, actor and poet Apirana Taylor during a period that might be loosely termed the 'Maori renaissance'. Specifically, the article focuses upon how resistance plays out theatrically in Kilimogo Productions' presentation of Taylor's play Whaea Kairau: Mother Hundred-Eater, performed in Otepoti/Dunedin in 1999. Taylor's and Kilimogo's contributions to Maori theatre's function as a theatre of resistance are duly examined. Alongside a postcolonial critical stance, the article evaluates how the Brechtian elements of Verfremdungseffekt, Gestus and historicization can be applied to Maori theatre in a way that complements rather than colonizes. Theatrical strategies found in Taylor's play and Kilimogo's production provide the spectator with the Brechtian experience of Verfremdungseffekt, but simultaneously accommodate the undergirding principles of Kaupapa Maori and Maori tikanga (Maori topics, policies, agendas or initiatives, and customary cultural practices). These theatrical strategies allow for a dialectical engagement between cultural signifiers and texts, and for the possibility of contradiction in the theatrical image. A sense of complex undecidability is consequently evident in Kilimogo's production of Whaea Kairau. Whilst acknowledging Bertolt Brecht's legacy and influence, the article also recognizes his complex status as a canonized theatre-maker in this particular postcolonial context, and therefore looks at ways in which Kilimogo's production both utilizes and interrogates Brecht's tenets.

This article is the third of four written to line up two extremes in the history of methodology: early 20th century Pragmatism and late-Renaissance militarism, filling in the middle period, focusing on Voltaire and the atmosphere before the French revolution. Pragmatist William James pretended to offer a purely formal method, yet strategized it as a doctrinal attack on the inefficiency of Christianity (according to his (mis)understanding of it). Machiavelli attacked Christianity's practice of justice and meekness as weakness, from his own Classicist, Romanist militaristic empire perspective. Voltaire, in middle Modernity, devised a hermeneutic from an Enlightenment position with a strong Neo-Classicist slant, by representing Ancient Classical tradition as fundamentally tolerant to difference of opinion, and by over-painting any suggestion that early Christians were persecuted for their faith. He represented the Christians of his own days (often rightly so) as unfair, criminal and violent, especially with regard to heterodox opinions. His naturalistic tendencies, contradicting his liberalism (an intolerant propagation of tolerance) must have contributed to the severity of persecution of non-compliant Christians during the 1789 Revolution. Later naturalistic liberalists, such as Dide and Booms, and several anti-Christian sites on the internet, found and find their inspiration (sometimes against his intentions) in Voltaire's criticism of Christianity. ; http://www.koersjournal.org.za/index.php/koers/issue/view/322 ; http://www.koersjournal.org.za/index.php/koers/article/view/2238 ; https://doi.org/10.19108/KOERS.80.3.2238 ; http://dx.doi.org/10.19108/koers.80.3.2238

This article considers the economic sins of contemporary IR theory-that is, the pervasive errors of analysis that result from the embrace of different forms of economism. Much of structural realism, for example, derives from the misguided adaptation of price theory (that is, micro-economic competition), especially with regard to the implications of oligopoly. The minimalist assumptions of neorealism have also encouraged an all-too-easy reification of a style of analysis, now pervasive across most IR paradigms, that values prediction above explanation. This relates to another great economic sin of contemporary IR theory: the hyperrationalist turn. Most clearly seen in the influential rationalist explanations for war approach, it reflects the uncritical adaptation of a certain type of macroeconomics: rational expectations theory. But the limits to rational expectations were revealed analytically for decades and ultimately exposed by the global financial crisis. Worse, even where that approach adds value to economic theory, it is particularly unsuited for adaptation to IR theory. The rise of structural realism and hyperrationalism represented a turn away from an older, classical realist tradition. Classical realism, with its emphasis on choice, contingency, history, ideology, uncertainty, and unpredictability, was rejected in favor of more purportedly scientific and, in particular, economistic approaches to IR theory. But in each instance, the newer approaches feature the misapplication of economic theories and analogies to the study of IR. Correcting these mistakes invites the renaissance of classical realism. Adapted from the source document.

The article examines the theoretical views on representation in Elizabethan England, which determined the notion of an exemplary member of parliament (MP). Central to the English theoretical model of representation was the idea of metaphorical embodiment of the whole nation in parliament, which influenced the perception of MP as an independent actor, an attorney, invested with plena potestas, and guided by his own independent judgment and experience. The author explores the connection between the notions of parliament as the Great Council and the High Court and the interpretation of MPs' functions and goals, the influence of religious ideas, Renaissance culture and classical republicanism on the ideal of parliament man. ; En el artículo se examinan las teorías de la representación en la Inglaterra de Isabel I, las cuales determinaron la noción del parlamentario ejemplar. La idea de la encarnación metafórica de toda la nación en el Parlamento fue central para el modelo inglés teorético de representación e influyó en la percepción del parlamentario como un actor independiente, un representante legal, investido con plena potestas y guiado por su propia opinión y experiencia. La autora explora la conexión entre las nociones del Parlamento como Consejo y Tribunal Supremos y la interpretación de las funciones y objetivos del miembro del Parlamento, así como la influencia de las ideas religiosas, de la cultura del Renacimiento y del republicanismo clásico en el ideal del hombre parlamentario.