Suchergebnisse

A territorial dispute deriving from nineteenth-century treaties imposed on China by an ascendant Russia became an integral element of the falling-out between the two great communist powers, the USSR and the People's Republic of China, in the second half of the twentieth century. That dispute, which came to be concentrated on the issue of the exact boundary alignment within the Amur and Ussuri Rivers, was made more intractable by the ideological estrangement between Moscow and Beijing. The dispute, in turn, fed back to embitter that estrangement. Contradictory interpretations of the nineteenth-century treaties taken by the two sides were compounded by their different approaches to the problem of boundary settlement: Beijing sought settlement on the basis of compromise, but insisted that could be achieved only through full renegotiation. Moscow read into Beijing's approach covert irredentism, refused to negotiate, and exerted military force to impose its own interpretation of the treaties. China resisted, meeting force with force, and in the 1969 clashes on the Ussuri River prevailed, bringing the conflict to the brink of all-out war. In 1986 Moscow broke a protracted deadlock by reversing its approach and agreeing to negotiate. By 2005 the full extent of the Sino-Russian boundary had been agreed and legitimized in new treaties. (Crit Asian Stud/GIGA)

Smuggling is typically thought of as furtive and hidden, taking place under the radar and beyond the reach of the state. But in many cases, governments tacitly permit illicit cross-border commerce, or even devise informal arrangements to regulate it. Drawing on extensive fieldwork in the borderlands of Tunisia and Morocco, Max Gallien explains why states have long tolerated illegal trade across their borders and develops new ways to understand the political economy of smuggling. This book examines the rules and agreements that govern smuggling in North Africa, tracing the involvement of states in these practices and their consequences for borderland communities. Gallien demonstrates that, contrary to common assumptions about the effects of informal economies, smuggling can promote both state and social stability. States not only turn a blind eye to smuggling, they rely on it to secure political acquiescence and maintain order, because it provides income for otherwise neglected border communities. More recently, however, the securitization of borders, wars, political change, and the pandemic have put these arrangements under pressure. Gallien explores the renegotiation of the role of smuggling, showing how stability turns into vulnerability and why some groups have been able to thrive while others have been pushed further to the margins. With both rich empirical detail and novel theoretical contributions, Smugglers and States offers important insights into security and stability in North Africa and the prospects for economic inclusion in a context where many livelihoods exist outside of the law.

The post-war Federal Republic of Germany faced the task of addressing the plight of the victims of state socialism under the Soviet occupation of eastern Germany and in the German Democratic Republic, many of whom fled to the west. These victims were not passive objects of the West German state's policy, but organized themselves into associations that fought for recognition of their contribution to the fight against communism. After German unification, the task of commemorating and compensating these victims continued under entirely new political circumstances, yet also in the context of global trends in memory politics and transitional justice that give priority to addressing the fate of victims of non-democratic regimes. Constructions of Victimhood: Remembering the Victims of State Socialism in Germany draws on the constructivist systems theory of Niklas Luhmann to analyze the role of victims organizations, the political system, and historians and heritage professionals in the struggle over the memory of suffering under state socialism, from the Cold War to the present day. The book argues that the identity and social role of victims has undergone a process of constant renegotiation in this period, offering an innovative theoretical framework for understanding how restorative measures are formulated to address the situation of victims. As such, it offers not only insights into a neglected aspect of post-war German history, but also contributes to the ongoing academic debate about the role of victims in process of transitional justice and the politics of memory.

Migrations are contested sites of identity negotiations: they are not simply a process of border crossings but more so of border shiftings. Rather than allowing migrants to swiftly move across stable borders from one clearly defined identity to another, migrations question and renegotiate these very identities. Migrations undermine and re-establish borders along which the identity of migrants (and also that of the supposedly settled population) are constituted, and, as a discourse, migrations serve as a contested site of negotiating identities. Migrations reveal the negotiable character of identities - and representations of migration are themselves a hotspot in contemporary identity constructions. What can theology contribute to the negotiations on migration? The contributions of this volume work towards a reading of migration as a sign of the times. Together, they offer "steps towards a theology of migration." They show that migration calls for a new way of doing. A theology that is exposed to migration as a sign of the times is drwan into the shifting, unsettling, and undermining of borders. This has impact not only on the discourse of migration, but also on the discourse of theology: it calls theology to move away from its search for well-established definitions (literally: borders) of its God-talk and to venture into new, uncharted territory. It loses its fixed, clearly defined grounds and finds itself on the way toward a renegotiation of what it means to believe in, celebrate, and reflect on YHWH - on God who is with us on the way

This thesis examines urban partition in Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus, and how its changing roles and shifting perceptions in a post-conflict setting reflect power relations, and their constant renegotiation. Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus, was officially divided in 1974 in the aftermath of an eighteen-year-long conflict between the island's Turkish- and Greek-Cypriot communities. As a result, a heavily militarized Buffer Zone, established as an emergency measure against perpetuation of intercommunal violence, has been cutting through its historic centre ever since. This thesis departs from a genuine interest in the material and ideational dimensions of urban partition. How is it constructed, not merely in physical terms but in the minds of the societies affected by conflict? How is it established in official and everyday discourses? What kinds of mechanisms have been developed to maintain it, and make an inseparable part of the urban experience? Moreover, taking into account the consensus in relevant literature pertaining to the imperative for its removal, this thesis is inquiring into the relevance of peace agreements to overcoming urban partition. For this purpose, it also looks at narratives and practices that have attempted to contest it. The examples examined in this thesis offer pregnant analytical moments to understand Nicosia's Buffer Zone as a dynamic social construct, accommodating multiple visions of and for the city. Its space 'in-between' facilitates encounters between various actors, accommodates new meanings, socio-spatial practices and diverse imaginaries. In this sense, urban partition is explored in this thesis as a phenomenon that transcends scales as well as temporalities, entwining past, present, and future.

The history of post-WWII Eastern Europe begins with the settlement resulting from the Yalta Conference of Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, & Joseph Stalin in 1945. Eastern Europe's long revolution against the Yalta settlement is examined in four different phases: 1945-1948, when the noncommunists, who had neither allies nor a chance of victory, were in the forefront; 1953-1956, when the battle was led by Yugoslavia's head of state Josip Tito, though Yugoslavia lost the moral leadership, which was taken up by Poland & Hungary, & culminated in the crushing of the Hungarian Revolution & the reinstatement of Soviet dominance over Poland in 1956; 1956-1982, culminating in the death of Soviet president Leonid Brezhnev, after a "long winter's snow" blanketed the anti-Yalta revolution; & the phase currently unfolding in a complex setting containing contradicatory trends. The effects of Soviet policy under the leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev are considered against the background of a general crisis in Eastern Europe; particular crises in Poland, Hungary, Romania, Czechoslovakia, & Yugoslavia are considered in turn. The effect on Eastern Europe of the question of Germany's role in the region & of the possibility of a reconciliation between the whole of Germany & the USSR is considered. The most likely scenario for Eastern Europe is that of a long stalemate; less likely is the "Rapallo" option in which Germany becomes both a neutral country & a pillar of perestroika; least likely is the most positive scenario, involving a renegotiation of the internal conditions of the settlement. F. S. J. Ledgister

LGBT transnational documentary "Becoming" / Christopher Pullen -- Trauma and triumph: documenting Middle Eastern gender and sexual minorities in film and television / Rebecca Beirne, Samar Habib -- Transsexual in Iran: a fatwa for freedom? / Sahar Bluck -- Sub-Saharan African sexualities, transnational HIV/AIDS educational film and the question of queerness / David Oscar Harvey -- The floating/fleeting spectacle of transformation: queer carnival, gay pride and the renegotiation of postapartheid identities / Ernst van der Wal -- The Argentinean movement for same-sex marriage / Margaret Cooper -- The politics of reclaiming identity: representing the Mak Nyahs in Bukak Api / Andrew Hock Soon Ng -- Queer (im)possibilities: Alaa Al-Aswany's and Wahid Hamed's The Yacoubian building / Stephanie Selvick -- Andrew Salkey, James Baldwin and the case of the "leading aberrant": early gay narratives in the British media / Kate Houlden -- The exotic erotic: queer representations in the context of post-colonial ethnicity on British TV / Peri Bradley -- Documenting the queer Indian: the question of queer identification in Khush and Happy hookers / Bryce J. Renninger -- Screening queer India in Pratibha Parmar's Khush / Daniel Farr, Jennifer Gauthier -- Gay pornography as Latin American queer historiography / Gustavo Subero -- Quo vadis, queer vato? Queer and loathing in Latino cinema / Richard Reitsma -- Queer art of parallaxed document: visual discourse of docudrag in Kutluǧ Ataman's Never my soul! (2001) / Çüneyt Cakirlar -- The drag queers the s/he binary: subversion of heteronormativity in Turkish context / Serkan Ertin -- If art imitated reality: George Takei, coming out, and the insufferably straight Star Trek universe / Bruce E. Drushel -- A Chinese queer discourse: camp and alternative desires in the films of Yon Fan and Lou Ye / Jason Ho Ka-Hang

Tourism at World Heritage Sites : Community Ambivalence / Maria Gravari-Barbas, Mike Robinson, Laurent Bourdeau -- World Heritage as a Revitalization Movement : Managing Local and Global Tourism in UNESCO's Heritage-scape / Michael A. Di Giovine -- Responsible Tourism and Poverty : The Porters of the Inca Trail / James Rollefson, Carolina Espinoza Camus and Alexandra Arellano -- Machu Picchu : an Andean Utopia for the 21st Century? / Amy Cox Hall -- Interrogating the "Universal" in St. Lucia's Piton Management Area / Jennifer C. Lutton and Gregor Williams -- Archaeological Replica Vendors and an Alternative History of a Mexican Heritage Site : The Case of Monte Albán / Ronda L. Brulotte -- Indigenous Perspectives on Ownership and Management of Yucatecan Archaelogical Sites / Stephanie J. Litka -- World Heritage, Tourism Development, and Identity Politics at the Tsodilo Hills / Rachel F. Giraudo -- Tourism Community Involvement Strategy for the Living World Heritage Site of Hampi, India : A Case Study / Bernhard Bauer, Nitin Sinha, Michele Trimarchi and Vincenzo Zappino -- Reconstructing Biodiversity for Tourism Development : Ethnographic Accounts from a World Heritage Site in the Making / Carsten Wergin -- Post-inscription Challenges : Renegotiation World Heritage Management in the Laponia Area in Northern Sweden / Patrick Brouder -- The Level of Societal Reproduction as a Predictor of Visitation : Lessons from World Heritage Sites in the United States / Linda Joyce Forristal -- Looking Back Towards the Future : Historical Analysis of Machu Picchu Planning Documents as a Key to Site Conservation / Evan R. Ward -- Shandong Province and Tourism : An Examination of World Heritage Sites / Ina Freeman and He Sun -- The Valuation of Protected Areas : Tourists in Chitwan National Park, Nepal / Jennifer Michelle Cook and Michal J. Bardecki -- The Impact of Tourism on Latin American World Heritage Towns / Alfredo Conti -- Visitor Management in Sensitive Historic Landscapes : Strategies to Avoid Conflict in Hadrian¿s Wall World Heritage Site / David McGlade

The early paradigm on a pacific island: excerpt from Argonauts of the Western Pacific / Bronislaw Malinowski -- How it works in the global world: anthropologist -- the myth teller / Miles Richardson -- Where Pacific Islanders live: residence rules / Ward H. Goodenough -- Anthropology gets religion: cultural ecology, pantheism, and paper dolls among the Nahua people of Mexico / Alan R. Sandstrom -- Sacred cows in India: the myth of the sacred cow / Marvin Harris -- Ritual regulation of environmental relations among a New Guinea people / Roy A. Rappaport -- The origin of Islam: the social organization of Mecca and the origins of Islam -- Community in Mexico and Indonesia: closed corporate peasant communities in Mesoamerica and Central Java / Eric R. Wolf -- Household to firm in Iceland: peasants, entrepreneurs, and companies: the evolution of Icelandic fishing / E. Paul Durrenberger and Gisli Palsson -- The development of underdevelopment / Andre Gunder Frank -- Leaf of paradise or aid to terrorism? Cultural constructions of a drug called khat / Lisa L. Gezon -- Bordering culture: the U.S. -- Mexico case / Josiah Heyman and Howard Campbell -- Wealth unbound: corporate capitalism and the transformation of U.S. culture / Dimitra Doukas -- Households and gender relations in economic development: a central Anatolian village / Emine Onaran Incirlioglu -- Economists' blind spots: field stories of the informal economy among Mexican immigrants in Silicon Valley / Christian Zlolniski -- Water, the other name of life: South Asian perspectives / Azizur R. Molla -- This little piggy went to market: the social, cultural, and economic effects of changing systems of swine production in Iowa / Barbara J. Dilly -- Cooperative in Japan: Japan's worker cooperative movement into the twenty-first century / Bob Marshall -- Responses to tourism in Indonesia: ethnic tourism and the renegotiation of tradition in Tana Toraja (Sulawesi, Indonesia) / Kathleen M. Adams -- The Sims meet anthropology: the use of computer simulation to harness social complexity / Lawrence A. Kuznar.

Despite his innate caution and usually sound political instincts, British Prime Minister David Cameron is gambling with his country's future. In January, in a long-anticipated speech, he called for a wide-ranging renegotiation of the terms of the United Kingdom's membership in the European Union and promised to put the result up for a straight in-or-out popular referendum by the end of 2017 (assuming his party wins the next election, due in 2015). A British exit from the EU is now more likely than ever -- and it would be disastrous not only for the United Kingdom but also for the rest of Europe and the United States. If London does ultimately cut the rope, it will not be the result of rational political or economic calculations. British Euroskepticism boils down to a visceral dislike of Brussels -- the host of a number of European institutions and the EU's de facto capital -- on the part of an ill-informed conservative minority that clings to an antiquated notion of national sovereignty. By caving in to the demands of the right wing of his party, Cameron appears to be falling into the same trap that his predecessors fell into. Both Margaret Thatcher and John Major, the previous two Conservative prime ministers, were eventually thrown out of office as their party tore itself apart over the issue of European integration during the late 1980s and mid-1990s. Even Cameron himself, back in 2006, less than a year after he took over the Conservative Party, wisely counseled his colleagues to "stop banging on about Europe" if they ever wanted to win elections again. And yet, seven years later, Cameron faces a simmering rebellion on an issue that most Britons still do not care much about but that has once again turned toxic in his party. Adapted from the source document.

Coming to and coming from the Middle East : the unfolding of diaspora / Dalia Abdelhady and Ramy Aly -- To be denied a homeland : British mandate policy and the making of the Palestinian diaspora in Chile / Nadim Bawalsa -- The AKP government in Turkey and diaspora-making : lobbying, public diplomacy and the erasure of difference / Bengi Bezirgan-Tanis -- Critical events and the formation of a Coptic diaspora in North America between Al-Khanka and Al-Zawiya Al-Hamra / Michael Akladios -- Opportunities here and there : digital diasporas and the Iranian American election moment / Hajar Yazdiha -- The limits of diaspora : double vulnerabilities among Eritreans in Saudi-Arabia / Nicole Hirt and Abdelkader Saleh Mohammad -- The lifecycle of Amazigh diaspora activism in Europe : from institutional pioneers to the new ethnicities of the postmodern age / Ángela Suárez-Collado -- The diasporic Amazigh movement in France : articulating indigeneity / Jonathan Harris -- Valorising some and marginalising others : the diasporic field in the making of Lebanon / Paul Tabar and Wahib Maalouf's -- Transnational networks in Tunisia's democratization : Diaspora activism in France and Italy / Alessandra Bonci -- Secularism, sectarianism and the transnational connectivity of the Lebanese diaspora in Senegal / Mara Lichtman -- The semantics and substance of contesting Turkishness in the diaspora / Pinar Dinc -- De-orientalising queer Iranian diasporic identities / Farhang Rouhani -- Queering diaspora through queer art : contesting the double binds of homocolonialism and homonationalism / Andrew Gayed -- Post-Tarab identities in diaspora : a sonic imaginary of Arab Canada / Jillian Fulton Melanson -- Resisting marginalisation, renegotiating gender : intersectional narratives of diaspora experiences / Dalia Abdelhady -- Creativity as a contested site of identity-making : careers, gender and diaspora for Sydney's Lebanese Australians / Sherene Idriss -- Exploring the creative Israeli diaspora : reading class and profession in the diaspora / Nir Cohen and Steve Gold -- Making middle class lives : diaspora and belonging among Pakistanis in Dubai / Gennaro Errichiello -- Diasporic before the move : China's Hui Muslim's trade and ties with Iran and Muslimness / Man Xu -- A Diasporic Balancing Act : Syrian entrepreneurs in Turkey, Egypt and Jordan / Ching-An Chang -- Diaspora Syrians and humanitarian aid in the Syrian civil war / Shawn Flanigan -- Return migration and repatriation : myths and realities in the interwar Syrian mahjar / Stacy Fahrenthold -- The emergence of diasporic sensibilities among Iraqis in London / Zeinab Saleh -- Healed pasts, multiple belongings and multi-focal engagements : a Danish-Palestinian diaspora tour / Nina Gren -- Idioms of care : aging and connectivity among older Turkish migrants in Sweden / Öncel Naldemirci -- The Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood in Turkey after the 2013 coup : organizational renewal and renegotiation in the diaspora / Lucia Ardovini -- The Hadrami diaspora : a plurilocal mahjar / Iain Walker -- Hadrami connections with the Malay world : creole histories, transcultural Islam and racialisation / Sumit K. Mandal -- Towards a new mode of reading Muslim diaspora writing : Muslimness and the homing desire in Abu-Jaber's Crescent and Shafak's The Saint of Incipient Insanities / Neriman Kuyucu -- The Armenian Middle East : Boundaries, Pathways and Horizons / Sossie Kasbarian -- Negotiating placemaking : private-public spaces and Hinduism in Oman / Sandhya Roa Mehta.