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This policy brief presents a long term assessment of low-carbon energies including renewables, nuclear and fossil energy with CCS. It targets the electricity sector from a global to a regional perspective and from centralized to decentralized energy systems. The policy brief aims at finding answers to the following questions: What role can and should renewable energy play in the next decades on the way to a low-carbon energy future? What is the optimal electricity mix (now and in the future)? What are the impli-cations of the optimal mix regarding renewable energy investment and policy? What framework would be needed to enhance international coordination?

We're fully aware of the claims about how much - how little - it costs to generate electricity using renewables. We'd also point to this: A £58bn plan to rewire Great Britain's electricity grid to connect up new windfarms off the coast of Scotland is expected to trigger tensions with communities along the route.The £58 billion is a cost of renewables. It's entirely possible that it's a worthwhile cost - equally, that it isn't. But it's definitely a cost of renewables. The ESO said three times as much undersea cabling would be laid than onshore infrastructure by 2035 and estimated its blueprint would add £15bn to the economy, creating 20,000 jobs a year.Those 20,000 jobs are also a cost of renewables, not a benefit.Note that all of this is true whatever one's view of climate change, the necessity or not of dealing with it and so on. These are costs of doing that dealing. So, cheap may not be quite the right word. For the cost of renewables is not to be measured by the generation of a watt, it's the cost of delivering, reliably, a watt to when and where it is to be used. But our real ire is aimed at this: Britain's electricity networks will not hit net zero until 2035, National Grid has said, undermining a key pledge by Labour to hit that target by 2030.…The deadline prompted a backlash from Ed Miliband, the shadow energy secretary, who said a Labour government would make ESO accelerate its programme to hit the 2030 target. A spokesman said: "We said 2030 for decarbonising the grid and we meant it."No, not who is demanding what, which political party etc. Rather, that something like this is being determined by political pledges in an electoral (well, almost certainly one) year.Whether we have a decarbonised grid or not depends upon the benefits of having one against the costs of having one. Accelerating the process makes it more expensive - and thus reduces the net benefit of doing so. It is possible to calculate either way. But who believes that anyone is? We're being treated to political performativity over the spending of £58 billion and perhaps more. That is, we're not being treated to rational decision making in the slightest. Which is why we don't like politics as the method of economic decision making. Simply because the economic decisions are not, therefore and thereby, made upon economic grounds.This is not a party political point in terms of who it is demanding whichever - it's a complaint about party politics itself as a method of economic decision making.

On behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Affairs, the Working Group on Renewable Energy Statistics (AGEE-Stat) takes stock of the use of renewable energies and annually prepares an official estimate of the development of renewable energies for the previous year. This background paper describes the initial findings for the electricity, heat and transport sectors, supplemented by figures on the economic effects and emissions avoidance through renewable energies. In addition, some selected indicators on weather conditions are presented in the annex to better understand current developments.

On behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, the Working Group on Renewable Energy Statistics (AGEE-Stat) takes stock of the use of renewable energies and annually prepares an official estimate of the development of renewable energies for the previous year. This background paper describes the initial findings for the electricity, heat and transport sectors, supplemented by figures on the economic effects and emissions avoidance through renewable energies. In addition, some selected indicators on weather conditions are presented in the annex to better understand current developments.

AbstractRenewable resources play an important role in our economy directly as outputs, such as fish and timber, and indirectly as inputs, such as water and soil. This article introduces three key issues in renewable resource economics and the techniques that economists use to address them. Using examples from fisheries, I outline the theory of sustainable resource use, the problems associated with common property and interjurisdictional sharing. I complete the article with a discussion of two current challenges facing fisheries: the estimated $25–29 billion paid globally in subsidies each year and international sharing that has an adverse effect on stock status.

China is the most densely populated country in the world with high rate of economic growth resulting in higher demand for energy resources and in strive to guarantee stable supply of these resources. Chinese annual GDP growth in 2012 and 2013 was down to 7.7% comparing to 10% in 2000-2011 [7]. In 2012 and 2013 economic growth stumbled because of slowdown in manufacturing and exports, taking into account that Chinese government was eager to cut inflation and excessive investments in some segments of the market. Speaking about energy sector Chinese government is aimed at promotion of market-based pricing systems, activities for advanced energy efficiency and higher competition between energy companies, and increased investment in renewable energy resources. Considering renewables as one of many ways to diversify energy supplies, lower dependence on coal and improve environmental situation Chinese government actively supports and develops programs aimed at support of renewable energy industry in China. Chinese economic development is tightly attached to five-year plans. It seems important to mention the fact that main energy goals for current 12-th "five-year plan" are to achieve 15% renewables consumption and CO2 sequestration up to 40-45% by2020 in order to lower dependency on coal and improve environmental situation. As a result of Chinese state policy to develop renewables China achieved certain results in wind energy, helioenergetics, hydroenergetics and energy from waste recycling.

"Die Ursachen des Klimawandels sind gesetzt, und wir warten auf deren Folgen: Die Temperaturerhöhung und deren Konsequenzen. Daneben betreiben wir 'Klimapolitik', gemeint ist Mitigationspolitik, um Schlimmeres zu verhindern als das, was schon nicht mehr zu verhindern ist. Rund 50 Jahre braucht es, bis das volle Ausmaß des bereits veranlassten Teils des Klimawandels in der Temperatur und damit in einer erhöhten Extremheit von Wetterereignissen vollständig zum Vorschein gekommen ist. Daran haben wir uns anzupassen, das ist die Zielsetzung der zweiten Seite der Klimapolitik, der Adaptationspolitik. Rund 50 Jahre braucht es ebenfalls, bis das neue Energiesystem, welches wir zu mitigationspolitischen Zwecken entwerfen, Gestalt angenommen haben wird. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt treffen beide zusammen. Damit ergibt sich eine neue Fragestellung: Wie entwirft man ein klimagerechtes, wesentlich Renewables-gestütztes Energiesystem unter der Last eines Mindestanstiegs anthropogener Treibhausgaskonzentrationen?" (Autorenreferat)

Renewables Information provides a comprehensive review of historical and current market trends in OECD countries, including 2011 preliminary data. An Introduction, notes, definitions and auxiliary information are provided in Part I. Part II of the publication provides an overview of the development of renewables and waste in the world over the 1990 to 2009 period. A greater focus is given to the OECD countries with a review of electricity generation and capacity from renewable and waste energy sources. Part III of the publication provides a corresponding statistical overview of developments in

Malaysia has abundant renewable energy resources like solar, mini-hydro, biomass, biogas, geothermal, and waste energy sources that can be managed optimally. This study uses qualitative method. In this study, we analyze about the potential and policy Malaysia's renewable energy. Renewable energy helps to strengthen its defense as well. Malaysia also has an authority organization that makes policies and programs to develop renewable energy. Therefore, the development of renewable energy in Malaysia is very effective and efficient with the support of abundant natural resources and the application of renewable energy technology that is supported through government policies hopefully increasing national energy security.

The extent to which renewables gain public support and are able to attract adequate private or public investment is key to their further uptake. Although individuals and some groups have expressed concerns about specific renewable energy projects, opinion polls indicate strong public support for the growth of renewables. Governments have sought to improve public participation, strengthen regulatory control and share economic benefits with host communities to further build citizen support for renewable energy projects.

Energy justice is increasingly being used as a framework to conceptualize the impacts of energy decision making in more holistic ways and to consider the social implications in terms of existing ethical values. Similarly, renewable energy technologies are increasingly being promoted for their environmental and social benefits. However, little work has been done to systematically examine the extent to which, in what ways and in what contexts, renewable energy technologies can contribute to achieving energy justice. This paper assesses the potential of renewable electricity technologies to address energy justice in various global contexts via a systematic review of existing studies analyzed in terms of the principles and dimensions of energy justice. Based on publications including peer reviewed academic literature, books, and in some cases reports by government or international organizations, we assess renewable electricity technologies in both grid integrated and off-grid use contexts. We conduct our investigation through the rubric of the affirmative and prohibitive principles of energy justice and in terms of its temporal, geographic, socio-political, economic, and technological dimensions. Renewable electricity technology development has and continue to have different impacts in different social contexts, and by considering the different impacts explicitly across global contexts, including differences between rural and urban contexts, this paper contributes to identifying and understanding how, in what ways, and in what particular conditions and circumstances renewable electricity technologies may correspond with or work to promote energy justice.