Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- THE CONCEPT OF REPRESENTATION -- 1 Political Representation: An Overview -- 2 Practical Representation -- 3 Commentary: The Paradox of Representation -- 4 Commentary: Representation and the Problem of Identity -- 5 Two Notes on Representation -- HISTORICAL DISCUSSION -- 6 Modern and Medieval Representation -- 7 An Augustan Debate: Notes on the History of the Idea of Representation -- THE THEORY OF REPRESENTATION -- 8 Electors and Representatives: A Contribution to the Theory of Representation -- 9 Representation, Governmental Stability, and Decisional Effectiveness -- CONSTITUTIONAL DECISIONS AND THE THEORY OF REPRESENTATION -- 10 Representation in Law and Equity -- 11 Black on Representation: A Question -- 12 Political Parties in the Normative Theory of Representation -- 13 Standards for Representative Selection and Apportionment -- 14 Representation Values and Reapportionment Practice: The Eschatology of "One-Man, One-Vote" -- WEIGHTED VOTING AND THE THEORY OF REPRESENTATION -- 15 Weighted Voting: A Mathematical Analysis for Instrumental Judgments -- 16 Weighted Voting and "One-Man, One-Vote" -- EXTRA-ELECTIVE REPRESENTATION -- 17 The Bureaucracy as Representatives -- REPRESENTATION UNDER NONCOMPETITIVE PARTY SYSTEMS -- 18 The Mechanism of Popular Activity in the Exercise of State Authority in People's Poland -- 19 Notes for a Theory of Nondemocratic Representation

What is representation? What does it mean when a politician represents citizens in government? These are just some of the questions which will be answered by David Runciman and Mónica Brito Vieira as they explain why representation should be understood as one of the key concepts in modern politics.

What is representation? What does it mean when a politician represents citizens in government? How can citizens be represented beyond the boundaries of the nation-state?These are just some of the questions which will be answered by David Runciman and Mónica Brito Vieira as they explain why representation should be understood as one of the key concepts in modern politics. The first part of the book examines the historical roots of the concept of representation, from its origins in ancient Rome through to its role in the revolutionary politics of the modern world. The second looks at different varieties of representation – in law as well as politics. The final part asks how the concept of representation can help us think creatively about current and future challenges facing the world. Representation is too often treated as a secondary or qualifying idea – as in the phrase 'representative democracy'. This book argues that we have this the wrong way round. Representation is the foundational idea in almost all areas of our political life. Making sense of representation in its own terms is crucial for seeing why democracy functions the way it does, and for exploring how it might function differently. David Runciman is University Lecturer in Political Theory at Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Mónica Brito Vieira is Research Fellow at New Hall, Cambridge.

Intro -- Political Representation: Communities, Ideas and Institutions in Europe (c. 1200-c. 1690) -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- List of Illustrations -- Contributors and Editors -- An Introduction: Political Representation: Communities, Ideas and Institutions in Europe (c. 1200-c. 1690) -- Part 1: Top-down or Bottom-up? Princes, Communities and Representation -- 1 Assemblies of Estates and Parliamentarism in Late Medieval Europe -- 2 Political Representation and the Fiscal State in Late Medieval and Early Modern Castile -- 3 Forms of Political Representation in Late Medieval Northern Italy: Merits and Shortcomings of the City-State Paradigm (14th-early 16th Century) -- 4 Representation in Later Medieval and Early Modern Ireland -- 5 Speaking in the Name of: Collective Action, Claim-making, and the Development of Pre-modern Representative Institutions -- Part 2: Prelates, Nobles and Patricians: The Composition of the Representative Institutions -- 6 "The King wishes and commands?" Reassessing Political Assembly in Scotland, c.1286-1329 -- 7 Officers of State and Representation in the Pre-modern Scottish Parliament -- 8 The Nobility in the Estates of the Late Medieval Duchy of Brabant -- 9 Representation by Numbers: How Attendance and Experience Helped Holland to Control the Dutch States General (1626-1630) -- Part 3: Controlling the State: Ideas and Discourses -- 10 The Antwerp Clerk Jan van Boendale and the Creation of a Brabantine Ideology -- 11 Rituals of Unanimity and Balance: Deliberation in 15th- to 16thcentury Hainaut: A Fool's Game? -- 12 Speech Acts and Political Communication in the Estates General of Valois and Habsburg Burgundy c. 1370-1530: Towards a Shared Political Language -- 13 Parliament, War and the "Public Sphere" in Late Medieval England: The Experience of Lancastrian Kent

Intro -- Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- What Does It Mean? -- Media in the Past -- Why Does It Matter? -- Good and Bad Representation -- Race and Gender -- LGBTQ+ Representation -- Disability and Body Size -- Anger at Diversity -- How to Help -- Glossary -- For More Information -- Index -- Back Cover.

I: Representation and Language -- II: A Mentalistic Theory -- III: Rules -- IV: Translation and Theories -- V: Explanation and Truth -- VI: The Protosemantics of Basic Claims -- VII: The Protosemantics of Complex Claims -- VIII: Representation and Man -- Appendix I. Notes -- Appendix II. Bibliography -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.

Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Preface -- Contents -- Part One: Messages And Messengers -- 1. Representation and Theories -- Part Two: Institutions -- Introduction -- 2. Images of the Family -- 3. Schools and Teachers -- 4. Constables, Coppers, Rozzers, the Old Bill - the Police -- Part Three: Minorities -- Introduction -- 5. Mental Illness -- 6. Prostitution -- 7. Roughs and Respectables: Representing the 'Other' -- Part Four: Images Of National Identity -- Introduction -- 8. Football and Film: Representing Nationality -- 9. Beyond Britishness: Identity and Difference -- Part Five: Conclusion -- Introduction -- 10. East Is East A Case Study -- Glossary -- Index.

"Our thoughts are meaningful. We think about things in the outside world; how can that be so? This is one of the deepest questions in contemporary philosophy. Ever since the 'cognitive revolution', states with meaning-mental representations-have been the key explanatory construct of the cognitive sciences. But there is still no widely accepted theory of how mental representations get their meaning. Powerful new methods in cognitive neuroscience can now reveal information processing in the brain in unprecedented detail. They show how the brain performs complex calculations on neural representations.

Drawing on this cutting-edge research, Nicholas Shea uses a series of case studies from the cognitive sciences to develop a naturalistic account of the nature of mental representation. His approach is distinctive in focusing firmly on the 'subpersonal' representations that pervade so much of cognitive science. The diversity and depth of the case studies, illustrated by numerous figures, make this book unlike any previous treatment. It is important reading for philosophers of psychology and philosophers of mind, and of considerable interest to researchers throughout the cognitive sciences."

"Women's participation in parliaments, high courts, and executive offices worldwide has reached record high numbers, but this global increase in women's representation masks significant variation among different democratic political systems. For example, in December of 2009, Rwanda's legislature contained 56% women, while the U.S. Congress contained only about 17% and the Japanese Diet had only 11%. Since 2000, only twenty-seven women have achieved executive office worldwide. Contagious Representation is a comprehensive look at women's participation in all aspects of public life in the main democratic political institutions--the executive, the judiciary, the legislature, and within political parties. Moving beyond studies of single countries and institutions, Contagious Representation presents original data from 159 democratic countries spanning 50 years, providing a comprehensive understanding of women in democracies worldwide. The first volume to offer an analysis on all avenues for women's participation for such a lengthy time period, Contagious Representation examines not only the causes of women's representation in the main democratic political institutions but also how women's representation in one institution affects the others. Each chapter contains case studies and examples of the change in women's participation over time from around the world. Thames and Williams definitively explain the rise, decline, or stagnant levels of women's political participation, considering how representation is contagious across political institutions and gaining a better understanding of what factors affect women's political participation"--

Intro -- DELEGATE REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS ANALYSIS AND CURRENT STANDING -- DELEGATE REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS ANALYSIS AND CURRENT STANDING -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 DELEGATES TO THE U.S. CONGRESS: HISTORY AND CURRENT STATUS* -- Summary -- Introduction -- Evolution of Territorial Delegates -- Northwest Ordinance -- First Delegate -- Unincorporated Territories -- Delegates Rights and Responsibilities -- Committee Assignments and Voting -- Committee of the Whole Voting Rights -- Acknowledgments -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF AWARDING THE DELEGATE FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA A VOTE IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OR THE COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE* -- Summary -- Proposed Legislation and Rule Change -- Background -- The Meaning of the Term "State" in the House Representation Clause -- The Power of Congress to Provide Representation to Political Entities that Are Not States -- The Significance of the Case of National Mutual Insurance Co. v. Tidewater Transfer Co. -- Whether the District of Columbia is a "State" for Purposes of Diversity Jurisdiction -- Whether the District of Columbia is a "State" for Purposes of Representation -- Whether Congress Has the Authority under the District Clause to Extend Diversity Jurisdiction to the District of Columbia -- Whether Congress Has the Authority under the District Clause to Extend House Representation to the District of Columbia -- The Significance of Limiting Delegate Voting to the Committee of the Whole -- Standing -- Conclusion -- End Notes -- Chapter 3 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA VOTING REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS: AN ANALYSIS OF LEGISLATIVE PROPOSALS* -- Summary -- Introduction -- A Summary History of Legislative Options -- Constitutional Amendment -- Initial Efforts -- Continued Efforts -- States Fail to Ratify Constitutional Amendment -- Renewed Efforts

Popular consensus holds that if 'enough women' are present in political institutions they will represent 'women's interests,' however, such generalized assumptions are frequently queried on theoretical grounds and consistently shown to be conditional in practice. In this text, Karen Celis and Sarah Childs address women's poverty of political representation with a feminist account of democratic representation. Celis and Childs rethink and redesign representative institutions, taking ideological and intersectional differences as their starting point.