Suchergebnisse

Acknowledgments -- Notes on Contributors -- Foreword: Non-Representational Dreams -- 1 Creative Practice and the Non-Representational -- Part 1 Situated Practices in Art, Craft and Design -- 2 Geo/graphic Design -- 3 Geologic Landscape: A Performance and a Wrecked Mobile Phone -- 4 Micro-Geographies of the Studio -- 5 Making, Knowing and Being Made: Hand-Stitching Beyond Representation -- 6 Feeling Queer Art in Public: The Gay Liberation Monument -- Part 2 Artistic Engagements with Geography -- 7 Affecting Objects: Enacting Gesture within a Performative Research Enquiry -- 8 Circadian Rhythms, Sunsets, and the Representational Thresholds of Time-Lapse Photography -- 9 'Call That Art? I Call It Bad Eyesight': Seeing or Not Seeing in the Context of Responsive Art Practice -- 10 Forward, Back, Together – and the Materialities of Taking Part -- 11 Where Does 'Your' Space End and the Next Begin? Non-Representational Geographies of Improvised Performance -- Part 3 Geographers Exploring Artistic Practice -- 12 Making Theatre That Matters: Troubling Subtext, Motive, and Intuition -- 13 Creativity, Labour, and Captain Cook's Cottage: From Great Ayton to Fitzroy Gardens -- 14 Material Conditions in the Post-Human City -- 15 Attuning to the Geothermal-Urban: Kinetics, Cinematics, and Digital Elementality -- 16 Thresholds of Representation: Physical Disability in Dance and Perceptions of the Moving Body -- Interlude: Supervising -- Part 4 Sound, Music, and Creative Mobilities -- 17 Audio Recording as Performance -- 18 Psy(co)motion: Anti-Production and Détournement in Affective Musical Cartographies -- 19 Walk with Me -- 20 Imaginal Travel: An Expedition in Fine Art Practice in Search of the Loneliest Palm -- 21 Fragments (formerly Tales from the Asylum) -- 22 On Edge: Writing Non-Representational Journeys -- Afterword: Sensing the World Anew

Abstract
The notion of complexity has been applied to descriptions and comparisons of languages and to explanations related to ease and difficulty of various linguistic phenomena in first and second language acquisition. It has been noted that compared to baseline grammars, heritage language grammars are less complex, displaying morphological simplification and structural shrinking, especially among heritage speakers with lower proficiency in the language. On some recent proposals of gender agreement in Spanish and Norwegian (Fuchs et al., 2015; Lohndal & Putnam, 2020), these differences are representational, affecting the projection of functional categories and feature specifications in the syntax. An alternative possibility is that differences between baseline and heritage grammars arise from computational considerations related to bilingualism, affecting speed of lexical access and feature reassembly online in the minority language. We illustrate this proposal with empirical data from gender agreement and differential object marking. Although presented as alternatives, the representational and computational explanations are not incompatible, and may both be adequate to capture varying levels of variability modulated by linguistic proficiency. These proposals formalize bilingual acquisition models of grammar competition and directly relate the availability and type of input (the acquisition evidence) to the locus and nature of the grammatical differences between heritage and baseline grammars.

What is the impact of a legislature's institutions on the representational roles its members adopt? We address this question by examining the role orientation of state legislators in eight states, explaining why some legislators identify more with a trustee model of representation & others identify more with the delegate model. Using ordinal logistic regression analysis on data from a survey of 447 legislators, we test for the effects of multimember districts & term limits, along with several other factors. First, we find that representational roles & behavior are related; legislators who think of themselves as delegates are much more likely to hold frequent district office hours than their counterparts who think of themselves as trustees. Second, we find that, overall, legislators are more likely to consider themselves trustees than delegates. Third, we find that multimember districts & term limits increase the likelihood that legislators think of themselves as trustees. Thus, legislative institutions can influence the representational roles legislators adopt. Tables, Figures, Appendixes, References. Adapted from the source document.

AbstractWhat is the impact of a legislature's institutions on the representational roles its members adopt? We address this question by examining the role orientation of state legislators in eight states, explaining why some legislators identify more with a trustee model of representation and others identify more with the delegate model. Using ordinal logistic regression analysis on data from a survey of 447 legislators, we test for the effects of multimember districts and term limits, along with several other factors. First, we find that representational roles and behavior are related; legislators who think of themselves as delegates are much more likely to hold frequent district office hours than their counterparts who think of themselves as trustees. Second, we find that, overall, legislators are more likely to consider themselves trustees than delegates. Third, we find that multimember districts and term limits increase the likelihood that legislators think of themselves as trustees. Thus, legislative institutions can influence the representational roles legislators adopt.

A long-standing question in the organizations literature is whether firms are better off by using simple or complex representations of their task environment. We address this question by developing a formal model of how firm performance depends on the process by which firms learn and use representations. Building on ideas from cognitive science, our model conceptualizes this process in terms of how firms construct a representation of the environment and then use that representation when making decisions. Our model identifies the optimal level of representational complexity as a function of (a) the environment's complexity and uncertainty and (b) the firm's experience and knowledge about the environment's deep structure. We use this model to delineate the conditions under which firms should use simple versus complex representations; in doing so, we provide a coherent framework that integrates previous conflicting results on which type of representation leaves firms better off. Among other results, we show that the optimal representational complexity generally depends more on the firm's knowledge about the environment than it does on the environment's actual complexity. We also show that the relative advantage of heuristics vis-à-vis more complex representations critically depends on an unstated assumption of "informedness": that managers can know what are the most relevant variables to pay attention to. We show that when this assumption does not hold, complex representations are usually better than simpler ones.

Internet governance is a contentious topic referring to the global control and management of key internet resources such as IP addresses. Research suggests that the existence of an open market, transparency and competition are having a major impact on internet governance. Key players such as the ICANN are currently in the process of formulating the scope and agenda of future internet governance. Research suggests that institutional as well as market driven governance will remain present for network access and content. Additionally, network governance is increasingly configured in new ways that relate to the topography of distributed systems. The suggestion is that alternative forms are emerging from within a network culture that challenges established forms of governance and allow for the possibility of 'non-representational democracy'.

AbstractThe predominance of machine learning based techniques in cognitive neuroscience raises a host of philosophical and methodological concerns. Given the messiness of neural activity, modellers must make choices about how to structure their raw data to make inferences about encoded representations. This leads to a set of standard methodological assumptions about when abstraction is appropriate in neuroscientific practice. Yet, when made uncritically these choices threaten to bias conclusions about phenomena drawn from data. Contact between the practices of multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) and philosophy of science can help to illuminate the conditions under which we can use artificial neural networks to better understand neural mechanisms. This paper considers a specific technique for MVPA called representational similarity analysis (RSA). I develop a theoretically-informed account of RSA that draws on early connectionist research and work on idealization in the philosophy of science. By bringing a philosophical account of cognitive modelling in conversation with RSA, this paper clarifies the practices of neuroscientists and provides a generalizable framework for using artificial neural networks to study neural mechanisms in the brain.

For the past twenty tears, courts have faced a wide array of claims alleging misconduct by schools and their officials. These claims have involved diverse injuries, including: negligence in permitting functional illiterates to pass through the school system; negligent misdiagnosis of learning disabilities; and failure to deliver a promised package of educational skills and services. The judiciary has almost uniformly refused to allow recovery, in tort or otherwise, for such injuries. Some courts have conceded that, on the pleadings, a good case might be made out. Plaintiffs have nonetheless been turned away because of courts' related concerns with untrammeled litigation and with invading the province of the legislative and administrative bodies charged with operating the schools. This Article adopts the position that such a wastebasket approach to claims of educational injury is unjustified, and should be abandoned. The Article first attempts to sort out the various kinds of cases that courts have treated identically. It then proposes that a proper focus on the kinds of representations made in the educational setting, and plaintiff's sometimes forced reliance on those representations, can aid in the resolution of these disputes without justifying judicial fears. This emphasis on representation and reliance is justified through an examination of the role that representational notions play in other areas of tort law. Armed with the ordnance of representation, the Article then reconsiders a wide range of educational malpractice cases, suggesting approaches and solutions to problems that have thus far evaded principled analysis.

Electorate size is recognized to affect a wide range of democratic processes and outcomes. This is particularly true at the local level of government where amalgamations have been common in recent years. Here, we explore the extent to which electorate size affects how city councillors communicate with their constituents in order to learn about those constituents' needs and preferences. We hypothesize that councillors cope with increases in electorate size by using face-to-face methods of communication less and mediated forms of communication, including social media, more. Drawing on original interview and survey data with Canadian city councillors, we find that councillors tend to rely on face-to-face meetings, telephone calls, and email to communicate with constituents, but are less likely to use social media to do so. However, we find no evidence to support the hypothesized relationships between electorate size and representational communication. Résumé La taille de l'électorat affecte un large éventail de processus démocratiques et ses résultats. C'est particulièrement vrai au niveau local des gouvernements municipaux au cours des nombreuses fusions des dernières années. Cet article, examine dans quelle mesure la taille de l'électorat affecte la façon dont les conseillers municipaux communiquent avec les électeurs afin d'en apprendre davantage sur les besoins et préférences de ces derniers. Notre hypothèse de base est que les conseillers face à l'augmentation de la taille de l'électorat utilisent moins des méthodes de communication face-à-face au profit d'une utilisation accrue de forme de communication médiatisée, y compris les médias sociaux. S'appuyant sur les données de l'enquête et des entrevues avec les conseillers municipaux, nous constatons que ces derniers ont tendance à se fier à des réunions face-à-face, des appels téléphoniques et des courriels pour communiquer avec les électeurs. Ils sont donc moins susceptibles d'utiliser les médias sociaux. Toutefois, nous n'avons trouvé aucune preuve à l'appui de l'hypothèse d'une relation entre la taille de l'électorat et le type de communication utilisé pour communiquer avec les électeurs.

Social functioning involves learning about the social networks in which we live and interact; knowing not just our friends, but also who is friends with our friends. This study utilized an incidental learning paradigm and representational similarity analysis (RSA), a functional MRI multivariate pattern analysis technique, to examine the relationship between learning social networks and the brain's response to the faces within the networks. We found that accuracy of learning face pair relationships through observation is correlated with neural similarity patterns to those pairs in the left temporoparietal junction (TPJ), the left fusiform gyrus, and the subcallosal ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), all areas previously implicated in social cognition. This model was also significant in portions of the cerebellum and thalamus. These results show that the similarity of neural patterns represent how accurately we understand the closeness of any two faces within a network. Our findings indicate that these areas of the brain not only process knowledge and understanding of others, but also support learning relations between individuals in groups.