Suchergebnisse

The adoption and continued use of innovations by societies, organisations and individuals has been a subject of research since before the 1930s. A variety of different theories have been developed to account for the different speeds at which innovations are adopted and the factors that affect the adoption process. This paper reviews theories of the adoption of innovations with particular reference to the recent phenomenon of the e-book as a cultural innovation that is having an impact on individuals, organizations and national policy makers. The paper will suggest which theories are most appropriate for the different levels at which the innovation is employed. ; Usvajanje i kontinuirana upotreba inovacija od strane društva, organizacija i pojedinaca predmetom je istraživanja još od 1930-ih. Niz različitih teorija oblikovano je kako bi odgovorilo na različitu brzinu kojom se inovacije usvajaju i čimbenike koji utječu na taj proces. Ovaj rad razmatra teorije usvajanja inovacija s posebnim osvrtom na fenomen e-knjige kao kulturalnu inovaciju koja utječe na pojedince, organizacije te one koji stvaraju nacionalne politike. U radu će se predložiti teorije koje su najprikladnije za različite razine usvajanja inovacije.

Na sjevernim gradskim bedemima Salone započet je novi projekt obnove jedinstvenog spomenika fortifikacijske arhitekture. Izvorno podignut za vrijeme cara Marka Aurelija 170. g., tijekom posljednjih stoljeća antike, stalno se popravlja i dograđuje novim zidnim pojačanjima, mnogobrojnim istaknutim kulama i trokutastim bastionima. Ponovno otkriven perimetralni plašt, na pojedinim mjestima sačuvan u punoj veličini sto jasno pokazuje znatnu moć antičkog graditeljstva, pridonijeti ce osvjetljivanju urbanističkog razvoja glavnoga grada rimske provincije Dalmacije. ; The ruins of Salona, capital of the Roman Province of Dalmatia, have long drawn the attention of many scientists, whose first efforts were concerned with establishing the original size and appearance of the city. D. Farlati, C. Lanza and V. Andrić drew ground plans of the remains which were visible at the time. However, F. Carrara started the first systematic topographic research in 1846, and his ground plan is still used today as a basis for insights into the history of ancient Salona. The city's irregular shape was enclosed by walls with a total length of 4,077 metres, fortified with towers of which 88 have been rediscovered. During his research, F. Carrara discovered several city gates which had been previously unknown (Porta Andetria, Porta Caesarea, Porta Suburbia, Porta Capraria and the Western Gate). He made more detailed excavations in the north-eastern part of the city, where the remains of walls and towers, up to 33 feet high, were best preserved. He noticed various fortification elements - several layers of walls and towers, some with adjoining triangular bastions. He considered the first phase of the fortification to have been completed as early as the 2nd century BC, and several inscriptions showed that parts of the walls were built during the reign of Emperor Marcus Aurelius. Carrara observed that the walls had been considerably reinforced by the addition of towers during Diocletian's time. He believed that the triangular bastions were the final element of Salona's fortification. The inscription (CJL JII 1984) suggests that these were probably added when all the towers were renovated, during the rule of Theodosius II. E. Dyggve also researched the walls of Salona and came to more or less the same conclusions. Dyggve was most interested in the urban development of Salona; he established the location of the oldest, central part of the city and described the eastward and westward spread of urban development. Some authors, including W. Gerber and H. Kahler, have investigated the oldest city gate, the Porta Caesarea, and made suggestions for its reconstruction. H. Kahler also examined the visible parts of the walls which had been excavated at that time near the Porta Caesarea and in the north-east part of city, and tried to establish a relative chronology. D. Rendić Miočević paid particular attention to the oldest part of Salona and discovered a square corner tower at the junction of the northern and eastern walls. The Split Conservation Department of the Ministry of Culture commenced protective conservation work on the northern ramparts in 1997. After a considerable time a neglected stretch of wall, reinforced by numerous towers, was exposed to view north of Porta Andetria up to the corner where it turns towards Porta Caesarea. Don F. Bulić had constructed a walkway on the inside of the walls from this point, connecting the north-east and north-west corners of the city. The walls were at that time mostly half-concealed with earth, but some segments, preserved up to their original height, were left visible. Two significant segments of the excavated ruins of the northern walls are particularly impressive: one is the complex at Bilankuša with towers nos. 78-81 which have already been investigated; the other is part of the outer shell and its associated towers, nos. 53-60, which remain at almost their original height. Preventative conservation work has been done on the weakened and uncovered walls, after completion of survey, of photogrammetric, architectural and geophysical records and research. Many fragments of inscriptions and architectural decorations were discovered during this work, mainly material from tombstones which had been re-incorporated into later structures. They came probably from the ancient necropolis which stretched along the ancient street from Porta Caesarea to the north-east, an area which was later incorporated in the secondary ring of walls (the Urbs orientalis). Further inscriptions discovered on the walls between towers 74 and 75 showed that Emperor Marcus Aurelius (CIL III 8570, 6374) was responsible for their construction. About ten late-antique amphorae, mostly spatheia dating from the 5th to the 7th centuries, were discovered in the in-fill immediately behind this original segment of the wall, which has been accurately dated from the inscriptions. The fact that they were found in the in-fill between two walls indicates that major repair work had been undertaken on the fortifications. Similar secondary use of amphorae in the Salona fortification system had been found earlier near tower no. 60. These were of types Dressel 32 and 34, dated between the 4th and the 5th centuries, but remained in use until much later. The complex defence system of the ancient Salona consisted of a series of elements which today provide better insight into the inception and development of the city. It has not been established precisely when the walls of Salona were first built, nor when the Italics and the Romans settled permanently and created their own town on the territory of the indigenous Dalmatic settlement and the of Issaian emporium. Research to date clearly indicates that old lines of communication were respected and that the town followed the contours of the terrain at its inception, as is clear from the irregular shape of the perimeter walls which were built in accordance with contemporary building practise, and the skill of military architects. A new city gate, Porta Caesarea, flanked by octagonal towers, was made in the existing walls at the beginning of the Empire. An aqueduct constructed above the city gate and associated cisterns provided exceptional fire protection of the most vulnerable segment of the fortifications. The threat of barbarian attack led to the construction of a new ring of walls during Marcus Aurelius' reign by the locally stationed military units coh I Del and coh II Del, and by vexilationes leg II Piae et III Concordiae who were urgently summoned from the Province of Pannonia. Inscriptions on the wall show clearly that some sections were built under supervision of the military commanders of these units and that there was simultaneous work on several sections (CIL III 1979, 1980, 8570, 6374). Relatively few towers were built when the walls were first constructed. More were created when new dangers became apparent, especially on the northern ramparts which were naturally most exposed to the enemy. The date of their construction is an open question: it is likely that most were built before the beginning of the 5th century, because there is evidence that they were renovated around that time (CIL III 1984). Further research is needed to establish whether the triangular bastions were added during the renovation, or whether they were built during military operations associated with the Gothic-Byzantine wars. Walls were occasionally strengthened where the defences were weak or for better communication between the protruding towers. The laws of the period (Cod. Theod, XI, 17, 4; XV, l, 49) assigned continuing responsibility for renovation and upkeep of the walls to the community as a whole. During the rule of Theodosius II at the beginning of the 5th century, for example, all the towers, and perhaps all the walls which had been destroyed, were renovated. Constantianos executed emergency repairs to the weakened wails during the Gothic-Byzantine wars, and an outer trench was constructed (Procop. , Bell. Goth. V, 7, 9; 7, 26-31; 16). During the last centuries of the ancient world, the complex defence system around the capital of the Province consisted of walls, doubly reinforced in several places by additional walls, towers and bastions, and by embankments and trenches to form a unique example of fortification architecture. Some segments of the walls of Salona are preserved at their original height of almost ten metres, which show the power and might of ancient architecture, as in other sparsely preserved perimeters of ancient cities such as the walls of Theodosius in Constantinople and of Aurelian in Rome.

U radu se razmatraju terenska istraživanja kao složena metoda u metodološkom sustavu turističke geografije, znanstvene discipline društvene geografije. Turizam, koji je geografski fenomen, istražuje se kao složen dinamički sustav u stalnim mijenama i transformacijama. Složenost turizma proistječe iz njegovih prostornih, društveno-ekonomskih, političkih, kulturnih, psiholoških, povijesnih, administrativnih, pravnih, organizacijskih i drugih sastavnica koje se u geografskom prostoru isprepleću, nadopunjavaju i suprotstavljaju preobražavajući kulturni krajolik turističke regije. U radu se izdvajaju temeljna obilježja terenskih istraživanja: složenost, sveobuhvatnost, temeljitost te upotreba triangulacijskih postupaka i metoda. Predlažu se triangulacijske metode i postupci poput metode promatranja, individualnog intervjuiranja i fokus-grupa, anketiranja, terenskog skiciranja i kartiranja, fotografskog snimanja i videosnimanja te sudioničkog promatranja. Nadalje, izdvajaju se i objašnjavaju tri osnovne etape terenskih istraživanja: pripremna, provedbena i završna. Predlaže se vrednovanje studentskih postignuća na preddiplomskome, diplomskom i doktorskom studiju geografije provedbom praktičnih terenskih ispita s ciljem jačanja kompetencija u istraživačkim i aplikativnim radovima i projektima. ; The focus of this work is field research as a complex method of the methodological system of tourism geography, a scientific discipline of human geography. Tourism as a geographical phenomenon is researched here as a complex dynamic system in constant flux and transformation. The complexity of tourism is to be found in its spatial, socio-economical, political, cultural, psychological, historical, administrative, legal, organisational and other components, which are all interconnected in geographical space, and thus compliment and oppose each other, thereby transforming the cultural landscape of a tourist region. This work will single out basic characteristics of fieldwork: complexity, all-inclusiveness, depth and the use of triangular procedures and methods. Triangular methods and procedures such methods of observation as individual interviews and focus groups, questionnaires, landscape mapping, photo and video recording as well participatory observation. Furthermore, special focus will be placed on the three separate stages of field research: the preparatory, executing and concluding phase. Student achievements at the undergraduate, graduate and post graduate level in the study of geography by applying practical field examinations will be suggested here: the aim of this is to increase competence in applied research and other projects.

U okviru projekta Arheološka baština Baranje proveden je nastavak istraživanja nalazišta Batina – Sredno tijekom kojeg je istražena grobna arhitektura tumula T1/2012 te rimski paljevinski grobovi. Ističe se pronalazak bogato opremljenoga rimskog paljevinskog groba iz vremena Marka Aurelija. Rezultati dosadašnjih istraživanja potvrdili su kako je Batina iznimno arheološko nalazište u hrvatskom Podunavlju koje pruža vrijedne podatke o kraju kasnoga brončanog i početku starijega željeznog doba kao i spoznaje o životu na baranjskom dijelu limesa. ; As part of the Archaeological Heritage of Baranja project, research continued on the Batina – Sredno site to investigate the grave architecture of tumulus 1 whose chamber was researched in 2012. Outside the tumulus 1, four graves were explored: one skeleton burial from Hallstatt period and three Roman cremation graves. During the research, detailed record of filling of the layers in tumulus 1 was determined and postholes discovered as part of a wooden fence around the tumulus. Also, a Roman cremation grave was discovered with a large number of finds from the period of Marcus Aurelius. Results have confirmed that Batina is an extraordinary archaeological site in the Croatian Danube Region with precious data from the transitional period between Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, as well as insight into the Ad militare limes fort.

U okviru projekta Arheološka baština Baranje, proveden je nastavak istraživanja nalazišta Batina – Sredno čija su dosadašnja iskopavanja pružila vrijedne podatke o životu vrlo bogate zajednice s kraja kasnoga brončanog i početka starijega željeznog doba te su donijela nove spoznaje o stanovnicima utvrde Ad Militare smještene na dunavskome limesu. Cilj istraživanja, poduzetih na sjeveroistočnome dijelu položaja Sredno, bio je usporediti rezultate geomagnetnih istraživanja provedenih 2016. godine sa stvarnom slikom nalazišta. Rezultati geomagnetnih istraživanja točno su locirali sve objekte koji su pronađeni u istraženim sondama, iako se u nekim slučajevima interpretacija razlikovala od stvarno pronađenih nalaza, što pokazuje kako nije moguće interpretirati rezultate nedestruktivnih metoda istraživanja bez poduzimanja arheoloških iskopavanja. Pored otkrića osam rimskih paljevinskih i kosturnih grobova, posebno je važno otkriće većega prapovijesnog objekta, koji se prepoznaje i na geomagnetnoj snimci, čije će buduće iskopavanje pokazati radi li se o ostacima nekoga starijeg ili mlađeg prapovijesnog naselja u odnosu na groblje daljske grupe. Pronađeni ukopi poginulih vojnika iz vremena Batinske bitke iz II. svjetskoga rata također pokazuju kako je strateška važnost Batine bila prepoznata i kasnije te se zadržala sve do danas. ; As part of the project Archaeological Heritage of Baranya, an excavation of the Batina – Sredno site has been carried out. Previously conducted research has provided valuable data on the life of a prosperous community from the Late Bronze to the Early Iron Age, and has brought new insights into the life of inhabitants of the Ad Militare fort located on the Danube limes. The aim of the research, undertaken in the northeastern part of the Sredno site, was to compare the results of geomagnetic research conducted in 2016 with the actual situation of the site. The results of geomagnetic research have accurately located all the objects found in the investigated trenches, though in some cases the interpretation differed from those actually found, indicating that it is not possible to interpret the results of non-destructive research methods without taking archaeological excavations. In addition to the discovery of eight Roman cremation and inhumation burials from the time of Severi, the discovery of a large prehistoric object is particularly important, which is also recognized during the geomagnetic survey, whose future excavation will show if it is a remain of an older or younger prehistoric settlement in relation to the cemetery of the Dalj group. Burials of fallen soldiers from the time of the Battle of Batina in World War II were also found which also show that the strategic importance of Batina was recognized in later times and that it remains until present.

Dosadašnja istraživanja pokazuju da suradnja u istraživanjima između znanosti i industrije može biti snažan izvor inovacija i čimbenik koji pridonosi uspješnosti u inovacijama i ekonomskom rastu. Iako brojne mjere javnih politika i inicijative potiču zajednička istraživanja akademske zajednice i industrije, njihov potencijal još nije primjereno iskorišten. Ovaj rad daje pregled postojeće literature o suradnji u istraživanju između znanosti i industrije. Rad analizira i diskutira motive i druge čimbenike koji utječu na suradnju i identificira ograničenja zajedničkom istraživanju s aspekta poduzeća i javnih istraživačkih institucija. Na temelju pregleda literature izvode se preporuke za inovacijske politike. ; Existing research indicates that science-industry collaborative research might be a powerful source of innovation and an important factor of high innovation performance and economic growth. Although a number of public policy initiatives promote collaborative research, its potential is still not being adequately reached. This paper presents a review of existing literature on science-industry collaborative research. It elaborates and discusses motives and determinants of collaborative research, and identifies obstacles to joint science-industry research, from both the companies' and public research organizations' perspective. Based on the literature review, the paper provides recommendations for innovation policies.

Geografska imena vlastita su imena geografskih objekata. Utemeljena su u prostoru koji imenuju pa su nositelji mnogih geografskih sadržaja. Pravilnim iščitavanjem mogu objasniti i uputiti na geografske pojave i procese. Stoga u posljednjim desetljećima postaju temom geografskih istraživanja. Svrha je rada predstaviti i ocijeniti odnos hrvatskih geografa prema toponimima. Pregledom hrvatske geografske literature o toponimima izdvojilo se više aspekata proučavanja toponima – jezikoslovni i pet geografskih (kartografski, političkogeografski, historijsko-geografski, kulturno-geografski, teorijsko-metodološki) – i dva pristupa u istraživanjima toponima (toponimi kao sredstvo za identifikaciju, komunikaciju i orijentaciju i kao izvor istraživanja). Uočeno je da se u posljednjih 120 godina toponimima ozbiljnije bavilo tek desetak hrvatskih geografa, što znači da nisu prepoznati kao relevantna istraživačka tema ni kao izvor podataka u istraživanjima. Primijećeno je da se tretman toponima u posljednjih dvadesetak godina poboljšava. ; Geographical names are proper names of geographical features. They are embedded in named areas and are the bearers of geographical data. If interpreted correctly, they can properly explain and refer to geographical phenomena and processes. Therefore, they have become a topic of geographical research over the last decades. The purpose of the article is to present and evaluate the attitude of Croatian geographers towards geographical names. After reviewing Croatian geographical literature that deals with toponyms, several aspects of toponymic research have been specified-one linguistic and five geographical (cartographical, political-geographical, historical-geographical, cultural-geographical, theoretical-methodological)- as well as two approaches in toponymic studies (toponyms as a means of identification, communication, orientation, and as sources in scientific study). Roughly ten Croatian geographers have seriously engaged with toponyms in the last 120 years, which implies that toponyms have not been recognised as a relevant research topic, or as a source of information in studies. However, a change in the attitudes of researchers regarding toponyms in the last twenty years is evident.

Razvoj i raster rimskog naselja s jaškim supstratom na vrlo važnom strateškom položaju današnjeg grada Daruvara, koje je doseglo municipalni status, zbog nedostatka sustavnih arheoloških istraživanja uopće nije poznat, iako temeljem slučajnih reprezentativnih nalaza možemo smatrati da su postojale tri glavne njegove cjeline: civilno naselje na padinama Starog Slavika, balneološki dio s hramom na prostoru današnjeg Julijevog parka te forum na mjestu današnjeg središnjeg trga. Sustavna arheološka iskopavanja Gradskog muzeja Bjelovar na području oko židovskog groblja na Starom Slaviku po prvi puta su registrirali ostatke rimske arhitekture u vidu objekta vjerojatno vojne namjene te ostatke perimetralnog zida, koji je okruživao cijelo naselje. Ustanovljene su najmanje tri građevinske faze, a provedene su i određene geološke analize na nepokretnim i pokretnim nalazima kako bi se utvrdila njihova starost i porijeklo sirovine za gradnju. ; The development and raster of Roman settlement with Iasic substratum, situated at the very important strategic position of the present Daruvar, which had reached municipal status, has due to lack of systematic archaeological research remained completely unknown. However, on the basis of random representative finds, it may be concluded that it consisted of three main parts: civic settlement on the slopes of the Stari Slavik hill, balneological part with a temple in the area of the present Julius' park, and forum on the location of the present central square. Remains of Roman architecture – probably of a facility serving a military purpose, as well as remains of perimetral wall that encircled the entire settlement were for the first time recorded as a result of systematic archaeological research conducted by the Bjelovar Home Museum in the area around Jewish cemetery on the location of Stari Slavik. At least three building phases have been established, and certain geological analyses of immovable and movable finds have been conducted in order for their age and the origin of the building material to be determined.

Istraživači javnih politika od druge polovice 20. stoljeća sve više analitičke pažnje posvećuju prijenosu javnih politika iz jednog političkog djelokruga u drugi. Pritom se koriste konceptima poput difuzije, konvergencije i transfera javnih politika. Transfer javnih politika, najmlađi od navedenih pristupa, dobiva na zamahu nakon druge polovice devedesetih godina prošlog stoljeća te je u posljednjih dvadeset godina izrastao u respektabilan, naveliko citiran I korišten istraživački pristup. Ovaj se rad može shvatiti kao historijat istraživanja prijenosa javnih politika između političkih djelokruga. Pored pregleda evolucije pristupa ponudit će se i izvorna sistematizacija i demarkacija različitih studija. Rad se zaključuje uvidom kako su studije transfera distinktivne u odnosu na studije konvergencije i difuzije. Odlikuje ih procesni analitički fokus, usmjerenost na razumijevanje djelovanja aktera, kvalitativna metodologija te korištenje malih uzoraka. U radu se zastupa mišljenje kako su studije transfera javnih politika izvrstan heuristički alat jer omogućuju multidimenzionalno istraživanje procesa stvaranja javnih politika. ; From the second half of the twentieth century policy scholars are increasingly devoting their attention to the transference of policy from one political jurisdiction to another. Concepts such as policy diffusion, convergence and transfer are being used to elucidate the modern-day policy process. Policy transfer, the youngest of these approaches, has been gaining momentum from the second half of the nineties and has grown into a respectable, widely cited and used research frame. This article is a historical account of policy transfer research. In addition to examining the evolution of similar approaches (diffusion, convergence, and transfer), the original systematization and demarcation of different studies is offered. The paper concludes with the insight that policy transfer studies are distinctive in relation to convergence and diffusion studies. They are characterized by an analytical focus on processes, on understanding of policy actors' actions, on qualitative methodology, and using small samples. The paper concludes that policy transfer studies are an excellent heuristic tool because they enable a multidimensional research of the policy process.

Tijekom lipnja i srpnja 2018. godine provedeno je arheološko istraživanje na lokalitetu Pakrac – Stari grad u samome centru grada Pakraca. Istraživanja su bila usredotočena na lani pronađeni objekt u sondi 1 – ostatke gotičke ivanovačke kapele. Potvrđeno je da raspolažemo s ostacima najmanje dviju njenih faza gradnje. U prvoj fazi, koja se prema značajkama arhitekture datira u 13. stoljeće, kapela je građena od fino obrađenih klesanaca, zidovi su bili ojačani potpornjacima s vanjske i lezenama s unutarnje strane. U jugozapadnome kutu iz kapele se ulazilo u vretenasto stubište. Istočni, zaključni zid kapele nalazi se još uvijek izvan sonde, tako da njen potpuni tlocrt još nije poznat. Sačuvani su i drugi interesantni detalji, primjerice utori za zasune kojima su se osiguravala vrata glavnoga ulaza u kapelu te ona prema stubištu, kao i baze polustupova prislonjenih uz lezene. Druga sigurna graditeljska faza kapele najbolje se reprezentira otkrivenim bazama portala koji su prislonjeni na pročelni zid gotičke kapele oko 1500. godine. Istovremeno su svi zidovi podebljani te im je debljina gotovo udvostručena. Nameće se pretpostavka da je ova građevina pretvorena u "crkvu-utvrdu" zidova debljine 2,80–2,90 m, što i ne bi bilo neobično s obzirom na približavanje osmanlijske opasnosti. Nekako u isto vrijeme je, čini se, građena i pakračka utvrda s kružnim kulama na uglovima nepravilnoga peterokuta. U otprilike isto vrijeme, u 15. stoljeću, položena je i podnica od opeke sačuvana u zapadnome dijelu broda, gdje se nazire i prvi do sada uočeni grob. Da je ova građevina imala i svoju post-sakralnu namjenu, potvrđuju brojne životinjske kosti pronađene u njoj. ; In June and July 2018, archaeological research was done on the site of Pakrac – Stari Grad, in the very centre of the town of Pakrac. The research focused on the structure that was found in trench 1 in the previous year: the remains of a Gothic chapel of the Order of Saint John. It was confirmed that the remains originated from at least two construction phases. In the first phase, which was dated to the 13th century on the basis of architectural features, the chapel was built from finely cut stones, and the walls were reinforced by supports on the outside and lesenes on the inside. In the south-west corner, there was the entrance from the chapel to the spindle stairs. The eastern, final wall of the chapel is still outside the trench, so that its complete ground plan is still unknown. Other interesting details have been preserved, such as the slots for bolts securing the door of the main entrance to the chapel and the staircase door, as well as the bases of the pilasters leaning against the lesenes. The other certain construction phase of the chapel is best represented by the discovered bases of the portal, which were put against the front wall of the Gothic chapel around the year 1500. At the same time, all the walls were made almost twice as thick. This leads to the hypothesis that the structure was turned into a "fortress church", with walls 280–290 cm thick, which would not be strange considering the approach of the Ottoman threat. The Pakrac fortress, with round towers on the corners of an irregular pentagon, seems to have been built more or less at the same time. It was also in the 15th century that builders laid the brick floor preserved in the west part of the nave, where there are traces of the only grave found so far. A post-sacral purpose of the structure is confirmed by the numerous finds of animal bones.

Odnos Europske unije i nacionalne države, u teorijskom objašnjenju integracijskog procesa, može se promatrati iz "žablje" (bottom-up), te "ptičje" (top-down) perspektive. S prvog stajališta objašnjava se proces i smjer institucionalne izgradnje, dakle, sama integracija, dok se s drugog stajališta promatraju promjene u nacionalnim državama uzrokovane utjecajem europskih institucija, političkih procesa i posebnih politika, odnosno, pitanje europeizacije. U istraživanju slučajeva promjena na razini nacionalnih država pod utjecajem europeizacije, vrlo primjerenim se pokazuje neoinstitucionalistički pristup, poglavito u svojoj izvedenici kao historijski institucionalizam. Njime se najprimjerenije zahvaća svu složenost odnosa između struktura, aktera i povijesnog konteksta u integracijskom procesu, i omogućava procjenu i objašnjenje njihovog pojedinačnog doprinosa u izvršenim (ne)promjenama. Teorijska konceptualizacija adaptacijskog pritiska, kao objašnjavajućeg mehanizma za smjer i opseg promjena na nacionalnoj razini, ukazuje na dvije logike ponašanja aktera i institucija: racionalističku logiku slijeđenja cilja u procesu preraspodjele resursa, i sociologijsku logiku pristajanja kroz proces učenja i socijalizacije. ; The relationship between the European Union and the national state, in a theoretical explanation of the integration process, can be viewed from a bottom-up and a top-down perspective. The fi rst perspective explains the process and direction of the institutional development, that is, the integration itself, while the second perspective looks at the changes in national states caused by the infl uence of European institutions, political processes and specifi c policies, i.e., the issue of Europeanisation. In the study of various cases of changes at the level of national states under the infl uence of Europeanisation, the neoinstitutionalist approach proves to be very adequate, especially in its derivative as historical institutionalism. It most adequately captures the whole complexity of the relationships ...

Ulaganje u istraživanje i razvoj stvara preduvjete za primjenu naprednije i bolje tehnologije. Omogućuje uvođenje novih proizvoda ili proizvodnih procesa koji mogu rezultirati većom zaradom i potencijalnim ekonomskim rastom. Istraživanje i razvoj katalizator su za generiranje agregatnih ekonomskih aktivnosti, no njihova važnost nije široko istražena na regionalnoj razini. Europska unija definirala je strategije u kojima se inovacije smatraju bitnim elementom za poticanje rasta i otvaranje novih radnih mjesta. Cilj ovog rada je utvrditi i mjeriti utjecaj ulaganja u istraživanje i razvoj na gospodarski rast lučkih regija. Podaci korišteni u ovom istraživanju su panel podaci lučkih regija Europske unije za klasifikaciju NUTS 2 u razdoblju od 2005. do 2015. Rezultati generalizirane metode momenata (GMM) i njenog procjenitelja u dva koraka pokazuju da ulaganja u istraživanje i razvoj imaju značajan utjecaj na gospodarski rast lučkih regija u Europskoj uniji. Međutim, kako bi se inovacije usvojile i primijenile, također je potrebno da regije imaju određenu ekonomsku strukturu koja je dodatno analizirana u ovom radu. Regije s velikim inovacijskim kapacitetom stvaraju veće ekonomske koristi i smatra se da rastu brže od ostalih regija. ; Investment in research and development (R&D) creates preconditions for the implementation of more advanced and better technologies. It enables the introduction of new products or production processes which can result in higher earnings and potential economic growth. Even though research and development is a catalyst for the genesis of aggregate economic activity, its importance is not widely researched at regional levels. The European Union has defined strategies which view innovation as an essential element in stimulating growth and job creation. The aim of this paper is to establish and measure the impact of investment in R&D on economic growth of port regions. The data used in this research were panel data of the European Union's port regions for NUTS 2 classification for the ...

Ulaganje u istraživanje i razvoj stvara preduvjete za primjenu naprednije i bolje tehnologije. Omogućuje uvođenje novih proizvoda ili proizvodnih procesa koji mogu rezultirati većom zaradom i potencijalnim ekonomskim rastom. Istraživanje i razvoj katalizator su za generiranje agregatnih ekonomskih aktivnosti, no njihova važnost nije široko istražena na regionalnoj razini. Europska unija definirala je strategije u kojima se inovacije smatraju bitnim elementom za poticanje rasta i otvaranje novih radnih mjesta. Cilj ovog rada je utvrditi i mjeriti utjecaj ulaganja u istraživanje i razvoj na gospodarski rast lučkih regija. Podaci korišteni u ovom istraživanju su panel podaci lučkih regija Europske unije za klasifikaciju NUTS 2 u razdoblju od 2005. do 2015. Rezultati generalizirane metode momenata (GMM) i njenog procjenitelja u dva koraka pokazuju da ulaganja u istraživanje i razvoj imaju značajan utjecaj na gospodarski rast lučkih regija u Europskoj uniji. Međutim, kako bi se inovacije usvojile i primijenile, također je potrebno da regije imaju određenu ekonomsku strukturu koja je dodatno analizirana u ovom radu. Regije s velikim inovacijskim kapacitetom stvaraju veće ekonomske koristi i smatra se da rastu brže od ostalih regija. ; Investment in research and development (R&D) creates preconditions for the implementation of more advanced and better technologies. It enables the introduction of new products or production processes which can result in higher earnings and potential economic growth. Even though research and development is a catalyst for the genesis of aggregate economic activity, its importance is not widely researched at regional levels. The European Union has defined strategies which view innovation as an essential element in stimulating growth and job creation. The aim of this paper is to establish and measure the impact of investment in R&D on economic growth of port regions. The data used in this research were panel data of the European Union's port regions for NUTS 2 classification for the period from 2005 to 2015. The results of the two-step Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) indicate that investment in R&D has a significant impact on the economic growth of the port regions in European Union. However, in order for innovations to be accepted and implemented, it is also necessary for regions to have specific economic structure which was further analyzed in this paper. Regions with high innovation capacity create greater economic benefits and are considered to grow faster than other regions.