This paper provides a United States (US) perspective on the issue of antibiotic resistance as it pertains to the use of antibiotics in animals. A recent National Research Council (NRC, 1999) report concludes that drug residue issues are being effectively addressed in the US. The report also found that antibiotic use in food and animals is related to antibiotic resistance and the development of a set of diseases that exhibit resistance in humans. Although there is an urgent need to find alternatives to the use of antibiotics in animal production, an outright ban is unwarranted, and is likely to come down to a political issue. Scientific risk assessment, impact assessment, and a pragmatic recognition of existing conditions are important inputs in the political process. ; Includes bibliographical references
• Opsomming: In hulle poging om die invoer van Chinese kontrakarbeid aan die begin van hierdie eeu te regverdig, het die Randse kapitaliste hierdie potensiële arbeidsmark as gedweë, onderdanig en dienswillig uitgebeeld. Om opposisie te paai, het bulle saam met die Britse koloniale regering beperkende regulasies geformuleer ten einde streng beheer uit te oefen en maksimum resultate uit die Chinese ongeskoolde arbeiders te kry. Ten spyte van hierdie beperkinge het die Chinese, net soos ander geskoolde en ongeskoolde mynwerkers aan die Randse myne, die uitbuiting deur die kapitalistiese stelsel aktief teengestaan met alle moontlike metodes tot hulle beskikking. Hierdie weerstand het van drostery tot algemene weiering om te werk gestrek, die opvatting van 'n passiewe en onderdanige Chinese arbeidsmag weerlê en terselfdertyd die omvang en aard van arbeids aktiwiteite aan die Randse goudmyne uitgebrei. ; • Summary: In their efforts to justify the importation of Chinese indentured labour on the gold mines at the turn of this century, the Rand capitalists portrayed this potential workforce as docile, submissive and obedient In order to appease opposition, they, together with the British colonial government, drafted restrictive regulations to exercise extreme control and exact maximum output from the Chinese unskilled labourers. However, despite these constraints, the Chinese, not unlike the other skilled and unskilled employees on the Rand mines, actively resisted the exploitation of the capitalist system by all means at their disposal. This resistance, which ranged from desertion to general refusal to work, disproved conceptions of a passive and submissive Chinese workforce, while at the same time augmented the scope and nature of labour activity on the Rand gold mines.
Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the role of activated protein C resistance (APCR) as a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction. Methods: Forty patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) who have been followed by the Cardiology Department of Gülhane Military Medical Academy Haydarpaşa Training Hospital and 30 healthy individuals were included in this study. Patient group consisted of 27 males and 13 females, (mean age 47.9 (23-81) control group composed of 16 males and 14 females, (mean age 46.1 (24-63) Whole blood count and routine biochemical work up were performed and activated protein C resistance (APCR) ratio, and activated partial thromboplastin time were evaluated in both groups. Results: Two patients and three controls had APCR. Mean APCR ratio was 2.56 ± 0.56 in the control and 2.74 ± 0.67 in the patient group and there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Although APCR is a major risk factor for venous thrombosis, its role in the pathogenesis of AMI is not clearly understood.
Contents were included in anthropology course on Peoples of Hawai'i taught beginning in 1971 ; "A Nation Rising: A review" added as an addendum. July 28, 2015. ; The book takes the form of an extended essay, quoting facts and figures, the words of individuals, and observations of behavior recorded for the most part during the 1970's and '80's. It contains what individual Hawaiians at particular times and in particular circumstances have shared with me, as understood by me. I emphasize that many Hawaiians would have views and experiences which differ from those cited herein. The connections I see are, like all such, arguable. I may have gotten it wrong. If so, someone hopefully will correct me. But in any case, it is my essay. I do not claim that it represents the views of all Hawaiians; only those quoted herein and subject to the limitations mentioned.
The process of shaping national culture often coincides with the production of traditions giving special meaning to an increasing number of elements of everyday life. This study discusses one example, relating to food, which seems older than the mass-production of traditions occurring during the nineteenth century. Geographically, Malta is sufficiently compact to have its own distinct identity. Yet it was only under the rule of the Order of Sf. John that a 'Maltese' culture came into being, one in which the mass of the native population participated. Prior to the Order's arrival, the Maltese islands had enjoyed a certain measure of autonomy as domainial towns of the Kingdom of Sicily. In fact both Malta and Gozo had their own Universita', or local municipal government, responsible for collecting taxes, administering justice, regulating the market, especially the grain supply - as well as seeing to public health. Typical of the medieval polity, the Universita' played the role of representative assembly of the Maltese, theoretically immune from arbitrary treatment by the ruler. In reality, the Universita' was dominated and controlled by an elite group of landowners comprising the higher clergy, the landowning gentry, judges notaries and lawyers. The advent of the Order led to a radical change of the institutional set up of the Maltese islands. The Grand Master ruled as feudal overlord. Yet the Maltese became so dependent on their ruler that by the lime of Grand Master La Valette (1558-1568), the area that remained free of his control was indeed very narrow. In fact, the more intensively the Grand Master dominated the local administration, the more the Maltese shilled their allegiance from their Universita' to the Grand Master. The more energetically the Grand Master's sovereign rights were exercised, the more restrictions there were on all sorts of common customary rights. In order to consolidate and extend their power, the later Grand Masters had to appropriate parts of the old system of authority and risk facing furious resistance as they did so. This authority was enforced and fully exercised by these Grand Masters who found themselves free to dictate matters on their authority as princes of Malta - a designation duly adopted by Grand Master Pinto (1741-1773). By then the sovereignty of the King of Sicily over Malta was exercised in name only. During the later decades of the eighteenth century, inspite of the enlightened despotism practised by the Grand Masters these still strove, amongst other, to impose a stricter ban on hunting rights. The move aroused the hostility of the Bishop, who felt his status menaced, and thus, together with the relatively numerous clerics, began to put up signs of resistance. The quarrel manifested itself both as political opposition, as well as in the production of national symbols, most notably rabbit hunting as a right over common land and as a measure to control a species which represented a threat to the annual crops. Rabbit, as a traditional peasant meal, came to symbolize the struggle against the Order's government; at the same time its culinary preparation received a boost, so that it soon came to be considered a refined Maltese dish. ; peer-reviewed
Support and Resistance discusses the interaction between pupils of different abilities and the school organisation. The dissertation has its point of departure in the views of pupils, both those with special support and their classmates. It outlines how school is – and how it should be – in the views of schoolchildren. The results show that the presence in a class of a child with disability correlates with better class climate. Contradictions between goals and values in the educational system are supposedly solved with a compartmentalisation of goals and values, in which the differentiated settings take more responsibility for the goals of socialisation and democratic participation, while the regular settings concentrate on the goals of selection and achievement. This tends to be unsatisfactory, however. The theoretical framework of the dissertation relates to concepts from the fields of sociology, group psychology, psychoanalysis, the history of ideas and the history of education. The empirical studies concern pupils' self-concept, their perceptions of class climate and school in relation to organisational aspects of learning settings such as homogeneity/heterogeneity, the special support offered at school, the presence of differentiated settings and the opportunity of participation. These studies are based upon questionnaires and texts written by children in comprehensive schools, and on interviews and observations of educational settings. The results and their implications are related to the goals of socialisation, democratic education and social participation. This work is of interest to educators, school administrators, policy-makers and scholars in the fields of education, special education and disability research.
Previous research investigating the response of plasma beta-endorphins (beta-EP) to resistance exercise has resulted in equivocal findings. To examine further the effects of resistance exercise on beta-EP immunoreactivity, 10 male and 10 female college-age students participated in a series of controlled isotonic resistance exercises. The session consisted of three sets of eight repetitions at 80% of one repetition maximum (1-RM) for each of the following exercises: (1) bench press; (2) lateral pull-downs; (3) seated arm curls; and (4) military press. Blood plasma was sampled both before and after the lifting routine and beta-endorphin levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. A Students t test for paired samples indicated that mean(s.e.) plasma beta-endorphin levels after exercise (10.5(1.3) pg beta-EP ml-1) were significantly decreased as compared with pre-exercise (control) levels (16.5(1.2), P < 0.05). While the mechanism(s) contributing to the decrease in immunoreactivity is unclear, it may be the result of the synergistic effect of beta-EP clearance during rest intervals and changes in psychological states between sampling.
Huldrych Zwingli's ground-breaking contribution to Reformational political theory has not been accorded the necessary exposure that it deserves. Zurich and Genevan Reformational thought during the fifteenth century owed much of its political insight to Zwingli's expositions pertaining to the functions of the offices of magistracy and ministry, as well as on resistance theory. Zwingli also heralded the idea of the Christian community, in which church and society are not to be viewed as two separate entities – the view that the Christian nation is both church and political community under the rule of God. Not only was this inheritance of Zwingli's thought limited to the continent but it also manifested itself in the English and Scottish Reformational worlds. Consequently, this article serves as a reminder that the more familiar proponents of early Reformational thought (in the context of Reformational political expositions) such as Heinrich Bullinger, and to a lesser degree John Calvin, were preceded and influenced by the legacy of Huldrych Zwingli's Reformational political theology.
We study the interactions between technological innovation, investment in human capital and child labor. In our setting new technologies require new skills and new skills can be developed only through schooling. In a two-stage game, first firms decide on innovation, then households decide on education. In equilibrium the presence of inefficient child labor depends on parameters related to technology, parents' altruism and the diffusion of firm property. When child labor exists, it is due to either firms reluctance to innovate or households' unwillingness to educate or both. The optimal policy to eliminate child labor depends crucially on its underlying cause. We show that, in some cases, compulsory schooling laws or a ban on child labor are welfare reducing, while a subsidy to innovation is the right tool to eliminate child labor and increase welfare.
This paper focuses on popular music written and produced by Singaporeans to illustrate the nature of social relationships based on ideological hegemony and resistance. Analysis is based on two groups of music: 'national' songs supported by the government in the 'Sing Singapore' programme; and songs brought together in Not the Singapore song book. Interviews with local lyricists and analysis of video productions provide supplementary information. Music is used by the ruling elite to perpetuate certain ideologies aimed at political socialization and to inculcate a civil religion that directs favour and fervour towards the nation. Music is also a form of cultural resistance against state policies and some social-cultural norms. Music embodies social commentaries on aspects of Singapore society, such as controversial government policies and the ostentatious lifestyle of many Singaporeans.
This paper reviews the potential for problems regarding public acceptability of environmental taxes. It examines the issue through a case study of the municipal waste charge protests in Ireland in 2003 and 2004. The example of these public protests against new waste charges demonstrate the necessity for good advertisement and PR when introducing a new tax. Rather than explain the polluter pays principle and simultaneously providing a good selection of options for recycling and composting, some municipalities moved straight into the new tax (for a service that had originally been free of charge and covered by general taxes). Outbreaks of public revolt occurred, with people blockading the streets and refusing to let the collection trucks down their road. Thus, even the people who had paid up were not getting their waste collected. The paper, which is part of ongoing work this area, seeks to identify the reasons why there was so much resistance to this charge and examine the lessons for the introduction of other environmental taxes and charges in the future. The literature on the various types of municipal waste charge is discussed with a view to seeing if pay-by-weight tends to be more politically acceptable as there is a real incentive and control over the amount of waste collected for landfill or incinerator.
A number of resistant bacterial pathogens have become the focus of recent concern in human medicine. Studies and facts on use of antibiotics in animals suggest that animal sources contribute little to the problem. The current pursuit of zero risk by banning some antibiotics in Europe is not a sensible precaution but rather an abdication of responsibility based on science. ; Includes bibliographical references
Paper presented to the International Seminar on Internal Conflict 21st - 25th September, 1987. ; International Alert, London ; Makerere Institute of Social Research, Makerere University; International Peace Research Institute, Oslo; The United Nations University, Tokyo
To address the public health problem of antibiotic resistance, the European Union (EU) founded the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System. A network of 40 hospitals that serve approximately 30% of the Spanish population (about 12 million) participated. Each laboratory reported data on antimicrobial susceptibility testing using standard laboratory procedures that were evaluated by an external quality control program. The antibiotic consumption data were obtained from the National Health System. We compared the antibiotic susceptibility of Spanish isolates of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae (2001 to 2003) with antibiotic consumption. Invasive S. pneumoniae was isolated from 1,968 patients, 20% of whom were children at or below the age of 14 years. Of non-penicillin-susceptible strains (35.6%; 95% confidence interval, 34 to 37.2), 26.4% were considered intermediate and 9.2% were considered resistant. Between 2001 and 2003, penicillin resistance decreased from 39.5 to 33% overall and from 60.4 to 41.2% in children at or below the age of 14 years (P = 0.002). Resistance to erythromycin was at 26.6%, and coresistance with penicillin was at 19.1%. Of total isolates, the ciprofloxacin MIC was >2 μg/ml for 2.1%, with numbers increasing from 0.4% (2001) to 3.9% (2003). Total antibiotic use decreased from 21.66 to 19.71 defined daily doses/1,000 inhabitants/day between 1998 and 2002. While consumption of broad-spectrum penicillins, cephalosporins, and erythromycin declined, use of amoxicillin-clavulanate and quinolones increased by 17.5 and 27%, respectively. The frequency of antibiotic resistance in invasive S. pneumoniae in Spain was among the highest in the EU. However, a significant decrease in penicillin resistance was observed in children. This decrease coincided with the introduction of a heptavalent conjugate pneumoccocal vaccine (June 2001) and with a global reduction in antibiotic consumption levels.
Between 1970 and 1995, well over 200 directives dealing with environmental problems have been adopted by the European Community. The ambition in this study has been to understand the process whereby environmental concerns have been brought up on the Community agenda and how that agenda has subsequently been shaped. It is argued that by starting from a critical position in ecocentric and feminist theorizing, new understandings of Community agenda setting can be gained. The study shows that greening of the EU is much more than just adding environmental policies to existing legislation. The author argues that this is because ecocentric ideas pose fundamental challenges to the dominant practices of the EU project. Greening, or environmental agenda-setting, can be understood as both macropolitical and micropolitical processes. In macropolitics, economist, sovereign, scientific and bureaucratic power practices mobilize specific biases toward ecocentric alternatives. Such power practices are based on a dualistic and gendered logic which has excluded certain problems, strategies and groups, while privileging others. Although these power practices are dominant, they can be reshaped and changed. Resistance takes place at the level where decisions are made, problems and solutions articulated and policies formed. It is argued that the most fruitful way to conceptualize agenda setting as micropolitics is through a modified garbage-can approach. Starting from such an approach, the thesis looks at the way environmental problems have been defined and solutions articulated and adopted; and addresses the question of which individual and group participants have been included in the process. It is at the level of micropolitics that new visions and ideas are confronted with the institutionalized biases or power practices. Due to both macropolitical and micropolitical processes, the environmental policies of the Community, while containing elements of ecocentric ideas, have been colored by specific Community practices.
