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This article is based on research that explored how well protective factors are understood, assessed and used in risk assessment within probation practice. The research was facilitated by the Sir Graham Smith Award, administered by the Probation Institute. Semi-structured interviews explored the knowledge, ability, confidence and attitudes of a sample of probation officers working in the National Probation Service. The findings suggest that understanding of the term is varied, and there are some limitations around knowledge, but that attitudes towards protective factors are positive and there is some good practice in terms of assessment.

Although using some of the same organizational and financial factors examined by prior researchers to build and test models that explain factors influencing change in the general fund unreserved balance for smaller, rural, and less affluent counties in Mississippi, the rationale of this study is to build additional support that applying the recommended 5–15 percent savings benchmark across all jurisdictions is not a sufficient guide. Overall, Mississippi counties maintain unreserved fund balances ranging from a negative balance to over one hundred percent of their current expenditures. Counties also increase reserves during times of relative resource abundance and decrease them during relative resource scarcity. Moreover, they tend to address short‐term needs and resident demands when revenues are plentiful. During relative resource scarcity, however, they are more cost‐conscious and focus on maintaining rather than expanding current expenditures. This research shows that counties using the Beat system, a political form of government, are more likely to behave more frugally than counties using a Unit system, an administrative form of government.

Land resource management includes three interrelated levels: national, district and commune. The purpose and basic objectives are: state land policy implementation, legislation and regulations in force, effective implementation of measures to protect soil cover, to maintain ecological balance and biological diversity in ecosystems of the Republic of Moldova. The soil cover quality on the most agricultural land is unfavorable, and on some land - critical. Continue to expand the area affected by erosion and landslides, dehumification processes, damage of structure and compaction, sodium enrichment, salinization and soil swampy, drought intensified. Land management in the Republic of Moldova should be a process of development and implementation system of organizational, economic and administrative levers. They would allow regulation and development the forecast of quality land status; develop recommendations on the rational use of land, combating soil degradation processes and long-term preservation of agricultural production capacity. Basic information for proper management of land resources must become computerized information system of the state of soil quality.

A framework was developed for incorporating human factors (those which concern human well-being and quality of human life) along with technical and economic factors into the water-resources planning-decision process. Initially, 388 water-resources concepts from the human domain were collected, screened, and grouped to define 42 different factors. Then, from ratings of similarity-dissimilarity by 300 raters, a matrix was generated of mean distances between all 861 possible factor pairs; the matrix was analyzed by computer-based multidimensional scaling techniques to determine the underlying dimensional structure. Finally, using procedures that paralleled those for determining factor similarity-dissimilarity, a value reflecting social importance was developed for each of the 42 factors and for the 5 basic dimensions which emerged from the multidimensional analysis. These values were found to cover a wide range; however, values for the same factors and dimensions were found to be nearly identical among different subgroups of people, even those with potentially divergent viewpoints, such as behavioral scientists and water-works professionals.

Experiences in establishing small locally financed industries in rural regions of underdeveloped countries are discussed from the point of view of the entrepreneur. It is suggested that such development can be replicated in any of dozens of underdeveloped countries by sufficiently talented and thoughtful teams of engineers, economists and businessmen from the developed countries, who would also teach local counterparts to take over and carry on after a few years.

This article explores antecedents of nonprofit directors' self-reported confidence and participation in two board functions: monitoring (executive performance appraisal, selection, fiscal operations, and implementation of strategy) and the provision of resources (advice and counsel, fundraising, and ties to external constituents). We propose that board member's experience and background in conjunction with other factors such as commitment to the mission, a sense of community with other board members, and training will influence confidence and participation in board functions. Data were collected via a survey from 591 board members in 64 different nonprofit organizations. Regression analyses showed that gender, experience as a nonprofit board member, service on other nonprofit boards, mission attachment, and training were the most consistent predictors of confidence and participation in board activities. Implications are noted for enhancing the contribution of board members to nonprofit organizations.

The system design trade study process was investigated to determine the feasibility of including human resources data. First, 61 completed trade studies from aeronautical, missile, and command and control systems were analyzed to determine the characteristics of trade studies. Then, four simulated trade studies containing engineering and human resources data and representing flight control and avionics subsystems were constructed for experimental use. Seventy-two experienced design engineers performed the simulated trade studies. It was found that engineers can and do use human resources data in system design trade studies. Personnel costs and quantities are assigned more weight than skill types, skill levels, and availability of personnel. A detailed presentation of human resources data is given more weight than a condensed presentation. Four major sources of variability in trade study results were found. These are: choice of parameters, weighting factors for the parameters, methods of normalizing the parametric data, and methods of combining parametric data and weighting factors. Standardization of trade study methods is recommended to help overcome this variability.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Tables -- Introduction -- Retrospective on Health Care Issues -- Future Forces Affecting the Health Care System -- Final Comment -- 1 Health Care Forecasting: A Retrospective, 1970-1980 -- Some Reflections on Forecasting -- Forecasts and the Health Care Delivery System -- Forecasting National Health Expenditures: 1970-1980 -- Forecasting Human Resources Supply and Requirements: 1970-1980 -- Forecasting Capital Needs and Bed Supply: 1970-1980 -- Forecasting Changes in Technology: 1970-1980 -- Forecasting Organizational Change in the Health Care Delivery System: 1970-1980 -- Summary and Conclusions -- Notes -- 2 Changing Employment Trends in the U.S. Health Care Delivery System: 1985-2000 -- Health Sector Employment by Specific Place of Employment -- Health Sector Employment by Occupation -- Gender and Race Issues -- Policy Issues and Conclusions -- Notes -- 3 Critical Issues in Capital for Health Care -- The Roles of Capital in Health Care -- Estimates of Capital Need -- Borrowing and the Bond Market -- Other Issues in Health Capital Policy -- The Academic Health Center and Access to Capital -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 4 The Rapid Progress of Medical Technology -- Capital and Technology -- Cost of Technology Issues -- Issues in Technology Diffusion -- New and Emerging Technologies -- Transplantation of Human Organs -- Other Issues -- Conclusion -- Notes -- About the Author -- Index.

Metadata only record ; The article explores and examines challenges and lessons learned from the implementation of community based natural resources management (CBNRM) programmes in Ngamiland, northern Botswana. The article, based largely on primary data, with some secondary data sources, draws on the CBNRM framework, which promotes rural socio-economic development and natural resources management. Among the key factors identified as pivotal to the success of CBNRM is broadening the consultation base during the mobilization phase of the programme to facilitate effective community participation and representation. Preparedness by both the implementing institutions and participating communities is also highlighted as key to effective mobilization. This means moving away from a conventional consultative forum, to a more multi-faceted approach that will facilitate capturing the views of diverse user groups within the community. The article also suggests that feasibility studies are needed to address socio-economic, political and cultural characteristics inherent in communities to guide programme implementation. To achieve increased community participation and enhance positive conservation attitudes, the article advocates a mobilization approach and practice that will effectively facilitate the process.

Local Government Units (LGU) play a critical role in the management of resources within their jurisdiction. Our collaborative work with SANREM/seeks to understand better the methodological, institutional and policy hurdles impinging the success of local natural resource management. The experience started in Lantapan in phase 1 of SANREM, with the aim to better integrate environmental knowledge in planning and decision-making at the watershed level. SANREM supported an LGU-led planning process for the development of a five-year Municipal Natural Resource Management and Development Plan (NRMDP). The NRMDP was recognized as a national model for locally led and research-based NRM planning by the Philippines' National Strategy for Watershed Management. Inspired by the Lantapan experience, a scaling-up process was pursued in four municipalities in northern Bukidnon. We concluded that there are socio-political and technical factors affecting the sustainability of local NRM. Four sustainability factors to successful NRM emerged from our study. These are: clear local financial investment, enhanced local technical capacity, sound political culture conducive to NRM, and a supporting National Mandate. To ensure that these conditions are met will require pressures for a virtual overhaul of programmatic areas of effective governance, as well as, setting a national level policy direction, and local level enforcement of such policies. We aim to translate these factors into policy statements communicated at the national level for wider impacts.