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Purpose Integrating the resource-based view and institutional approach, this study aims to examine how resource-based factors, and formal and informal institutional context interact in influencing the international engagement. Design/methodology/approach Based on the data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor surveys, this paper performs a multilevel estimation approach in which cross-level (random-effects) moderation analysis is applied. Findings This paper offers new insights into the internationalisation by ascertaining the primary role of resource-based factors in influencing internationalisation. In addition, it reveals the differential contingent values of formal and informal institutions in regard to the relationship between resource-based characteristics and internationlisation. Practical implications The research findings reveal the importance of the country-specific institutional system to drive early-stage entrepreneurs' intention to go international. In addition, the significant impacts of formal and informal institutions call upon policy-makers to improve institutional environments (e.g. government policies, governmental programmes, entrepreneurial finance, market openness, commercial and professional infrastructure, intellectual property rights, etc). Research originality This research indicates that the degree of internationalization increases when entrepreneurs possess necessary resources and under suitable formal and informal institutional environments. Key words: Internationalisation; Resource-based view; Institutional theory; Global Entrepreneurship Monitor

Purpose– By applying conservation-of-resource (COR) theory, the purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of a leader's destructive behaviors, i.e., abusive supervision, on employee knowledge sharing and the moderating effects of learning goal orientation and self-enhancement motives on the aforementioned relationship.Design/methodology/approach– The hypotheses were tested using regression analysis on data from 245 employees in South Korea.Findings– The results showed that abused employees who experience depleted resources are likely to reduce their level of knowledge sharing, in accordance with COR theory. Furthermore, this research demonstrated that the negative effects of abusive supervision may differ depending on individual factors. Specifically, when an individual employee has low internal motivation or available resources for knowledge sharing (low learning orientation and high self-enhancement motive), the detrimental consequence of abusive supervision on knowledge sharing is worsened.Practical implications– The research suggests that managers should be aware of the deleterious effects of abusive supervision on knowledge sharing and should invest more time and effort in preventing abusive supervision in the workplace.Originality/value– Although organizations might invest significant amounts of effort in knowledge sharing, abusive supervision could be a barrier that discourages employees' knowledge sharing. Yet, the strength of aforementioned relationship is dependent on individual factors. In order to achieve organizational effectiveness through knowledge sharing, the critical role of leaders' behavior and employees' characteristics or motivation should not be overlooked.

To date there has been no cohesive examination of the interrelationship between new technology and manpower resources. Most studies have reflected the disciplinary bias of economists or technologists. Economists have stressed supply and demand factors and the role of new technology on increase in productivity. Technologists have stressed the deterministic effects of new technology. This article synthesizes theories and findings from behavioral and social science and the field of management, as well as from economics and technology, within the framework of systems science. In sequence, the article discusses: the sociotechnical system environment in which the interaction between new technology and manpower resources takes place; the measurement of technological change; how technological change affects manpower; the prediction of skill and manpower requirements; and electronics-based computer-communications technology. The needs for advances in theory and methodology are argued. The elements of a systems theory are sketched, and the value of the systems dynamics approach to modeling and computer simulation is emphasized.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to consolidate the critical success factors (CSFs) as published in enterprise resource planning (ERP) implementation case studies. The authors perform the analysis and propose the final CSFs based on the reported ERP implementation process stages.Design/methodology/approach– The paper follows the eight category coding steps proposed by Carley (1993) and utilizes only ERP implementation case studies to identify a distinct set of critical success factors. The 37 case studies used in this paper provide a reasonable sample from different countries and contexts. Two methodologies were followed, one for the literature review process and the other for the analysis and synthesis.Findings– Out of 64 reported CSFs that were extracted from the literature and subsequent detailed analysis and synthesis the authors found a total of 22 factors that are distinct. These factors which encompass change management, are proposed with five ERP implementation stages.Research limitations/implications– The final set of success factors proposed in this study gives a consolidated and unified view of the significant variables to be considered during all the stages of ERP implementation. The research is limited to case study literature and does not account for ERP implementation models and frameworks. Another limitation would be the scope of the literature searched which is that of the Management Information Community.Practical implications– The proposed CSFs can be used by practitioners in five ways: assess implementation of an ERP;ex-anteassessment; comparative analysis with other implementation experiences; utilize CSFs from model as part of key performance indicators; and utilize the model to establish a concise strategy to project management process for the ERP implementation.Social implications– ERP implementation is complex. The promise has not yet been fully realized. An ERP-enabled organization entails primarily strategy and change management. To that effect, all stakeholders are impacted by ERP implementation. This paper, identified CSFs extracted from cases of ERP implementation and proposes a model to support its project management, user satisfaction and sustainability. The results aim at reducing costs, maintaining timeline, reducing employee anxieties and with a successful implementation, better service to customer base.Originality/value– This paper is the first attempt to present a consolidated list of CSFs and mapping them to the stages of an ERP implementation as reported from the industry. It originality is its focus on utilizing rigorous published case studies with the hope that future case studies would utilize the work to report on the same factors. The value is that as the case studies are increased, comparison and differentiation between is enhanced.

ObjectiveThe objective was to characterize multitask resource reallocation strategies when managing subtasks with various assigned values.BackgroundWhen solving a resource conflict in multitasking, Salvucci and Taatgen predict a globally rational strategy will be followed that favors the most urgent subtask and optimizes global performance. However, Katidioti and Taatgen identified a locally rational strategy that optimizes only a subcomponent of the whole task, leading to detrimental consequences on global performance. Moreover, the question remains open whether expertise would have an impact on the choice of the strategy.MethodWe adopted a multitask environment used for pilot selection with a change in emphasis on two out of four subtasks while all subtasks had to be maintained over a minimum performance. A laboratory eye-tracking study contrasted 20 recently selected pilot students considered as experienced with this task and 15 university students considered as novices.ResultsWhen two subtasks were emphasized, novices focused their resources particularly on one high-value subtask and failed to prevent both low-value subtasks falling below minimum performance. On the contrary, experienced people delayed the processing of one low-value subtask but managed to optimize global performance.ConclusionIn a multitasking environment where some subtasks are emphasized, novices follow a locally rational strategy whereas experienced participants follow a globally rational strategy.ApplicationDuring complex training, trainees are only able to adjust their resource allocation strategy to subtask emphasis changes once they are familiar with the multitasking environment.

IntroductionAn increasing proportion of adult patients initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in resource‐limited settings are aged >50 years. Older populations on ART appear to have heightened risk of death, but little is known about factors influencing mortality in this population.MethodsWe performed a retrospective observational multisite cohort study including all adult patients (≥15 years) initiating ART between 2003 and 2013 in programmes supported by Médecins Sans Frontières across 12 countries in Asia, Africa and Europe. Patients were stratified into two age groups, >50 years and 15 to 50 years. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to explore factors associated with mortality.ResultsThe study included 41,088 patients: 2591 (6.3%) were aged >50 years and 38,497 (93.7%) were aged 15 to 50 years. The mortality rate was significantly higher in the age group >50 years [367 (14.2%) deaths; mortality rate 7.67 deaths per 100 person‐years (95% confidence interval, CI: 6.93 to 8.50)] compared to the age group 15 to 50 years [3788 (9.8%) deaths; mortality rate 4.18 deaths per 100 person‐years (95% CI: 4.05 to 4.31)], p<0.0001. Higher CD4 levels at baseline were associated with significantly reduced mortality rates in the 15 to 50 age group but this association was not seen in the >50 age group. WHO Stage 4 conditions were more strongly associated with increased mortality rates in the 15 to 50 age group compared to populations >50 years. WHO Stage 3 conditions were associated with an increased mortality rate in the 15 to 50 age group but not in the >50 age group. Programme region did not affect mortality rates in the >50 age group; however being in an Asian programme was associated with a 36% reduced mortality rate in populations aged 15 to 50 years compared to being in an African programme. There was a higher overall incidence of Stage 3 WHO conditions in people >50 years (12.8/100 person‐years) compared to those 15 to 50 years (8.1/100 person‐years) (p<0.01). The rate of Stage 4 WHO conditions was similar (5.8/100 versus 6.1/100 respectively, p=0.52). Mortality rates on ART associated with the majority of specific WHO conditions were similar between the 15 to 50 and >50 age groups.ConclusionsOlder patients on ART in resource‐limited settings have increased mortality rates, but compared to younger populations this appears to be less influenced by baseline CD4 count and WHO clinical stage. HIV treatment programmes in resource‐limited settings need to consider risk factors associated with mortality on ART in older populations, which may differ to those related to younger adults.

The paper attempts the difficult task of identifying and exploring key resource factors which may influence social policy in the next millennium. It begins by critically examining the impact of demographic trends upon finance and demand for welfare in Europe. The possible impact of this is then examined in relation to the role of the family as a primary welfare resource and upon the supply of professional services. The implications of diminishing environmental resources are then examined and green social policy proposals are briefly outlined. However, the paper argues that the key resource is public goodwill and support for a range of social policy interventions. "The public" has been regarded as homogeneous in many surveys, but this paper argues that trends in middle‐class welfare support and welfare activity pose concerns for the future of welfare provision.

Human error is an ever-present threat to the safe conduct of flight. Recently, applied psychologists have developed an intervention, crew resource management (CRM) training, designed to help prevent human error in the cockpit. However, as it is commonly applied within the aviation community, CRM lacks standardization in content, design, delivery, and evaluation. This paper presents a discussion of an applied program of research aimed at developing a methodology for the design and delivery of CRM training within the Navy. This long-term, theoretically based program of aviation team research included identification of skills to be trained, development of performance measures, application of instructional design principles, and evaluation of the training delivery. Our conclusion indicates that a systematic methodology for developing CRM training can result in better performance in the cockpit. Actual or potential applications of this research include any task environment in which teams are interdependent.

A survey was conducted within the Navy's research and development community to obtain information on user-perceived needs for human performance and personnel resource data to support system development efforts. Findings were to be used to develop guidelines for planning and developing a human resources data store system. Twenty-two activities were contacted: eighteen Navy activities and four industrial firms. Thirty-seven separate interview sessions were held involving 48 respondents. Principal data store guidelines identified concerned data validity and generalizability, retrievability, a priority need for design trade-off decision data, and a data format responsive to users with either behavioral or engineering backgrounds. Sixteen types of data were identified as required by system planners/managers, human factors specialists, and design engineers. Twenty guidelines were developed on data presentation formats and supporting information. The sets of guidelines may be used to develop a conceptual framework for a general data bank system which would identify and relate users, types of data, potential data sources, and program priorities.