Since 1991 Ethiopia has made a change in thinking favoring federalism against the centralized hierarchical power to radically respond to the problem of diversity and better recognize and accommodate the country's ethnolinguistic and cultural diversity. Paradoxically, Ethiopia had experienced more ethnic-based conflict in its post-1991 existence than ever before. Among others, the Somali-Oromo conflict is the worst ethnic-based conflict in the country's history. Though the two communities, have a long tradition of co-existence and strong socio-cultural integrations due to their shared Muslim-Cushitic identity, economic interdependence, and shared cultural practices; antagonistic relationships, and intermittent conflicts due to resource competition, territorial expansion, bad governance, and other factors have prevailed in the last three decades. It is the objective of this paper, therefore, to investigate and analyze factors of ethnic conflict along the shared border of the Somali and Oromia regional administrations, specifically Bable and Bobas districts, within the context of Ethiopian federalism. Methodologically, the study employed a comparative research approach and made use of key informant interview and survey questionnaires' techniques in gathering the relevant data, and in effect, both qualitative and quantitative data interpretation and analysis methods were utilized in the analysis section. The findings of this study demonstrate that the Somali-Oromo conflict is complex & dynamics and the result of the interplay of historical, institutional/structural/political, economic, socio-cultural, and environmental factors. Furthermore, the result of the study reveals that major drivers of ethnic conflict in both areas are similar.
Consumer cooperation is an essential attribute of the formation of civil society and acts as a kind of an indicator of its democratic health. Due to the transformational changes in the 1990s, the values of the cooperative movement were lost in Russia. To revive the system of consumer cooperation, it is necessary to return the interest of young people to this form of business, to prepare highly qualified specialists who can develop and replicate the ideas and values of cooperative entrepreneurship. The first priority should be the monitoring of human resources working in the field of consumer cooperation. The availability of complete and reliable monitoring information will help determine the existing potential and vector for the further development of the system of consumer cooperation. In conclusion, a new education design is needed, which provides training for specialists in the field of cooperative entrepreneurship, with the required set of competencies and responsive, and often foreseeing the needs of the modern labor market.
The compiling of the population data, to establish its socioeconomic factors, is a high-cost task for governments and regulatory organizations due to the need for financial and human resources. This limitation makes it almost impossible to count on immediate updated socioeconomic population information. This article compiles a series of alternative data sources and methods that can be applied to reduce the costs and the time required to update such information. The review focus on how these sources and methods have been used in developing countries during time, highlighting the solutions for satisfying the need of updated socioeconomic factors of the population.
The role of MFIs in the development process is noteworthy. The major objective of this study is to assess the factors which affect the performance of microfinance institutions in Hawassa city. The research is descriptive in type and both probability and non probability sampling techniques were employed for this study. Employees and clients of MFIs were the major target groups of the study. From the total of 116 targeted employees, 74 employees were included in the sample. On the other hand, from the total of 8590 targeted clients, 199 were taken as a sample. Primary and secondary data were collected through well organized questionnaire for this study. In addition to this, the researchers conducted interview with managers of the institutions. Accordingly the researchers assessed different factors which affect the performance of microfinance institutions. The identified factors related to clients includes: problems related to the repayment, diversion of loan into non income generating activities, business condition of the borrowers and so on. On the other hand, institutional factors such as shortage of human resource, lack of cost effective technologies, shortage of loan capital and some others are identified. Political factors which are related to MFIs performance are also recognized in this study. Based on the analysis and the finding of the study, the researchers suggested some recommendations to improve the performance MFIs in Hawassa city. Implementation of different methods to improve women's participation in micro credit and saving services, usage of cost effective technologies to minimize operational cost, hiring an adequate number of employees in the institution are some of the recommendations suggested by the researchers to improve the performance of the institutions.
This research analyzes the factors that influence mobility in the center and north of the city of Armenia from the viewpoint of governance. different factors of political, economic, social, cultural, infrastructural and administrative, in order to assess the management of public administration and policy analysis in infrastructure socio-economic development is studied, social welfare and region. The results presented are obtained from the first phase of research completed. The methodological design is part of an investigation of analytical and empirical cut mixed approach, which is made up of three stages: the first quantitative in nature through surveys Likert applied to a sample of private drivers; the second, qualitative court, where a sub-sample of public sector actors is investigated through interviews; and a third where a glut of data mediated grounded theory develops. Finally, correlation of variables is made, through multivariate analysis method. Consequently, a correlation is determined by three influential factors, such as: knowledge of public administration, ease of acquisition of financial credits for vehicles, and the absence of public policies to improve mobility. administrative and social - is a direct correlation between the influential political factors were also identified. In addition, a second correlation between administrative and cultural factors is given. These aspects produce inadequate policies to address the problem of mobility, which is to propose inputs that contribute to raise political and strategic direction of mobility. ; La investigación analiza los factores que influyen en la movilidad en el centro y norte de la ciudad de Armenia desde el enfoque de la gestión pública. Se estudian diferentes factores de tipo político, económico, social, cultural, infraestructural y administrativo con el propósito de valorar la gestión de la administración pública y el análisis de las políticas en materia de infraestructura, bienestar social y desarrollo socioeconómico de la región. Los resultados presentados son obtenidos de la primera fase terminada de la investigación. El diseño metodológico se enmarca en una investigación de enfoque mixto, y que se constituye de tres partes: la primera, de naturaleza cuantitativa mediante encuestas tipo Likert aplicadas a una muestra de conductores particulares; la segunda, de corte cualitativo, donde se indaga una submuestra de actores del sector público, a través de entrevistas. Finalmente se hace correlación de variables a través del método de análisis multivariado. Consecuentemente se determina una correlación significativa de tres factores influyentes, como son: conocimiento de la gestión pública, la facilidad de adquisición de créditos financieros para vehículo y la ausencia de políticas públicas para mejorar la movilidad. También se identifica una correlación directa entre los factores influyentes político – administrativos y lo social. Además, se da una segunda correlación entre los factores administrativos y culturales. Estos aspectos producen políticas inadecuadas para afrontar el problema de movilidad, por lo cual es necesario proponer insumos que contribuyan a plantear políticas y direccionamiento estratégico de la movilidad.
[ES] Objetivo Analizar en el contexto de una Zona Básica de Salud (ZBS) la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV) y el impacto que generan en la morbilidad y el consumo de recursos sanitarios en la población estratificada según el sistema Clinical Risk Groups (CRG) en Atención Primaria (AP), con la finalidad de identificar la población con multimorbilidad para aplicar medidas preventivas, así como aquella que genera más carga asistencial y necesidades sociales. Diseño Estudio observacional, de corte transversal y ámbito poblacional para una ZBS durante el año 2013. Emplazamiento Departamento de salud de Castellón, Comunidad Valenciana (CV). Incluye asistencia ambulatoria en AP y especializada. Participantes Todos los ciudadanos dados de alta en el Sistema de Información Poblacional (SIP), N = 32.667. Mediciones Del sistema informatizado Abucasis obtuvimos las variables demográficas, clínicas y de consumo de recursos sanitarios. Consideramos la prevalencia de los FRCV a partir de la presencia o ausencia de los códigos diagnósticos CIE.9.MC. Se analizó la relación de los FRCV con los 9 estados de salud CRG, y se realizó un análisis predictivo con el modelo de regresión logística para evaluar la capacidad explicativa de cada variable. Además se obtuvo mediante regresión multivariante un modelo explicativo del gasto farmaceútico ambulatorio. Resultados La población del estado de salud CRG 4 en adelante tenía multimorbilidad. Los estados de salud CRG 7 y CRG 6 tienen mayor prevalencia de FRCV. Fue predictivo que a mayor morbilidad, mayor consumo de recursos, mediante OR superiores a la media, p 0,05 e intervalos de confianza del 95%. Se observó que un 59,8% del gasto farmacéutico ambulatorio quedaba explicado por el sistema CRG y todos los FRCV (p 0,05 y R2 corregido = 0,598). En cuanto al efecto de los FRCV sobre los estados de salud CRG, hubo asociación significativa (p 0,05) para la alteración de la glucemia, dislipidemia e HTA en todos los estados CRG. Conclusiones El estudio de los FRCV en ...
Firsth Civil servants numerical rates related to the Gross Domestic Product in Public Administration in Spain are presented in the paper compared to other Member States of the European Union. Secondly paper also includes citizenship opinion towards Public Administration services provided by the Government based on surveys carried out by the Sociology and Research National Centre. The third chapter provides an overview of the reforms implemented in Spain from the democracy in 1977 until now. Main conclusions are neither civil servants numerical rates nor Public Expenditure in Government are oversized; the need to increase the qualified and technical staff; and finally to implement the E-Government during next five years. ; En el presente trabajo se analiza la dimensión cuantitativa que tiene que tiene la AGE en lo que se refiere a sus efectivos y al volumen del gasto público en relación al PIB nacional y se comparan las cifras con los países de la Unión Europea. En segundo lugar se describe la percepción que los ciudadanos españoles tienen de la AGE y de los servicios públicos según los estudios realizados por el Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas. El tercer capítulo contiene una panorámica de los procesos de reforma y modernización de la Administración General del Estado llevados a cabo en España desde el restablecimiento de la democracia en 1977. Por último, en el capítulo de conclusiones se mencionan las más importantes, entre las que cabe destacar que ni la Administración ni el gasto público en nuestro país están sobredimensionados; que es preciso llevar a cabo una reflexión acerca de la necesidad de incrementar el número de funcionarios dedicados a tareas de carácter directivo y de contenido técnico complejo; y que la plena implantación de la Administración Electrónica debe ser la apuesta principal para el próximo quinquenio.
Research analyzes, from an institucional/political perspective known as «the policy making process», health budget allocation for localities in México during 2010-2017. The main objective of the research was to observe the influence of political/institutional variables of allocation focusing on the Executive and Legislative branch in two presidential periods and three legislatures. Two types of relations were observed: 1. The relationship between political party at the presidency and political party at each entity. 2. The relationship between political party with majority in the Lower Chamber and political party governing the entity. The relations were observed through arithmetic averages of allocation for each period for: 1. Localities governed by the same political party than the presidential one 2. All localities 3. Localities governed by opposition. We found that politisation of allocation depends on the political party at the presidency. During the presidency of Partido Acción Nacional (PAN) we do not observe more allocation towards entities governed by PAN, on the contrary, entities governed by opposition received in average more health resources. With Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) however, we observe a clear politisation of health resource allocation. Between 2013-2017 every year there is a coincidence between PRI presidency and resource allocation for localities governed by PRI. Also, every year PRI had majority in the Lower Chamber (2010-2017) entities governed by PRI received in average more health resources than entities governed by opposition. ; La investigación da seguimiento, desde un lente político/institucional conocido como «the policy making process», al presupuesto en salud para entidades federativas en México en el periodo 2010-2017. El objetivo de la investigación es observar la influencia de variables político/institucionales en la asignación con énfasis en el Órgano Ejecutivo y Legislativo en tres legislaturas (LXI, LXII y LXIII) y dos sexenios (uno con presidencia del Partido Acción Nacional (PAN) y otro con presidencia del Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI)). Se observaron dos relaciones: 1. La relación entre el partido político en la presidencia y el partido político del gobernador de cada entidad. 2. La relación entre el partido político con mayoría en la Cámara de Diputados y el partido político del gobernador de cada entidad. Las relaciones se observaron a través del cálculo de medias aritméticas de asignación por sexenio para: 1. Entidades gobernadas por el mismo partido que ostenta la presidencia 2. Todas las entidades federativas y 3. Entidades gobernadas por la oposición. Encontramos que durante el sexenio del PAN no se observa politización, las entidades gobernadas por la oposición incluso recibieron en promedio más recursos. Con el PRI sin embargo, entre 2013 y 2017 de manera sistemática e ininterrumpida la cantidad promedio de recursos asignados a entidades federativas gobernadas por su partido siempre fue mayor. Además, en todos los años en los que el PRI tuvo mayoría absoluta en la Cámara de Diputados (2010-2017) las entidades gobernadas por el PRI recibieron en promedio más recursos en salud que las entidades gobernadas por la oposición.
OBJECTIVE: To describe the human resources for health and analyze the inequality in its distribution in Mexico. METHODS: Cross-sectional study based on the National Occupation and Employment Survey (ENOE in Spanish) for the fourth quarter of 2018 in Mexico. Graduated physicians and nurses, and auxiliary/technician nurses with completed studies were considered as human resources for health. States were grouped by degree of marginalization. Densities of human resources for health per 1,000 inhabitants, Index of Dissimilarity (DI) and Concentration Indices (CI) were estimated as measures of unequal distribution. RESULTS: The density of human resources for health was 4.6 per 1,000 inhabitants. We found heterogeneity among states with densities from 2.3 to 10.5 per 1,000 inhabitants. Inequality was higher in the states with a very low degree of marginalization (CI = 0.4) than those with high marginalization (CI = 0.1), and the inequality in the distribution of physicians (CI = 0.5) was greater than in graduated nurses (CI = 0.3) among states. In addition, 17 states showed a density above the threshold of 4.5 per 1,000 inhabitants proposed in the Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health. That implies a deficit of nearly 60,000 human resources for health among the 15 states below the threshold. For all states, to reach a density equal to the national density of 4.6, about 12.6% of human health resources would have to be distributed among states that were below national density. CONCLUSIONS: In Mexico, there is inequality in the distribution of human resources for health, with state differences. Government mechanisms could support the balance in the labor market of physicians and nurses through a human resources policy ; OBJETIVO: Describir los recursos humanos en salud y analizar la desigualdad en su distribución en México. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal basado en la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo del cuarto trimestre de 2018 en México. Se consideraron como recursos humanos en salud médicos y enfermeras con licenciatura, y personal de enfermería auxiliar/técnica con estudios concluidos. Se agrupó a los estados por grado de marginación y se estimó densidades de recursos humanos en salud por 1.000 habitantes, Índices de Disimilitud e Índices de Concentración (IC) como medidas de desigualdad en la distribución. RESULTADOS: La densidad de recursos humanos en salud fue de 4,6 por 1.000 habitantes; se observó heterogeneidad entre los estados con que van 2,3 hasta 10,5 por 1.000 habitantes. La desigualdad fue mayor en los estados con muy bajo grado de marginación (IC = 0,4) que en los estados de muy alto grado (IC = 0,1), y fue mayor la desigualdad en la distribución de los médicos (IC = 0,5) que en las enfermeras profesionales (IC = 0,3) entre los estados. Para que todos los estados tuvieran una densidad igual a la nacional de 4,6, se tendrían que distribuir alrededor de 12,6% de los recursos humanos en salud entre los estados que estuvieron por debajo de la densidad nacional. Adicionalmente, 17 estados tuvieron una densidad superior al umbral de 4,5 por 1.000 habitantes propuesto en la Estrategia Global en Recursos Humanos para la Salud. Eso implica un déficit de casi 60 mil recursos humanos en salud entre los 15 estados por debajo del umbral. CONCLUSIONES: En México existe desigualdad en la distribución de recursos humanos en salud, diferenciada en los estados. Mecanismos gubernamentales a través de una política de recursos humanos podrían incentivar el equilibrio en el mercado de laboral de los médicos y enfermeras.
Moisés Arce's book, The extraction of natural resources and social protest in Peru (PUCP, 2015), is an important contribution to understanding the social protests in Peru today. Its objective is ambitious by offering a general reading of the factors that determine the dynamics of the protests and their impact on national politics. In this sense, the author inserts his work in two arenas of debate: one linked to efforts to identify the conditions in which the protests in Peru between 1980 and 2010 emerge - or more precisely, re-emerge4 (chap. 1-3) , and another relative to the political effects of the same (chap. 4-6). ; El libro de Moisés Arce, La extracción de recursos naturales y la protesta social en el Perú (PUCP, 2015), es un aporte importante para entender las protestas sociales en el Perú actual. Su objetivo es ambicioso al ofrecer una lectura general de los factores que determinan la dinámica de las protestas y su impacto en la política nacional. En ese sentido, el autor inserta su trabajo en dos arenas de debate: una vinculada a los esfuerzos por identificar las condiciones en que emergen –o más precisamente, reemergen4– las protestas en el Perú entre 1980 y 2010 (cap.1-3), y otra relativa a los efectos políticos de las mismas (cap. 4-6).
The environment and the health of mankind are subject to strong pressures from pollutants. The ambition of a better quality of life is often frustrated by the increase in emissions as a result of the increasing consumption of resources and energy to satisfy the growth of the world's population and its expectations for socioeconomic development. At times, problems take on a planetary dimension, the best known example being greenhouse gas emission, with the resulting effects of climate change. Pollution highlights our failure to provide adequate education, which is essential if we are to become fully aware of problems and actively seek sustainable solutions. To this end, it is essential to set up an extended environmental and health education program in all communities that will accompany younger generations from the beginning of their education in order to make them conscious players in protecting the environment and their own health. The size of the problems requires that a joint effort be made at an international level in the political realm and in the scientific-cultural realm in order to share experiences and sensitivity and to seek joint solutions. It is necessary to assign an increasingly important role to scientific and technological innovation which, in the last century, from Marconi to Einstein to Fleming, to the most recent innovations in the fields of genomics and microchips, has allowed humanity to achieve a rate of growth of wellbeing never previously seen in its thousands of years of history. This innovation must rationally be entrusted with our expectations to provide a practical solution to the problems of pollution that threaten our everyday lives and the survival of the planet. This text discusses the types of progress most eagerly awaited in the fields of water supply, wastewater treatment, atmospheric pollution and waste disposal. ; O meio ambiente e a saúde humana estão sob forte pressão de poluentes. A ambição de uma qualidade de vida melhor é muitas vezes frustrada pelo crescimento das emissões, devido ao aumento do consumo de recursos e energia para atender à crescente população mundial e às expectativas de desenvolvimento socioeconômico. Às vezes os problemas assumem uma dimensão global, da qual o exemplo mais conhecido é constituído pela emissão de gases de efeito estufa e os consequentes efeitos nas alterações climáticas. Poluição tem as suas raízes na falta de educação adequada, como base imprescindível para uma tomada de consciência das questões e participação na busca de soluções sustentáveis. Neste sentido, é essencial começar, em todas as comunidades, um extenso programa de educação ambiental e de saúde que possa acompanhar a geração mais jovem desde as fases iniciais do estudo, para torná-los protagonistas conscientes do meio ambiente e da sua própria saúde. A dimensão do problema exige um esforço conjunto a nível internacional pela política e pela ordem científico-cultural para transferir experiências e sentimentos e também buscar soluções compartilhadas. Um papel sempre mais importante deve ter a inovação científica e tecnológica, que no século passado, a partir de Marconi a Einstein e a Fleming até as últimas inovações nas áreas de genômica e microchips, permitiu à humanidade alcançar uma taxa de crescimento do bem-estar nunca conseguida antes, em milhares de anos de história. Esta inovação está atrelada às nossas expectativas de fornecer uma solução prática para os problemas de poluição que ameaçam a nossa vida diária e a sobrevivência do planeta. No texto, são citados os progressos mais esperados nas áreas de abastecimento de água e tratamento de esgotos, poluição do ar e disposição dos resíduos sólidos. ; The environment and the health of mankind are subject to strong pressures from pollutants. The ambition of a better quality of life is often frustrated by the increase in emissions as a result of the increasing consumption of resources and energy to satisfy the growth of the world's population and its expectations for socioeconomic development. At times, problems take on a planetary dimension, the best known example being greenhouse gas emission, with the resulting effects of climate change. Pollution highlights our failure to provide adequate education, which is essential if we are to become fully aware of problems and actively seek sustainable solutions. To this end, it is essential to set up an extended environmental and health education program in all communities that will accompany younger generations from the beginning of their education in order to make them conscious players in protecting the environment and their own health. The size of the problems requires that a joint effort be made at an international level in the political realm and in the scientific-cultural realm in order to share experiences and sensitivity and to seek joint solutions. It is necessary to assign an increasingly important role to scientific and technological innovation which, in the last century, from Marconi to Einstein to Fleming, to the most recent innovations in the fields of genomics and microchips, has allowed humanity to achieve a rate of growth of wellbeing never previously seen in its thousands of years of history. This innovation must rationally be entrusted with our expectations to provide a practical solution to the problems of pollution that threaten our everyday lives and the survival of the planet. This text discusses the types of progress most eagerly awaited in the fields of water supply, wastewater treatment, atmospheric pollution and waste disposal.
RESUMEN: América Latina es una región altamente inequitativa donde confluyen desigualdad social, sobreexplotación de recursos naturales y pérdida de calidad ambiental de su superficie. Estas realidades, se inscriben en el marco de priorización de las políticas y programas de desarrollo sostenible, planteadas desde 1972 en Estocolmo y que hoy sigue vigente a través de la Agenda para 2030 que alinea a sus 193 países miembros a planificar el desarrollo territorial atendiendo a los cambios en sostenibilidad de las dimensiones social, económica y ambiental. Además de la promulgación de políticas institucionales para la gestión ambiental propias de los países democráticos latinoamericanos, toman fuerza, los instrumentos económicos que proponen incentivos positivos con el fin de que el productor del bien o servicio incorpore en su proceso los beneficios al ambiente e internalice los costos y beneficios que se derivan de su producción. Dentro de éstos, se inscribe el Pago por Servicios Ambientales -PSA- que tiene como ventaja una mayor eficiencia ambiental y económica, al internalizar externalidades; es decir, al incluir dentro de su proceso económico los costos de los impactos que genera su actividad a un tercero (individuos o sociedades no relacionadas con su actividad) y que a la vez promueve la dimensión social del desarrollo al compensar a los dueños de la tierra por la conservación de ecosistemas y a asegurar para las generaciones presentes y futuras, la disponibilidad de los servicios ambientales. Estas características hacen al PSA un aliado para que los gobiernos o actores sociales en general, logren avanzar en metas de conservación y, a la vez, contribuyan al propósito de disminuir las brechas de desigualdad social, mediante los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible. En este trabajo se planteó el análisis general de los factores sociales que potencializan los PSA en América Latina y los impactos obtenidos a la luz del desarrollo sostenible, como una meta global que asegurará la calidad de vida para la población humana actual y un escenario viable en el largo plazo con disponibilidad de recursos naturales, desarrollo económico y bienestar para las futuras generaciones. El análisis incluyó PSA en América Latina en países pioneros en materia de conservación ambiental, con resultados importantes no solo en el logro de metas ambientales, sino que han planteado factores sociales en el diseño del instrumento con la finalidad de apoyar objetivos trazables con el desarrollo sostenible como la reducción de la pobreza y la equidad social. Se hizo la selección de 18 casos PSA con los cuales se elaboró una matriz que lograra discriminar estos factores tanto en el diseño como en los impactos en función del desarrollo sostenible. Luego de lo cual se puede concluir que si bien hay aportes importantes del instrumento para la reivindicación del derecho al medio ambiente, la participación de las comunidades locales en el cuidado de los recursos naturales y su desarrollo local, se evidencia también, que los PSA deberán contemplar estrategias para incidir efectivamente en la reducción de la pobreza, mediante la generación de ingresos monetarios, la generación de empleo, o el mejoramiento de las condiciones de vida en el inmediato plazo para las familias participantes. De esta manera, se apuntaría a fortalecer la vinculación de los proveedores de servicios ambientales al PSA, contribuyendo así a mantener también las metas ambientales de conservación. ; ABSTRACT : Latin America is a highly inequitable region where social inequality, overexploitation of natural resources and loss of environmental quality of its surface converge. These realities are part of the prioritization framework of sustainable development policies and programs, proposed since 1972 in Stockholm and which is still in force today through the Agenda for 2030, which aligns its 193 member countries to plan territorial development based on changes in sustainability of the social, economic and environmental dimensions. In addition to the promulgation of institutional policies for environmental management typical of the Latin American democratic countries, economic instruments that propose positive incentives take on strength so that the producer of the good or service incorporates the benefits to the environment and internalizes the benefits. costs and benefits derived from its production. These include the Payment for Environmental Services -PSA- which has the advantage of greater environmental and economic efficiency, by internalizing externalities; that is to say, by including within its economic process the costs of the impacts generated by its activity to a third party (individuals or companies not related to its activity) and which at the same time promotes the social dimension of development by compensating the owners of the land for the conservation of ecosystems and to ensure for present and future generations, the availability of environmental services. These characteristics make the PSA an ally for governments or social actors in general, to achieve progress in conservation goals and, at the same time, contribute to the purpose of reducing gaps in social inequality, through the objectives of sustainable development. In this work, the general analysis of the social factors that potentiate PES in Latin America and the impacts obtained in light of sustainable development was proposed, as a global goal that will ensure the quality of life for the current human population and a viable scenario in the long term with availability of natural resources, economic development and well-being for future generations. The analysis included PES in Latin America in pioneering countries in the field of environmental conservation, with important results not only in achieving environmental goals, but have also raised social factors in the design of the instrument in order to support objectives traceable to sustainable development such as poverty reduction and social equity. A selection of 18 PSA cases was made, with which a matrix was developed to discriminate these factors both in design and in impacts based on sustainable development. After which it can be concluded that although there are important contributions from the instrument for the vindication of the right to the environment, the participation of local communities in the care of natural resources and their local development, it is also evident that PES must contemplate strategies to effectively influence poverty reduction, through the generation of monetary income, the generation of employment, or the improvement of living conditions in the immediate term for participating families. In this way, it would aim to strengthen the link of environmental service providers to the PES, thus contributing to also maintain environmental conservation goals.
The new technologies incorporation supposes the reduction of thecurrent technologies' life cycle and brings transformations in people'slife stiles, consumption practices, interpersonal relations and, consequently,changes in survivor conditions and enterprises competitiveness.Modern entrepreneurial organizations have brought profound changesin development and survivors conditions. In these changes processes andtechnologies have been taking into considerations. It is here when emergedifferent proposals (empowerment, engineering, process management, andcompetences management) to face those circumstances. Face to this newscenario the competence management can be understood as one of themajor contributions to integral management. In this work, we pretendto talk about how from the Human Resources Management the politicsthat contribute to ameliorate in technology and innovations in servicessector enterprises have been established. ; La incorporación de nuevas tecnologías presupone la reducción de losciclos de vida de tecnologías ya existentes, y trae consigo transformacionesen los estilos de vida de las personas, las prácticas de consumo, las relacionesinterpersonales y, por consiguiente, cambios en las condiciones desupervivencia y competitividad de las empresas. Las organizaciones empresarialesmodernas han sufrido cambios profundos en las condiciones desupervivencia y desarrollo; y en éstos cambios se han tenido en cuenta losprocesos, las tecnologías. Es aquí donde emergen propuestas de diferenteíndole (empowerment, ingeniería, gestión de procesos, gestión de las competencias,etc.). Ante este nuevo escenario, la gestión de las competenciapuede ser entendida como una de las mayores contribuciones en materia degestión integral en los últimos años. En este trabajo se pretende explicarcómo desde la Dirección de Recursos Humanos se establecen políticasque contribuyan a mejoras en tecnología e incrementos en innovación enempresas del sector servicios.
This article is devoted to the relevant problem of development of innovative approaches to energy saving and the use of renewable energy sources in order to reduce the costs of agro-industrial enterprises. It is concluded that promising directions for achieving sustainable development of agro-industrial enterprises include minimizing costs, synergistic approach to the combination of natural and economic resources, maintaining balance among economic, ecological and social factors, innovative competitiveness, and long-term focus. On the basis of the materials described in the article, it is considered necessary to formulate the main conclusions: the efficiency of the activity of economic entities (including agro-industrial and agricultural producers) depends on the presence of innovative approaches to their management. At present, innovative technologies should be considered not only as a source of competitive advantages, but also as a tool to reduce costs in production, logistics, marketing, and other business processes;renewable energy, which is based on modern high-tech technologies of the transformation of primary energy into energy sources, can become one of the key directions of costs optimization of agro-industrial and agricultural producers; this is confirmed by the practice and statistics obtained in the studies of the agro-industrial sector of the European Union, Asia, Eurasia, and Latin America;for the Russian agro-industrial sector, the task of reducing costs is particularly acute, as the level of expenditures on energy supply is steadily increasing, which affects not only the profitability of business, but also its competitiveness. A sectoral energy model based on a combination of conventional and renewable energy sources has been developed to tackle this problem; the transition to renewable energy in the agro-industrial sector should be accompanied by energy audit and implementation of power management systems. This will determine the rational combination of energy resources used to ensure the normal functioning and sustainable development of agro-industrial and agricultural producers.
