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The aims of the present study were to investigate principals' opinions of PE resourcing in schools. Resourcing was divided for different resourcing factors in schools: principals' money allocation, qualified PE teachers, PE teachers' in-service education, extracurricular PE and optional PE courses. These resource factors were investigated by associations between school size and different resourcing factors and between school's regional location and different resourcing factors. Other aims were to study if principals' and PE teachers' opinions of PE resourcing diverge and to compare results of PE resourcing to previous PE evaluations study (Huisman 2004) in 2003. A follow-up evaluation 2010 of physical education learning outcomes, commissioned by the National Board of Education, was conducted by the Department of Sports Sciences at the University of Jyväskylä in spring 2010. Data, questionnaires, were collected from 51 comprehensive schools, of which four are Swedish speaking. Questionnaires were answered by 1619 ninth grade students, PE teachers and principals. The evaluation study sample represented extensively different provinces, municipal groups and European Union support schools. (Palomäki & Heikinaro-Johansson 2011, 5-17.) According to the results, large-sized schools allocated more money for PE in last two academic years, had more qualified PE teachers and arranged more optional PE courses than medium-sized schools. All other resourcing factors were somewhat equal between large-sized and medium-sized schools. From the regional point of view, schools from Southern and Western Finland had more qualified PE teachers than Eastern and Northern Finland. PE teachers from Southern Finland did not take part in in-service education as much as PE teachers in other provinces. Compared to the previous PE evaluation study (Huisman 2004) both, PE teachers' participation in in-service education and arranged extracurricular PE in schools, had decreased. Interesting finding was that arranged extracurricular PE in schools had decreased although government had given subsidies for arranging them. Most principals thought PE is not expensive compared to other subjects. Principals for the most part wanted more money for arranging optional PE and thought extracurricular sports are necessary in schools. Most principals thought all PE facilities are at least in satisfying condition but 21 % of PE teachers thought they were poor. This study confirms also that, in Finland, the need for enhancing in-service education and PE teacher training is remarkable. Interesting would be to know also where the money is used in schools.

It seems that Nigeria's educational system has been undergoing improvement only on quantitative when it comes to the number of enrolments in students and schools. However, little effort has been put in place in terms of capacity (physical and material resources, human and financial resources) to manage high enrollment. Resources capacity in secondary schools was nothing to write home about. Most of these resources in secondary school were dilapidated. To worsen the scenario, the scarce resources allocated to these schools are grossly inadequate compared to students' enrollment and come late to the end-users in the public secondary schools. The various stakeholders in the education sector express stern concern about the consistently poor performance of students in secondary schools, especially in mathematics. Since secondary school education is expected to be free by the government, coupled with population increase, it is reasonable for people to take advantage of the free education program. Although the government and private sector of education keep providing qualified teaching staff and non-teaching staff, students in secondary schools still face poor performance in mathematics. The effect of all these on the academic performance in Nigeria's mathematics secondary school students concerns researchers of this empirical work. It is based on these issues and many more that this work sought to empirically investigate the impact of resource factors and quality of instruction on the performance of Nigeria secondary school students in mathematics.

Abstract : This article examines the factors affecting human resource productivity in government organizations. Due to the endless innovations and changes that we are facing in the world, successful organizations have taken special measures to use all the intellectual and practical capacities of their employees. In today's world, attention to human resources as the axis of change and the basic element of any organization that operates under the influence of information and communication is more and more felt. Also, the idea of empowering, motivating and involving human resources is considered as one of the strategic and vital programs of managing. In this article, the factors affecting the increase of human resource productivity and the factors that reduce the productivity of human resource in government organizations have been fully studied.

This is a study about rural households making a living from a declining natural resource base and surviving in a changing rural economy in rural Philippines. Informed by the political ecology and feminist environmentalism theoretical frameworks, the study uses empirically-based theorizing to elucidate social factors that influence household resource management strategies. Interactions of class and gender relations, the coexistence of market and nonmarket relations, and the power of social networks are among the social constructs that shape the everyday choices and decisions of household resource users. The findings of this study suggest that a "technological fix" model to address resource degradation is not the answer. I conclude by stating that building social capital and engendering local control of resources are keys to sustainable natural resource management. ; Ph. D.

International audience ; Many oil-based countries failed to boost their economy development despite the long period of high oil prices going from 2002 to 2014. 12 years of inflated prices were marked by a more or less stagnated economy. While possessing large oil and shale gas resources for decades, many oil-based countries were and are still suffering from an economic collapse. This situation was long called the resource curse. The combination of oil price volatility, the pressure on agricultural and manufacturing sectors, the development of inequalities, and the disincentive effects of tax and weak institutions all result in a failure of policies and a growth collapse. After July 2014, the global market changed after the rapid and most uncommon decrease in oil prices since the 1980s. The demand for oil crumpled around the world, but mainly in the US where oil production increased to the point of making it in competition with the biggest oil producers; both Saudi Arabia and Russia. The US changed its energy mix making it more dependable on domestic gas, and shale gas production more specifically. With all these changes, many governments are catching up and the experts have shifted their attention to the role of institutions. The institutional component is now a lead to government development success. Even though shale gas is being criticized for its environmental and technical issues, it raised the attention back to the " institution-economy connection " , which is claimed to work better than the " oil-economy development ". By analyzing the case studies of some oil-based countries, this paper concludes that the identification of a natural resource as a curse or a blessing will highly depend on the quality of institution itself.

Summary. The work analyzes the factors of human resource for employment policies in the globalization conditions. This work aims to examine the integration of the state management system (SMS) and the society self-management system (SSMS) common European Union (EU) area in the globalization conditions. We present the research models of state and society chain integration which responds to employment policies in the globalization conditions. Integration of the factors state strategy chain synchronizes the key processes in terms of the society for employment of development economics common EU area in the globalization conditions. The work provides an analysis of development the factors economic and social environment in EU member state (the state), the role of environmental factors for development the human resource at the present moment, presents the future changes in the state economy, describes the private development strengthening tendencies in the factors of human resource under the conditions of EU and the urgent issues in the management of human resources trends of the society of the economic and social environment in the state. The tendencies of theoretical models and research the factors of human resource for strengthening the state strategy now and in future are summarized; the study subject relevance summaries for improving the management and self-management of the factors human resources trends of the conditions future in the state.

Summary. The work analyzes the factors of human resource for employment policies in the globalization conditions. This work aims to examine the integration of the state management system (SMS) and the society self-management system (SSMS) common European Union (EU) area in the globalization conditions. We present the research models of state and society chain integration which responds to employment policies in the globalization conditions. Integration of the factors state strategy chain synchronizes the key processes in terms of the society for employment of development economics common EU area in the globalization conditions. The work provides an analysis of development the factors economic and social environment in EU member state (the state), the role of environmental factors for development the human resource at the present moment, presents the future changes in the state economy, describes the private development strengthening tendencies in the factors of human resource under the conditions of EU and the urgent issues in the management of human resources trends of the society of the economic and social environment in the state. The tendencies of theoretical models and research the factors of human resource for strengthening the state strategy now and in future are summarized; the study subject relevance summaries for improving the management and self-management of the factors human resources trends of the conditions future in the state.

Yet, Human Resource Development is very important issue, but very difficult component for effective health care delivery, especially in the public sector. The present study aimed to identify the main factors of Human Resource Development in the Iranian Social Security Organization's Hospitals. This study was descriptive and applicable. Ninety six Iranian Social Security Organization Hospitals (the major governmental health institutions in Iran) were chosen as a sample among all Iranian healthcare centers. The members of research community were educational managements of these hospitals (n=96). To achieve this objective, the conceptual model of Human Resource Development was first designed and approved by managers and experts of hospitals. Then a questionnaire was designed for reviewing the current state of Human Resource Development. Content validity and construct validity were assured with expert judgment and the reliability of the questionnaire was determined using Cronbach's alpha and Pearson correlation (first and second times). Cronbach's alpha coefficient was respectively as 0.925 and Pearson correlation was 0.977 (p<0.001). After the sample size was shown to be sufficient, the exploratory and confirmatory factors were analysed. Then, a structural equation approach was used to determine direct and indirect relations of factors. The findings of the present Study showed that after the factor analysis of the components "Commitment", "Planning", "Action" and "Evaluation", 3, 2, 1 and 3 factors were extracted, respectively The calculated fitness indices emphasised the desirable fitness. The application of the structural equation approach showed that the corresponding factors of commitment (organization development, management commitment and employment system) have a direct relation with the factors of planning (career development path and master plan for education). The career development path and master plan for education have bilateral relations and these factors relate directly to the factor human resource development activities. Furthermore, the factors of evaluation development system, welfare system and performance management was known to be an independent factor having effects on all of the known factors. The calculated fitness indexes prove the desirability and appropriateness of the components and their structural relations. © IDOSI Publications, 2011.

Solwayo Ngwenya1–3 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mpilo Central Hospital, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; 2Royal Women's Clinic, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe; 3Medical School, National University of Science and Technology, Matabeleland, Zimbabwe Background: Primary postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is defined as blood loss from the genital tract of 500 mL or more following a normal vaginal delivery (NVD) or 1,000 mL or more following a cesarean section within 24 hours of birth. PPH contributes significantly to maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Women can rapidly hemorrhage and die soon after giving birth. It can be a devastating outcome to many young families. Women giving birth in low-resource settings are at a higher risk of death than their counterparts in resource-rich environments. PPH is a leading cause of maternal deaths globally, contributing to a quarter of the deaths annually. Aims: This study aims 1) to document the incidence, risk factors, and causes of PPH in a low-resource setting and 2) to document the maternal outcomes of PPH in low-resource setting. Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive cohort study carried out at Mpilo Central Hospital, a tertiary referral government hospital in a low-resource setting in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Data were obtained from the labor ward birth registers for patients who had a diagnosis of PPH during the period from January 1, 2016 to June 30, 2016. The case notes were retrieved and the demographic, clinical, and outcome data were gathered. Blood loss was estimated postdelivery by the attending clinician – either a midwife or a doctor. At this maternity unit, blood loss is not measured but estimated owing to prevailing resource constraints. The SPSS Version 21 statistical tool was used to calculate the mean and standard deviation (SD) values. Simple statistical tests were used on absolute numbers to calculate percentages. Results: There were 4,567 deliveries at the institution during the period from January 1, 2016 to June 30, 2016. There were 74 cases of PPH during the study period. The incidence of primary PPH was 1.6%. The mean age was 27.7 years (SD ±6.9), mean gestational age was 38.6 weeks gestation (SD ±2.2), and mean birth weight was 3.16 kg (SD ±0.65) for the studied group of patients. Three-quarters (75.7%) of the cases had NVD. The majority of the cases (77.0%) had an identifiable risk factor for developing primary PPH. The most identifiable risk factor for primary PPH was pregnancy-induced hypertension followed by prolonged labor. Uterine atony was the most common cause of postpartum hemorrhage (82.4%). The women who delivered by NVD, who were diagnosed with a PPH, and who lost an estimated 500–1,000 mL of blood were 73.2%; 25% lost 1,000–1,500 mL of blood, and 1.8% lost more than 1,500 mL of blood. The women who delivered by lower-segment cesarean section, who were diagnosed with a PPH, and who lost an estimated 1,000–1,500 mL of blood were 77.8%, and 22.2% bled an estimated 1,500 mL of blood or more. The majority of the cases of primary PPH (94.6%) survived the condition and 5.4% died. Conclusion: The incidence of PPH at Mpilo Central Hospital was 1.6% during the study period, lower than that reported elsewhere in similar setting in the literature. This study, therefore, is important as it documents for the first time for this maternity unit and for a Zimbabwean setting, the incidence of one of the most important causes of global maternal deaths. Future studies should involve the effect on maternal outcomes of PPH following widespread introduction of misoprostol therapy into practice. This data can help in mobilizing global efforts to improve women's health. Keywords: causes, uterotonics, avoidable deaths, maternal outcomes, low-resource settings

Land resource management includes three interrelated levels: national, district and commune. The purpose and basic objectives are: state land policy implementation, legislation and regulations in force, effective implementation of measures to protect soil cover, to maintain ecological balance and biological diversity in ecosystems of the Republic of Moldova. The soil cover quality on the most agricultural land is unfavorable, and on some land - critical. Continue to expand the area affected by erosion and landslides, dehumification processes, damage of structure and compaction, sodium enrichment, salinization and soil swampy, drought intensified. Land management in the Republic of Moldova should be a process of development and implementation system of organizational, economic and administrative levers. They would allow regulation and development the forecast of quality land status; develop recommendations on the rational use of land, combating soil degradation processes and long-term preservation of agricultural production capacity. Basic information for proper management of land resources must become computerized information system of the state of soil quality.

Metadata only record ; The article explores and examines challenges and lessons learned from the implementation of community based natural resources management (CBNRM) programmes in Ngamiland, northern Botswana. The article, based largely on primary data, with some secondary data sources, draws on the CBNRM framework, which promotes rural socio-economic development and natural resources management. Among the key factors identified as pivotal to the success of CBNRM is broadening the consultation base during the mobilization phase of the programme to facilitate effective community participation and representation. Preparedness by both the implementing institutions and participating communities is also highlighted as key to effective mobilization. This means moving away from a conventional consultative forum, to a more multi-faceted approach that will facilitate capturing the views of diverse user groups within the community. The article also suggests that feasibility studies are needed to address socio-economic, political and cultural characteristics inherent in communities to guide programme implementation. To achieve increased community participation and enhance positive conservation attitudes, the article advocates a mobilization approach and practice that will effectively facilitate the process.

Local Government Units (LGU) play a critical role in the management of resources within their jurisdiction. Our collaborative work with SANREM/seeks to understand better the methodological, institutional and policy hurdles impinging the success of local natural resource management. The experience started in Lantapan in phase 1 of SANREM, with the aim to better integrate environmental knowledge in planning and decision-making at the watershed level. SANREM supported an LGU-led planning process for the development of a five-year Municipal Natural Resource Management and Development Plan (NRMDP). The NRMDP was recognized as a national model for locally led and research-based NRM planning by the Philippines' National Strategy for Watershed Management. Inspired by the Lantapan experience, a scaling-up process was pursued in four municipalities in northern Bukidnon. We concluded that there are socio-political and technical factors affecting the sustainability of local NRM. Four sustainability factors to successful NRM emerged from our study. These are: clear local financial investment, enhanced local technical capacity, sound political culture conducive to NRM, and a supporting National Mandate. To ensure that these conditions are met will require pressures for a virtual overhaul of programmatic areas of effective governance, as well as, setting a national level policy direction, and local level enforcement of such policies. We aim to translate these factors into policy statements communicated at the national level for wider impacts.

Purpose Integrating the resource-based view and institutional approach, this study aims to examine how resource-based factors, and formal and informal institutional context interact in influencing the international engagement. Design/methodology/approach Based on the data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor surveys, this paper performs a multilevel estimation approach in which cross-level (random-effects) moderation analysis is applied. Findings This paper offers new insights into the internationalisation by ascertaining the primary role of resource-based factors in influencing internationalisation. In addition, it reveals the differential contingent values of formal and informal institutions in regard to the relationship between resource-based characteristics and internationlisation. Practical implications The research findings reveal the importance of the country-specific institutional system to drive early-stage entrepreneurs' intention to go international. In addition, the significant impacts of formal and informal institutions call upon policy-makers to improve institutional environments (e.g. government policies, governmental programmes, entrepreneurial finance, market openness, commercial and professional infrastructure, intellectual property rights, etc). Research originality This research indicates that the degree of internationalization increases when entrepreneurs possess necessary resources and under suitable formal and informal institutional environments. Key words: Internationalisation; Resource-based view; Institutional theory; Global Entrepreneurship Monitor

This paper investigates the sources of variability in the mobilization of domestic tax revenue in oil-producing countries. It argues that the type of natural resources exploited during colonial rule can affect the contemporary levels of domestic tax revenue in oil countries. We test this conjecture by regressing non-oil tax revenue on a proxy of extractive capacity, which is the distance between the date of the beginning of oil production and the date of a country's political independence. The results show that this proxy of extractive capacity positively affects the non-oil tax revenue of oil-producing countries, and these results are robust to various sensitivity checks. The persistence of the pre-existing extractive institutions as well as their subsequent privileged position explain why the elites have no interest in changing this scenario.